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Augustine, AI, and the Two Models of Language 奥古斯丁，人工智能和语言的两种模式
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-07-30 DOI: 10.1111/jore.70004
Kevin Jung
{"title":"Augustine, AI, and the Two Models of Language","authors":"Kevin Jung","doi":"10.1111/jore.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article explores the two models of language articulated by Ludwig Wittgenstein and Augustine. It examines first, the central roles of language in humans and intelligent machines, and second, the implications of these models for understanding what it means to be human, as well as the promises and limits of AI systems. The strength of the Wittgensteinian model is particularly evident in how AI systems emulate certain types of inferential reasoning in humans by identifying the semantic roles of words in language games. By contrast, the strength of the Augustinian model is most apparent in highlighting the limits of AI systems, particularly their struggle to simulate human intelligence beyond computational reasoning, which is largely trained on big data and relies on rule-based inference to generate solutions. The Augustinian model, in particular, discloses the complexities of human cognition that extend beyond linguistic abilities, emphasizing the role of higher-order volition and understanding in communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"53 2","pages":"217-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jore.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Among His Own Kin and in His Own House: Artificial Intelligence and the Interrelational Cultivation of Prudence 在他自己的亲戚和在他自己的房子：人工智能和审慎的相互关系培养
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-07-30 DOI: 10.1111/jore.70003
Mariele Courtois
{"title":"Among His Own Kin and in His Own House: Artificial Intelligence and the Interrelational Cultivation of Prudence","authors":"Mariele Courtois","doi":"10.1111/jore.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While ease of access to information curated by artificial intelligence (AI) can be advantageous, it jeopardizes collaborative investigational practices central to virtue theory as a whole, the cultivation of prudence in particular, and a Christian notion of God's participation in the moral life. A relational setting actualizes prudence, which assists a moral agent in determining the right means for achieving a goal for action. Interpersonal discourse, the identification of moral exemplars, and the gift of grace are ways in which Catholic virtue theory presents the encounter of the other as necessary for individual prudential development. AI can offer ready access to resources, yet this access may contribute to a false portrayal of the individual as self-sufficient. Technology should present a springboard, not a replacement, for the true encounter of the other. The negative impacts of neglecting to seek counsel within true relationships are many. For example, without participation in interrelational conversation, one risks failing to habituate humility, a prerequisite for prudence, as well as failing to hold oneself accountable to social responsibility. Empathizing with another's perspective is necessary for identifying the potential for moral improvement in oneself. In turn, shared experiences open the door to effective fraternal correction from other members of a community. This paper will explore the insights of theological anthropology and virtue theory, which illuminate the necessity of an authentic discourse with “the Other” for the cultivation of prudence, as such encounters benefit all participating parties. Toward this end, this paper will utilize resources within the work of Emmanuel Levinas on the significance of the encounter of the other and the work of Edith Stein on the communally contextualized development of the individual, the relationship of the individual before God, and the divine gift of individuality that necessitates relationality.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"53 2","pages":"172-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Artificial General Intelligence, Moral Standing, and Attenuated Relationality: Concerns From the Perspective of Christian Theism 人工智能、道德地位和弱化的关系：从基督教有神论的角度看问题
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1111/jore.70002
John Pittard
{"title":"Artificial General Intelligence, Moral Standing, and Attenuated Relationality: Concerns From the Perspective of Christian Theism","authors":"John Pittard","doi":"10.1111/jore.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Some argue that if we develop machines with artificial general intelligence (“AGIs”), we might not be able to determine whether these machines are unfeeling tools without moral standing or instead conscious beings deserving of moral consideration. I reflect on this possibility from the standpoint of Christian theism. I argue, first, that Christian theists should be especially uncertain about the moral standing of hypothetical AGIs. Second, the prospect of AGIs of uncertain moral standing poses risks that are unacceptable from a Christian perspective. I give special attention to a risk we face if, out of moral precaution, we operate on the assumption that AGIs are conscious and have moral standing. If this assumption is incorrect, the precautionary approach could result in a lamentable attenuation of the bonds of mutual concern that Christians view as essential to our collective flourishing.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"53 2","pages":"239-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
