Argumentation最新文献

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Teaching the Fallacies 教授谬论
IF 1.2 2区 文学
Argumentation Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10503-023-09604-x
J. Anthony Blair
{"title":"Teaching the Fallacies","authors":"J. Anthony Blair","doi":"10.1007/s10503-023-09604-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-023-09604-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper’s thesis is that the fallacies should not be taught to undergraduates. Besides some bad influences, this is not only because doing so steals time more valuably spent elsewhere, but also because the field is now so complex (overlapping concepts, theories and disciplines), that we lack knowledgeable instructors and sophisticated students. The study of theories involving fallacies, however, remains viable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"37 2","pages":"247 - 251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50505389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Argumentum Ex Divinatione: Divination and Civic Argument in the Ancient World 占卜论:古代世界的占卜与公民之争
IF 1.2 2区 文学
Argumentation Pub Date : 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10503-023-09612-x
Shawn D. Ramsey
{"title":"Argumentum Ex Divinatione: Divination and Civic Argument in the Ancient World","authors":"Shawn D. Ramsey","doi":"10.1007/s10503-023-09612-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-023-09612-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This argument explores transcultural commonalities among civic arguments from divination in global antiquity. In the ancient world, proponents engaged in kisceral arguments deriving from divinatory signs: arguments ex divinatione regarding prospective civic action. Under ideal circumstances, their aim was to help insure that the collective action of human political organizations was aligned with the natural synchrony of the cosmos. Thus, civic arguments from divination were employed to anticipate the future’s course based on the signs the system produced holistically. In ancient Mesopotamia, China, and Rome, divination was employed as a tool for aligning the order of human society to that of a conception of metaphysical or cosmic order. By comparing these argumentative examples and rationales, we see a broader context for the way in which humans made arguments toward political futurity outside more conventional syllogistic formulations concerning causation. Rather, the argumentative strategies of many ancient cultures embraced an understanding of the future as the logical outcome of a holistic dynamism in kairotic time.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"37 3","pages":"419 - 436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50503381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fallacies and Their Place in the Foundations of Science 谬论及其在科学基础中的地位
IF 1.2 2区 文学
Argumentation Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10503-023-09609-6
John Woods
{"title":"Fallacies and Their Place in the Foundations of Science","authors":"John Woods","doi":"10.1007/s10503-023-09609-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-023-09609-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It has been said that there is no scholarly consensus as to why Aristotle’s logics of proof and refutation would have borne the title <i>Analytics.</i> But if we consulted Tarski’s (Introduction to logic and the methodology of deductive sciences, Oxford University Press, New York, 1941) graduate-level primer, we would have the perfect title for them: <i>Introduction to logic and to the methodology of deductive sciences.</i> There are two strings to Aristotle’s bow. The methodological string is the founding work on the epistemology of science, and the logical string sets down conditions on the proofs that bring this knowledge about. The logic of proof presents a difficulty whose solution exceeds its theoretical reach. The logic of refutation takes the problem on board, and advances a solution whose execution is framed by fallacy-avoidance at the beginning and fallacy-adoption at the end. But with a difference: the avoidance-fallacies are of Aristotle’s own conception, whereas the adoption-fallacies, so judged in the modern tradition, aren’t fallacies at all for Aristotle. The avoidance-fallacies are begging the question and <i>ignoratio elenchi</i>, and the adoption-fallacies, fallacies in name only, are the <i>ad hominem</i> and <i>ad ignorantiam</i>, an inductive turning in the first instance, and an abductive finish in the second.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"37 2","pages":"181 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50481480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reconceiving Argument Schemes as Descriptive and Practically Normative 重新认识论证方案的描述性和实用规范性
IF 1.2 2区 文学
Argumentation Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10503-023-09608-7
Brian N. Larson, David Seth Morrison
{"title":"Reconceiving Argument Schemes as Descriptive and Practically Normative","authors":"Brian N. Larson,&nbsp;David Seth Morrison","doi":"10.1007/s10503-023-09608-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-023-09608-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We propose a revised definition of “argument scheme” that focuses on describing argumentative performances and normative assessments that occur within an argumentative context, the social context in which the scheme arises. Our premise-and-conclusion structure identifies the typical instantiation of an argument in the argumentative context, and our critical framework describes a set of normative assessments available to participants in the context, what we call <i>practically normative</i> assessments. We distinguish this practical normativity from the <i>rationally or universally normative</i> assessment that might be imposed from outside the argumentative context. Thus, the practical norms represented in an argument scheme may still be subject to rational critique, and the scheme avoids the is/ought fallacy. We ground our theoretical discussion and observations in an empirical study of US district court opinions resolving legal questions about copyright fair use and the lawyers’ briefs that led to them, instantiating our definition of argument scheme in the “argument for classification by precedent.” Our definition addresses some criticisms the argument-scheme construct has received. For example, using our data, we show that a minimally well formed instance of this type of argument does not shift any conventional burden from the proponent of the argument to its skeptics. We also argue that these argument schemes need not be seen as dialogical.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"37 4","pages":"601 - 622"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10503-023-09608-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50482106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Do Arguments for Global Warming Commit a Fallacy of Composition? 关于全球变暖的争论是否构成了一种谬误?
