Journal of Oral Biosciences最新文献

{"title":"Chemokine receptor 5 signaling in oral diseases and degenerative temporomandibular joint disease","authors":"Haruhisa Watanabe ,&nbsp;Riyu Koguchi ,&nbsp;Takashi S. Kajii ,&nbsp;Yutaka Maruoka ,&nbsp;Tadahiro Iimura","doi":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)-mediated signals are involved in various biological responses and inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have revealed the roles of this signaling pathway in bone metabolism, metabolic bone diseases, and joint diseases.</div></div><div><h3>Highlight</h3><div>Through preclinical and clinical studies, our research group has demonstrated that CCR5 signaling is deeply involved in degenerative changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>In this short review, we outline the diverse functions of CCR5 signaling in oral and degenerative TMJ diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Biosciences","volume":"67 2","pages":"Article 100666"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neisseria perflava isolated from a clinical sample reduces influenza virus replication in respiratory cells","authors":"Keisuke Nishioka ,&nbsp;Maki Nakagawa ,&nbsp;Yoko Tanino ,&nbsp;Takaaki Nakaya","doi":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Various bacteria are present in the oral cavity and constitute the oral microbiota. Although the oral microbiota has been analyzed using next-generation sequencing, few studies have investigated whether specific commensal bacteria directly affect immune responses to infections. Here, we focused on <em>Neisseria</em> species present in the oral cavity and investigated their effects on respiratory cells infected with several viruses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Six <em>Neisseria</em> species were isolated from human saliva. The epithelial cell lines were stimulated with bacterial culture supernatants before viral infection. Changes in the viral susceptibility were assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Culture supernatants of two <em>Neisseria</em> species were found to affect cells susceptible to influenza viral infection and suppress influenza viral replication. The mechanism underlying the suppression of <em>N. perflava</em> was further investigated. This activity was observed in the 10–30 kDa protein range fractionated by ultrafiltration. Although viral replication was suppressed by stimulation with bacterial proteins, the infection efficiency of the virus and cytokine production were unaffected. Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and human rhinovirus were also suppressed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Viral infection was performed after supernatant stimulation, suggesting that exposure to oral bacteria directly affects viral infection in the surrounding cells. This effect has been observed for several viruses. Viral genome replication in cells may be suppressed by enhanced expression of viral replication suppression genes. Further analyses are required to elucidate the detailed underlying mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Biosciences","volume":"67 2","pages":"Article 100665"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histochemical assessment of the anabolic effects of abaloparatide on the femoral metaphyses of ovariectomized mice","authors":"Xuanyu Liu ,&nbsp;Tomoka Hasegawa ,&nbsp;Mako Sakakibara ,&nbsp;Tomomaya Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Mai Haraguchi-Kitakamae ,&nbsp;Hotaka Ishizu ,&nbsp;Yan Shi ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Cui ,&nbsp;Weisong Li ,&nbsp;Wang Haoyu ,&nbsp;Hiromi Hongo ,&nbsp;Tomohiro Shimizu ,&nbsp;Yoichi Ohiro ,&nbsp;Norio Amizuka","doi":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To clarify the mechanism of bone anabolism induced by the parathyroid hormone-related peptide analog abaloparatide, we histochemically examined the femora of ovariectomized mice treated with abaloparatide.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twelve-week-old female C57BL/6J mice underwent ovariectomies (OVX), and were then administered either abaloparatide (30 μg/kg/day: OVX + ABL group) or vehicle (OVX group) via daily intraperitoneal injection. Femora were harvested at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks post-administration and subjected to micro-CT imaging, TRAP, cathepsin K, ALP, and PHOSPHO1 staining, along with calcein labeling.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the OVX group, trabecular number and bone volume gradually decreased over time, whereas the OVX + ABL group maintained these values to 6 weeks after OVX. The numbers of TRAP-positive/cathepsin K-reactive osteoclasts per bone surface area were similar between the OVX and OVX + ABL group, except for a temporary increase at 4 weeks in the OVX group. In the OVX group, the areas of ALP-positive osteoblastic cells and PHOSPHO1-reactive mature osteoblasts decreased, whereas in the OVX + ABL group, ALP-positive osteoblastic cells surrounded the trabeculae, and long lines of PHOSPHO1-reactive mature osteoblasts expanded to the terminal region of the trabeculae. In addition, long continuous calcein labeling was seen on slightly convex new bone, indicating modeling-based bone formation in the OVX + ABL group. The bone formation rate/bone surface ratio and the total length of modeling-based bone formation sites were higher in the OVX + ABL group than in the OVX group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Abaloparatide suppresses bone loss following ovariectomy by promoting both remodeling-based and modeling-based bone formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Biosciences","volume":"67 2","pages":"Article 100663"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of PilX, pilus component of Streptococcus sanguinis","authors":"Li Yixuan ,&nbsp;Masanobu Nakata ,&nbsp;Hirono Migita ,&nbsp;Airi Matsumoto ,&nbsp;Yuichi Oogai ,&nbsp;Katsuki Takebe ,&nbsp;Masaya Yamaguchi ,&nbsp;Nobuo Okahashi ,&nbsp;Tomoko Sumitomo ,&nbsp;Shigetada Kawabata","doi":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div><em>Streptococcus sanguinis</em> is an oral commensal bacterium that promotes dental biofilm formation and causes infective endocarditis. <em>S. sanguinis</em> strain SK36 produces pili comprising PilA, PilB, and PilC. This study determined whether the <em>ssa</em>1635 gene adjacent to the pilus-related gene locus encodes a pilus component and its roles in biofilm formation and eukaryotic cell adhesion.