{"title":"Advancing AI, Virtue Enhancement, and the Need for Niebuhrian Virtues of Moral Vigilance","authors":"Gregory R. Peterson","doi":"10.1111/jore.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper considers the possibility of AI being employed to improve moral character from the perspective of an account of virtues that is psychologically realistic (the HEIS model). It is informed by a Christian agapeic ethic oriented toward goods of creaturely well-being that ground right action. Part 1 briefly presents such an account of the virtues. Part 2 explores three ways that advancing AI could positively impact virtue formation, each of which is conceivable but has significant limitations and drawbacks. Part 3 argues that recognizing the social character of virtue formation requires recognizing the importance of extending the rule of law to AI. The effectiveness of the rule of law in the face of advancing AI, however, will depend on Niebuhrian virtues of moral vigilance that recognize the ease with which the loftily stated ideals sometimes associated with AI coexist with other aims.</p>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"54 3","pages":"294-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jore.70029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pursuing the Divine through Intelligent Machines: Fallacy of Futural Techno-Salvation","authors":"Min-Sun Kim","doi":"10.1111/jore.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As we engineer self-improving machines, the prospect of their evolution into divine beings may spark awe and wonder. This essay delves into the intricate relationship between humanity and artificial intelligence systems, considering several cultural narratives that portray AI systems as god-like entities that have the potential to respond to humans' deepest needs and, at the same time, to destroy us and human civilization. Intelligent machines can evoke a reverence akin to responses that are usually reserved for spiritual beings that are deemed capable of offering salvation. This essay draws parallels between ordinary human longings for salvation and the notion of techno-salvation, purportedly to be achieved through the use of machines. In narratives depicting futural techno-salvation, a theme of separation or distance often appears in the form of a gap (for example, between our present state and the possibility of our complete happiness) that needs to be bridged and can be bridged only with the help of a supernatural mediator or savior. From a Zen perspective, recognizing the illusory nature of futural wants (which project fulfillment into an imagined future) discloses the illusory nature of individual personhood itself. The self, often assumed to be a fixed and independent entity, is instead understood as a transient, interdependent process arising from one moment to the next. This insight—central to Zen practice—encourages a ceasing to project salvation onto external agents or powers, including artificial intelligence systems and other technological mediators. Instead, it catalyzes a transformative journey inward, wherein spiritual awakening arises, not through the attainment of a desired, future state but through a direct realization of the present moment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"54 3","pages":"337-352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Between Real and Ideal: F. D. E. Schleiermacher's Philosophy of Race*","authors":"Enoch H. Kuo","doi":"10.1111/jore.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Efforts to evaluate F. D. E. Schleiermacher's relationship to race have attempted to situate him within genealogies of modern racism by focusing on fragments of an early project on Australian colonization without considering his reflections on race in his mature ethical and political philosophy. Drawing on the <i>Ethik</i> and the <i>Staatslehre</i>, this article offers a preliminary examination of Schleiermacher's treatment of race, the status of persons, and inequality in the state, arguing that Schleiermacher understood race to operate as a political construct that both relativizes and bounds the idea of a nation. He saw the overcoming of racial inequality as one of the key challenges facing the “North American Free States.” The challenge that Schleiermacher's philosophy of race presents to standard liberal understandings of personhood and the adequacy of legal advocacy for non-discrimination calls for further evaluation of his usefulness as a theorist of race for antiracist scholarship and praxis.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"54 3","pages":"245-269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trustees of the Pluriverse: Abderrahmane Taha's Islamic Covenantal Ethics and Epistemic Decoloniality","authors":"Achraf Guennouni Idrissi","doi":"10.1111/jore.