IF 1.2 2区 文学
Argumentation Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10503-023-09596-8
Maurice A. Finocchiaro
{"title":"Do Arguments for Global Warming Commit a Fallacy of Composition?","authors":"Maurice A. Finocchiaro","doi":"10.1007/s10503-023-09596-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-023-09596-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This essay begins with a brief description of my approach to the study of argumentation and fallacies which is empirical, historical-textual, dialectical, and meta-argumentational. It then focuses on the fallacy of composition and elaborates a number of conceptual definitions and distinctions: argument of composition; fallacy of composition; arguments and fallacies of division; arguments that confuse the distributive and collective meaning of terms; arguments from a property belonging to members of a group to its belonging to the entire group; several nuanced schemes for arguments of composition; and several principles for the evaluation of such arguments. I then call attention to the fact that some scholars have claimed that the basic argument for global warming commits the fallacy of composition, and undertake a critical analysis of this claim. I show that the global-warming argument is not a fallacy of composition, but is rather a deductively valid argument of composition from the temperature of the parts to the temperature of the whole earth; moreover, I criticize the meta-argumentation of these scholars by showing that the global-warming argument is not similar to the one for global pollution, which is indeed fallacious; finally, I argue that these scholars confuse the global-warming argument with the argument claiming that all effects of global warming are harmful, which is indeed incorrect as a hasty generalization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"37 2","pages":"201 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50445868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Epistemic Norms for Public Political Arguments 公共政治论证的认识规范
IF 1 2区 文学
Argumentation Pub Date : 2023-02-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10503-022-09590-6
Christoph Lumer
{"title":"Epistemic Norms for Public Political Arguments","authors":"Christoph Lumer","doi":"10.1007/s10503-022-09590-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-022-09590-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of the article is to develop precise epistemic rules for good public political arguments, by which political measures in the broad sense are justified. By means of a theory of deliberative democracy, it is substantiated that the justification of a political measure consists in showing argumentatively that this measure most promotes the common good or is morally optimal. It is then discussed which argumentation-theoretical approaches are suitable for providing epistemically sound rules for arguments for such theses and for the associated premises, rules whose compliance implies the truth or acceptability of the thesis. Finally, on the basis of the most suitable approach, namely the epistemological one, such systems of rules for the required types of arguments are presented that fulfil the conditions mentioned.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"38 1","pages":"63 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10503-022-09590-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86975731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploring TED Speakers’ Narrative Positioning from a Strategic Maneuvering Perspective: A Single Case Study from Winch’s (2014) TED Talk 从战略策略的角度探讨TED演讲人的叙事定位——以温奇(2014)TED演讲为例
IF 1.2 2区 文学
Argumentation Pub Date : 2023-02-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10503-023-09597-7
Nahla Nadeem
{"title":"Exploring TED Speakers’ Narrative Positioning from a Strategic Maneuvering Perspective: A Single Case Study from Winch’s (2014) TED Talk","authors":"Nahla Nadeem","doi":"10.1007/s10503-023-09597-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-023-09597-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>TED Talks are still an unexplored genre of argumentation in which narrative arguments are often used in TED speakers’ strategic maneuvering to support a standpoint. In the present study, I combine the constructs of narrative positioning (NP) and strategic maneuvering (SM) to offer a conceptualization of how narrative is used in pragmatic argumentation as well as provide an exemplary analysis of a specific case of narrative arguments that were used in Winch’s (How to practice emotional first aid. https://www.ted.com/talks/guy_winch_the_case_for_emotional_hygiene.2014, 2014) TED Talk. The proposed integration aims to provide a theoretical framework and empirical tools for reconstructing narrative arguments through connecting the underlying formal structure of narrative with aspects of TED speakers’ strategic maneuvering. Drawing on NP and SM constructs, the critical analysis explores how Winch’s narratives or “small stories” were strategically manipulated to support his stance with regard to the importance of mental health and to examine whether or not the use of narrative arguments as argumentation moves helped to enhance the dialectical reasonableness and rhetorical effectiveness of Winch’s argument. The analysis shows that the macro context and the knowledge gap between TED speakers and the audience makes the use of narrative arguments extremely effective. Although narrative arguments often receive criticism about their validity in providing sufficient evidence for a standpoint, their dialectical power lies in the flexibility of describing events in different fashions to draw pragmatic inferences that support the speaker’s stance. The study fills an important gap in the literature as it integrates recent approaches in narrative theory in the reconstruction and evaluation of narrative arguments in TED Talks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"37 3","pages":"437 - 472"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10503-023-09597-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50489875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Pragma-Dialectical Approach to the Fallacies Revisited 真理辩证法对谬误的再认识