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using a series of mutant strains and antisera against PilA, PilB, PilC, and SSA1635, immunoblot analyses and immunoprecipitation assays were performed for SSA1635 characterization. Both involvement of the deduced pilus-specific transpeptidase SrtC in pilus assembly and SSA1635 localization were examined by immunoblot analysis of various mutant strains. Furthermore, biofilm formation assays on saliva-coated surfaces and adhesion to HeLa cells were conducted to assess functions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>SSA1635, designated as PilX, formed complexes with PilA, PilB, and PilC. PilX was identified as a tip pilin incorporated into the pilus structure by SrtC. Notably, deletion of <em>pilX</em> impaired polymerization of other pilins. Furthermore, a <em>pilX</em> deletion mutant exhibited decreased biofilm formation compared with the wild-type and revertant strains and comparable rates of adherence to HeLa cells.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>PilX is a potential pilin tip that may aid in facilitating the polymerization of other pilins. PilX contributes to biofilm formation, although it appears to be dispensable for adhesion to HeLa cells. Further characterization of PilX-binding specificities will provide valuable insights into the colonization mechanism of <em>S. sanguinis</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Biosciences","volume":"67 2","pages":"Article 100664"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to Dr. Nicholas G. Fischer: Letter to “Mirror-polished ceria-stabilized zirconia/alumina nanocomposite enhances gingival junctional epithelial cell adhesion”","authors":"Shoma Yamamori ,&nbsp;Eri Urano-Morisawa ,&nbsp;Ayako Mochizuki ,&nbsp;Ryo Aizawa ,&nbsp;Fuminori Iwasa ,&nbsp;Matsuo Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Kazuyoshi Baba","doi":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100662","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Biosciences","volume":"67 2","pages":"Article 100662"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of enamel matrix proteins combined with collagen membranes on osteoblastic cell cultures","authors":"Vanessa Cordeiro Silva ,&nbsp;Gabrielle Moreira Matos ,&nbsp;Iara Gonçalves de Aquino ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Ferreira Martinez ,&nbsp;Larissa Moreira Spinola de Castro-Raucci ,&nbsp;Andresa Borges Soares ,&nbsp;Vera Cavalcanti de Araújo ,&nbsp;Lucas Novaes Teixeira","doi":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Biodegradable collagen membranes are widely used in guided bone regeneration. This study evaluated the effect of enamel matrix proteins (Emdogain®) combined with two collagen membranes (Bio-Gide® or Collprotect®) on osteoblastic cell cultures.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Human osteoblastic cells were cultured on Bio-Gide® or Collprotect® membranes coated with Emdogain® or left uncoated. The assessed parameters included amelogenin quantification at 1 h, 12 h, 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days; cell morphology at 1 day; cell proliferation at 1, 2, and 3 days; gene expression of <em>COL1A1</em>, <em>IBSP</em>, <em>SPP1</em>, and <em>BGLAP</em> at 1 day; Collagen type I quantification at 3 and 7 days; alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at 3 and 7 days; and mineralization at 14 days. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Higher amelogenin levels were detected in Bio-Gide® cultures than in Collprotect® cultures after 3 and 7 days. Cells adhered and spread in all experimental groups. Cell proliferation was higher in Bio-Gide® cultures after 3 days (p &lt; 0.05). Gene expression of <em>COL1A1</em>, <em>IBSP</em>, and <em>SPP1</em> was greater in Bio-Gide® cultures with Emdogain® after 1 day. There was higher collagen type I secretion by cultures grown on collagen membranes coated with Emdogain®, particularly on Bio-Gide® cultures at 7 days. ALP activity was also higher in Bio-Gide® cultures at 7 days (p &lt; 0.05). Greater mineralization was detected in cultures grown on Bio-Gide® with Emdogain® (p &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Combining collagen membranes, particularly Bio-Gide®, with enamel matrix proteins promotes osteogenesis in vitro, potentially advancing bone tissue regeneration and preservation methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Biosciences","volume":"67 2","pages":"Article 100659"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143796617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saliva composition from birth to adolescence: a systematic review of the literature","authors":"Samira Moradi ,&nbsp;Floris J. Bikker ,&nbsp;Daniela Hesse","doi":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This systematic review examined the saliva composition of healthy children from birth to 18 years of age by assessing the salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and ion levels. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search was performed using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus. Information regarding the salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and ion levels in whole saliva was systematically collected, and a qualitative synthesis was performed. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools.</div></div><div><h3>Highlight</h3><div>Of the 3,268 retrieved studies, 41 were eligible for inclusion. Unstimulated salivary flow showed an age-related decrease, whereas stimulated salivary flow increased with age. The pH of the saliva remained consistent across different ages, whereas the buffering capacity showed an age-related increase. Salivary sodium, calcium, and potassium levels were lower in the younger children than in the older children. An investigation of salivary ion levels revealed lower average fluoride concentrations in Asian populations than in European populations. Most studies had a low or moderate risk of bias.