AI and the Subjective Crisis of Knowledge 人工智能与知识的主观危机
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1111/jore.70001
Paul Scherz, Luis Vera
{"title":"AI and the Subjective Crisis of Knowledge","authors":"Paul Scherz,&nbsp;Luis Vera","doi":"10.1111/jore.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Religious ethicists have observed how the threat of AI-generated texts, images, and videos accentuates the problems of a “post-truth” world already linked to algorithms that foster misinformation and echo chambers. There is also a less discussed problem occurring in science as it becomes increasingly dependent on AI's analytic techniques, shifting toward statistical knowledge and probabilistic prediction, which is creating a reproducibility crisis. Neither experts nor laypeople can fully trust the seeming facts they confront, driving a deeper, subjective crisis of knowledge. This epistemological instability creates ethical problems, since a person's relationship to knowledge is an essential component to the constitution of subjectivity. Many philosophers and theologians have historically embraced practices of the self that can aid in the proper formation of the subject's relationship to knowledge. By turning to the practices of the self that philosophers and theologians have used to respond to prior crises of the subject, this essay suggests practices by which people might be able to restore their judgment.</p>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"53 2","pages":"193-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jore.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Summoned Life: Vocation in the Analects 被召唤的生命：《论语》中的使命
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1111/jore.70000
Teng-Kuan Ng
{"title":"A Summoned Life: Vocation in the Analects","authors":"Teng-Kuan Ng","doi":"10.1111/jore.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article explores the concept of vocation in the <i>Analects</i>. While most treatments of vocation focus on the Christian tradition, and while Confucian thought is often viewed as categorically nontheistic, Robert Merrihew Adams's <i>Finite and Infinite Goods</i> (1999) presents an illuminating comparative framework for tracing out Kongzi's religious ethical vision of how persons think, act, and feel when grasped by a sense of divine calling. I argue that in the <i>Analects</i> a vocation is compositely conceived as: (1) a special divine imperative to an individual or a community (2) to love particular goods within one's actual circumstances (3) with nonconsequentialist, noncompetitive, and potentially counter-cultural commitment (4) such that one's mode of life participates in Heaven's intent for human flourishing. Although diverging on their approaches toward filial and sociopolitical engagement, both Adams and Kongzi envision self-transcending purpose, faithful devotion, and existential courage as marks of a vocationally attuned life.</p>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"53 2","pages":"282-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jore.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Virtue, Relationality, and the Self: Rethinking Love in Conversation with Autistic Moral Experiences 美德、关系和自我：在与自闭道德经验的对话中重新思考爱
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-06-15 DOI: 10.1111/jore.12497
Elizabeth Agnew Cochran
{"title":"Virtue, Relationality, and the Self: Rethinking Love in Conversation with Autistic Moral Experiences","authors":"Elizabeth Agnew Cochran","doi":"10.1111/jore.12497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.12497","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent scholarship in religious ethics signals the importance of considering how the virtues are pursued and embodied in everyday human lives and practices, as well as attending to experiences of virtue that have previously been overlooked. This essay argues that experiences of love in autistic persons can enrich our understanding of the nature and scope of virtuous love as understood in the Christian tradition. In making this argument, I develop an account of autistic love that draws on scholarship from psychology and anthropology, first-person narratives published by autistic authors, and a qualitative study conducted at Duquesne University. These sources point toward the existence of a comprehensive and generalized love that is rooted in an understanding of oneself as profoundly interconnected with the surrounding world. I conclude this essay by considering how this sort of love, while not always explicitly Christian, can nevertheless inform two contemporary debates in Christian virtue ethics.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"53 2","pages":"261-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
FOCUS ON Religious Ethics and AI: Introduction to the Focus Issue 聚焦宗教伦理与人工智能：聚焦议题导论
IF 0.3 3区 哲学
JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-06-15 DOI: 10.1111/jore.12498
Kevin Jung