IF 1.2 2区 文学
Argumentation Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10503-023-09605-w
Frans H. van Eemeren, Bart Garssen
{"title":"The Pragma-Dialectical Approach to the Fallacies Revisited","authors":"Frans H. van Eemeren,&nbsp;Bart Garssen","doi":"10.1007/s10503-023-09605-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-023-09605-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article explains the design and development of the pragma-dialectical approach to fallacies. In this approach fallacies are viewed as violations of the standards for critical discussion that are expressed in a code of conduct for reasonable argumentative discourse. After the problem-solving validity in resolving differences of opinion of the rules of this code has been discussed, their conventional validity for real-life arguers is demonstrated. Starting from the extended version of the theory in which the strategic maneuvering taking place in argumentative discourse is included, the article explains that the violations of the rules that are committed in the fallacies involve derailments of strategic maneuvering. This culminates in a discussion of the exploitation of hidden fallaciousness as an unreasonable way of increasing the effectiveness of argumentative discourse – a vital topic of research in present-day pragma-dialectics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"37 2","pages":"167 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10503-023-09605-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50477588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
High Costs and Low Benefits: Analysis and Evaluation of the “I’m Not Stupid” Argument 高成本低效益:“我不笨”论的分析与评价
IF 1.2 2区 文学
Argumentation Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10503-022-09592-4
Henrike Jansen
{"title":"High Costs and Low Benefits: Analysis and Evaluation of the “I’m Not Stupid” Argument","authors":"Henrike Jansen","doi":"10.1007/s10503-022-09592-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-022-09592-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article presents an analysis and evaluation of what I call the “I’m not stupid” argument. This argument has ancient roots, which lie in Aristotle’s famous description of the weak man’s and strong man’s arguments. An “I’m not stupid” argument is typically used in a context of accusation and defense, by a defendant who argues that they did not commit the act of which they have been accused. The analysis of this type of argument takes the shape of an argumentative pattern, which displays a full-fledged representation of its argumentation structure. It is based on a collection of ten contemporary instances of the “I’m not stupid” argument. Although ten instances constitute a small collection, the wide variation in the argumentative elements that they express explicitly or leave implicit made it possible to identify five new key premises in comparison with previous analyses of the weak man’s and strong man’s arguments (Walton, Tindale and Gordon 2014 in <i>Argumentation</i> 28:85–119, 2014; Walton 2019 in <i>Argumentation</i> 33:45–74, 2019). These new premises show that the crucial point of an evaluation of this argument is the arguer's supposedly rational character in making a gain-loss calculation. They also show that we need empirical data to strengthen our analyses of argument schemes and argumentation structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"37 4","pages":"529 - 551"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10503-022-09592-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50477574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
On Halting Meta-argument with Para-Argument 用Para变元中止元变元
IF 1.2 2区 文学
Argumentation Pub Date : 2023-02-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10503-023-09602-z
Scott Aikin, John Casey
{"title":"On Halting Meta-argument with Para-Argument","authors":"Scott Aikin,&nbsp;John Casey","doi":"10.1007/s10503-023-09602-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-023-09602-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recourse to meta-argument is an important feature of successful argument exchanges; it is where norms are made explicit or clarified, corrections are offered, and inferences are evaluated, among much else. Sadly, it is often an avenue for abuse, as the very virtues of meta-argument are turned against it. The question as to how to manage such abuses is a vexing one. Erik Krabbe proposed that one be levied a fine in cases of inappropriate meta-argumentative bids (2003). In a recent publication (2022) Beth Innocenti expands on this notion of a penalty, arguing that some meta-arguments should be halted with “shouting, cussing, sarcasm, name-calling.” In this essay, we review Innocenti’s case that these confrontations and haltings improve the argumentative circumstances. We provide three reasons that this promise is not well-founded. First, that such confrontations have a significant audience problem, in that they are more likely to be interpreted as destroying the argumentative context than improving it. Second, that Innocenti’s procedural justification, that those who lose meta-discussions should pay a penalty, is not satisfied if the meta-discussion is halted. And third, there is a boundary problem for the cases, since it seems there is no principled reason to restrict halting meta-arguments just to these cases (especially if there is no meta-discussion on the matter to make the bounds explicit). Though expressions of anger can be appropriate in argument, we argue, it cannot take the place of argument.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"37 3","pages":"323 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50474476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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