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This systematic review highlights age-dependent differences in salivary flow and composition in healthy children from birth to 18 years of age. The flow rate of unstimulated saliva decreased with age, while the flow rate of stimulated saliva increased. The salivary pH remained stable, whereas the buffering capacity increased with age. Furthermore, salivary sodium, calcium, and potassium levels tend to increase with age. These findings underscore the dynamic nature of salivary composition from childhood to adolescence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Biosciences","volume":"67 2","pages":"Article 100661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143789137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive anatomical dissection procedure with special reference to the layer-structured facial muscles and fasciae and mouth floor","authors":"Hisako Takami ,&nbsp;Yuka Kobayashi ,&nbsp;Sanako Makishi-Takano ,&nbsp;Yuji Katsumi ,&nbsp;Noboru Sato ,&nbsp;Hayato Ohshima","doi":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Conventional head and neck practice procedures fail to address several clinical issues. Anatomical structures were removed from the surface layers in that order, and the dissection was shifted to the deeper layer. This approach makes it difficult for medical and dental students to understand the relationships among various anatomical structures. Furthermore, it is difficult to determine the risk on the mandibular nerves and blood vessels during conventional mandible removal procedures. This study aims to develop an anatomical technique that maintains the skin, superficial facial muscles/fasciae, and mandibles, and to reveal the relationships among the bones, muscles, fasciae, blood vessels, and nerves of the face and floor of the mouth.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 43 human cadavers were examined during gross anatomy courses at Niigata University from 2018 to 2022.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Using this dissection method, students were able to understand the relationship between the facial muscles/fasciae, nerves, blood vessels, and muscles without removing the skin. Furthermore, this dissection helps surgeons to understand the risk of nerve and vascular damage during surgery as well as the efficiency of facelift methods.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provided a clarity on anatomical dissection in the head and neck region and the relationship between anatomical structures from a clinical perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Biosciences","volume":"67 2","pages":"Article 100660"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143789132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of DLX3/SAHH axis on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in alveolar bone","authors":"Shichen Sun ,&nbsp;Yuxi Jiang ,&nbsp;Kang Chen ,&nbsp;Xinyi Chen ,&nbsp;Jinyou Chai ,&nbsp;Haipeng Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) promote alveolar bone formation and repair. Distal-less homeobox 3 (DLX3) plays a key regulatory role in BMSC osteogenesis. However, the precise pathway by which it mediates osteogenesis in BMSCs remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the potential epigenetic mechanisms underlying DLX3-mediated BMSCs osteogenesis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>BMSCs were isolated from the alveolar bone. DLX3 overexpression and knockdown cell lines were established using lentivirus-mediated gene transfer. Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated using alkaline phosphatase expression, alizarin red staining, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation, RNA immunoprecipitation, and S-adenosyl-homocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) activity measurements.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>DLX3 enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, positively regulated SAHH, and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) activity. In addition, the long non-coding RNA H19 (H19) bound to SAHH in BMSCs. DLX3 regulated the expression of H19, and rescue experiments showed that H19 knockdown increased SAHH activity, thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation in the DLX3-overexpression group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The DLX3/SAHH axis may regulate the activity of EZH2 involved in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Biosciences","volume":"67 2","pages":"Article 100658"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppressive effects of lemon myrtle extract against the colonization and virulence factors of Candida spp.","authors":"Siyuan Liu ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Chun Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.job.2025.100657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div><em>Candida</em> species (<em>Candida</em> spp.) are among the most common opportunistic pathogens inhabiting the oral cavity and frequently cause infection in immunocompromised individuals. Conventional antibiotic treatments for <em>Candida</em> infections face significant challenges, including the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This highlights the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies, particularly those leveraging natural products.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of an aqueous lemon myrtle extract on the colonization and virulence of six <em>Candida</em> spp., including microbial adhesion, biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharide production, hyphal production, and several invasion-associated virulence factors.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The extract significantly reduced <em>Candida</em> adhesion to hard surfaces and inhibited biofilm formation. Additionally, it suppressed the production of insoluble extracellular polysaccharides and various invasion-associated virulence factors, including phospholipase, ergosterol, protease, and hyphal formation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings provide a better understanding of the potential role of lemon myrtle extract as a natural therapeutic agent for controlling <em>Candida</em> colonization and mitigating its invasive capabilities. This study provides a foundation for further exploration of lemon myrtle as a promising alternative for the management of <em>Candida</em> infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":45851,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Oral Biosciences","volume":"67 2","pages":"Article 100657"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}