{"title":"FOCUS ON Religious Ethics and AI: Introduction to the Focus Issue","authors":"Kevin Jung","doi":"10.1111/jore.12498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.12498","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Does religious ethics have anything meaningful to say about the many difficult metaphysical, ethical, and theological questions surrounding artificial intelligence (AI)? The four articles featured in this Focus Issue suggest that it does. Mariele Courtois's essay focuses on the cultivation of prudence as a necessary virtue for the moral life and raises concerns about how increasing reliance on AI may distort the nature of practical moral reasoning. Paul Scherz and Luis Vera's coauthored essay draws attention to an emerging crisis of the knowing self in the post-truth age of AI, arguing that the self is becoming alienated from the production of knowledge. Kevin Jung's essay explores how language can serve as a window into both the artificial and human mind, drawing insights from Augustine and Wittgenstein. John Pittard's essay examines the moral standing of AGIs and weighs the reasons for and against their development from a Christian perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"53 2","pages":"164-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jore.12498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dharma Saṃkaṭa in the Mahābhārata: Existential Struggles and Real Repercussions 《Mahābhārata中的佛法Saṃkaṭa：存在主义斗争与现实反响》
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-06-10 DOI: 10.1111/jore.12496
Veena R. Howard, Diana Fritz Cates
{"title":"Dharma Saṃkaṭa in the Mahābhārata: Existential Struggles and Real Repercussions","authors":"Veena R. Howard,&nbsp;Diana Fritz Cates","doi":"10.1111/jore.12496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.12496","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sometimes humans face perplexing situations in which we must make a choice. We are bound by multiple obligations, and each of them requires a different and incompatible course of action. One or more obligations must go unfulfilled. We might also anticipate that, by neglecting an obligation, serious, detrimental consequences will follow for us or for others. The choice may be further complicated by the fact that we care deeply for people who could be negatively affected by our choice. Weighty situations such as these are known in ancient Indian literature as <i>dharma saṃkaṭas</i>. This essay reflects on two instances of <i>dharma saṃkaṭas</i> from the <i>Mahābhārata</i>, namely, the respective conflicts in the narrative of “The Hawk and the Dove” and in the dialogue of Prince Arjuna with Lord Kṛṣṇa on the battlefield, followed by post-war ruminations. These stories can help contemporary readers to think critically and creatively about <i>dharma saṃkaṭas</i> that may not be fully resolvable.</p>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"53 1","pages":"72-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jore.12496","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Introduction to the Focus Issue on Moral Dilemmas 道德困境焦点问题导论
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1111/jore.12495
Tucker J. Gregor
{"title":"Introduction to the Focus Issue on Moral Dilemmas","authors":"Tucker J. Gregor","doi":"10.1111/jore.12495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.12495","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The idea for this issue began with an inquiry from Edmund N. Santurri to the <i>Journal of Religious Ethics</i> (JRE) coeditors. Santurri expressed interest in reaffirming the anti-dilemma position that he articulated in <i>Perplexity in the Moral Life: Philosophical and Theological Considerations</i> (1987) but with consideration of more recent scholarship on the topic. By contrast, Lisa Sowle Cahill and Kate Jackson-Meyer reaffirm and defend the plausibility of the moral dilemmas thesis articulated in their scholarship (see Cahill 2019 and Jackson-Meyer 2022). While these first two essays draw on resources from Christian ethics, Schillinger and coauthors Howard and Cates enrich the conversation by offering Islamic and Hindu insights that complicate Christian assumptions about moral dilemmas.</p>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"53 1","pages":"6-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jore.12495","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Martin Luther's Critique of Supererogation 马丁·路德的超权批判
IF 0.5 3区 哲学
JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS Pub Date : 2025-05-03 DOI: 10.1111/jore.12493
John Walker
{"title":"Martin Luther's Critique of Supererogation","authors":"John Walker","doi":"10.1111/jore.12493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.12493","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent decades have witnessed a surge of philosophical interest in the concept of supererogation. Although Martin Luther figures prominently in the historiography as a critic of supererogation, the particular nature of his critique and its place within his broader moral theology has been underexplored. This article offers a reconstruction of Luther's theological opposition to supererogation, demonstrating its tight connection to central elements of his spiritual and ethical vision. Three elements are identified and discussed: the relationship between faith and the Word of God, the distinction between divine and human law, and the equality of Christian vocations within the community of believers. The article concludes by suggesting the ongoing relevance of Luther's antisupererogationism for contemporary religious ethics.</p>","PeriodicalId":45722,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS","volume":"53 1","pages":"112-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jore.12493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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