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article explores Abderrahmane Taha's Islamic ethical philosophy in dialogue with decolonial thought, focusing on its contribution to pluriversality—a decolonial challenge to Western epistemic universalism. Pluriversality affirms diverse ways of knowing/being but also wrestles with tensions around epistemic incommensurability, normative ambiguity, and the risk of relativism. Drawing on Taha's <i>Trusteeship Paradigm</i> (<i>al-Iʾtimāniyya</i>), this intervention argues that his ethical metaphysics, particularly his formulation of <i>supported reason</i> (<i>al-ʿaql al-muʾayyad</i>), grounds pluriversality in a relational, dialogical, and morally anchored framework. It does so more robustly than comparable Islamic epistemic projects, including those of Syed Muhammad Naqib al-Attas and Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Taha critiques secular tolerance as hierarchical and advances covenantal engagement and reciprocatory ethics as principles for navigating difference. His emphasis on ethical obligation, ontological responsibility, and plural rationalities reframes civilizational diversity as a covenant of mutual moral regard. This essay proposes a decolonial Islamic option: a covenantal pluriverse sustained through reciprocal moral responsibility across epistemic and ontological difference.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"54 3","pages":"214-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Generative AI and the Formation of Practical Wisdom: A Thomistic Analysis","authors":"Lily M. Abadal","doi":"10.1111/jore.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper argues that the regular use of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) by young people can thwart their opportunities to develop practical wisdom by substituting for or displacing various practices that this virtue's cultivation requires. The argument unfolds in five steps. First, I review some of GenAI's capabilities and uses, highlighting those that can interfere with intellectual and moral development. Second, I discuss Aristotle's definition of practical wisdom (<i>phronesis</i>) and Aquinas's corresponding analysis of the “integral parts” of prudence (<i>prudentia</i>). Third, I draw on Matthew Stichter's <i>The Skillfulness of Virtue</i> to confirm that persons acquire a virtue much as they acquire a skill—through concerted practice. Next, I explain some of the ways in which frequent GenAI use is likely to hinder the daily practices by which practical wisdom is slowly acquired by young people. I conclude that the rapid adoption of GenAI for even mundane tasks should incite pause, due to its potentially serious moral consequences.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"54 3","pages":"320-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Religion and Artificial Intelligence: Exploring Cultural Evolution, AI, and Virtue","authors":"Braden Molhoek","doi":"10.1111/jore.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This introduction considers first some public perceptions and ethical concerns about AI that inspired a <i>Journal of Religious Ethics</i> Focus Issue on Religion and Artificial Intelligence (AI). I then report briefly on a research project concerning AI, virtue, and cultural evolution, which was organized by the Center for Theology and Natural Sciences at the Graduate Theological Union and funded by the John Templeton Foundation. That grant project included three online conferences, held in 2023, from which the essays included in this collection originated. Finally, I highlight the main questions driving the conferences and show how the essays address one or more of those questions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"54 3","pages":"270-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prudential Judgment, Religious Ethics, and AI/ML in Emergency Care","authors":"Cyrus Paul Olsen III","doi":"10.1111/jore.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Emergency healthcare professionals enact the virtue of prudence in their care practices. However, it is acknowledged that religion is often left out of emergency decision making within our healthcare institutions. This essay explores the possibility that human–AI integration during clinical decision making can enhance healthcare professionals' ethical interactions and interventions in emergency medical settings. By introducing “Faith-Informed Reflection Machines” (FIRM) within decision support systems, I propose a novel approach to incorporating religious and ethical considerations into patient care. Traditional clinical judgment involves engaging classical virtues that help practitioners maintain moral equilibrium under intense pressure. Since medical emergencies often present patients who are cognitively impaired, religious affiliations and cultural considerations can be overlooked, potentially compromising patient autonomy. Our research demonstrates how human–AI integration provides faith-informed ethical reasoning <i>in situ</i>, thereby shaping both the process of decision making and the personal formation of the professional. By serving as an ethical adjunct to human decision making, these technologies can: (1) enhance prudential reasoning, (2) ensure more equitable healthcare delivery, and (3) facilitate nuanced discernment in uncertain clinical scenarios. Rather than replace human judgment, human–AI integration creates <i>in situ</i> a more comprehensive horizon of care for the medical professional who is prompted to consider the potential impact of a patient's faith context within biomedical triage.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"54 3","pages":"275-293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149007486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Orthodox Moral Theology and Shared Metanorms: A Philosophical-Theological Reading of the Social Ethos Document","authors":"Alexander Kriebitz, Stefanos Athanasiou","doi":"10.1111/jore.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, Orthodox Christianity has gained increasing visibility in global discussions on social ethics, encompassing issues such as climate change, environmental protection, peace, and human rights. The following paper examines the underlying metaethical framework of the Ecumenical Patriarchate's <i>Social Ethos Document</i>, analyzing how it can contribute to contemporary discourses on shared metanorms and values. Through close textual analysis, it investigates the metaethical assumptions of the document and its articulation of a theologically grounded anthropology. Special attention is given to the engagement of the document with human rights, which is a historically contested theme within Orthodox moral theology. Drawing on the concepts of <i>divine likeness</i>, <i>theosis</i>, and the personal understanding of ethos in Eastern Orthodoxy, this paper argues that the <i>Social Ethos Document</i> advances an integrative normative approach that bridges theological social ethics and secular human rights.</p>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"54 2","pages":"153-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jore.70021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148087664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Engaging with Babanzâde and Kant on the Relationship Between Religion and Ethics","authors":"M. Selim Altınpınar","doi":"10.1111/jore.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Babanzâde Ahmed Naim, a philosophy professor during the late Ottoman Empire and early Republic of Turkey era, was an influential Muslim thinker known for his defense of the significance of religion in various contexts, notably in relation to Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy, which he considered the Western moral framework most akin to Islam. While Babanzâde praised Kant's work and its foundation in rational reflection, he criticized Kant's moral philosophy for its perceived lack of attention to the relationship between religion and ethics. Yet Kant's philosophy does provide an account of this relationship. In this paper, I present Babanzâde's examination and critique of Kant's moral philosophy from his Islamic perspective. I then outline Kant's philosophy of religion and explore his account of the relationship between religion and ethics, with which Babanzâde was likely unfamiliar. I argue that, despite several important differences, their views on the relationship between religion and ethics converge in three significant respects.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"54 2","pages":"106-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148097978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Daoist Humility: How Ancient Chinese Wisdom and Modern Psychology are Telling Us to Be Natural by Going Against the Flow","authors":"Benjamin Birkenstock","doi":"10.1111/jore.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The concept of humility has a long history of paradoxicality. From denoting a lowly social status—to becoming one of the highest Christian virtues—to falling under the critique of the liberators of the Enlightenment—to experiencing an upsurge of philosophical and psychological interest in recent years, the value of acknowledging one's least valued traits remains hard to define and defend. Recent definitions of humility as accurate intra- and interpersonal awareness have successfully severed the connection between humility and harmful self-deprecation; however, in the process, they have sidestepped the question of whether intentional self-lowering can, for some persons and purposes, be beneficial. Self-lowering as self-beneficial is a common theme in ancient Chinese thought. The <i>Daodejing</i>, especially, provides an insightful approach to this practice. When effort, ambition, and desire for social approval are taken too far, they give rise to destructive fixations and thereby become counterproductive. One way to disrupt such fixations is to <i>embrace</i> conditions and personal qualities that we and others perceive to be socially unacceptable and even humiliating. Rather than showing subservience to existing power structures, Daoist humility involves voluntarily doing menial tasks and exposing parts of ourselves that we view as shameful so as, ironically, to loosen the hold of our obsessions, increase our equanimity, and, by extension, reduce social conflict and oppression. I support and expand on this approach via recent scholarship from feminist and antiracist philosophers as well as psychological studies suggesting that cognitive control is limited, and embracing the very compulsions that we usually try to avoid can weaken their power.</p>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"54 2","pages":"180-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jore.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148075156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}