Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice最新文献

{"title":"Considering the Potential Benefits of Over-the-Counter Naloxone.","authors":"Kirk E Evoy,&nbsp;Lucas G Hill,&nbsp;Corey S Davis","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S244709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S244709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since 1999, annual opioid-related overdose (ORO) mortality has increased more than six-fold. In response to this crisis, the US Department of Health and Human Services outlined a 5-point strategy to reduce ORO mortality which included the widespread distribution of naloxone, an opioid antagonist that can rapidly reverse an opioid overdose. Increased distribution has been facilitated by the implementation of naloxone access laws in each US state aimed at increasing community access to naloxone. While these laws differ from state-to-state, most contain mechanisms to enable pharmacists to dispense naloxone without a patient-specific prescription. These laws have enhanced community naloxone distribution, both from pharmacies and overdose education and naloxone distribution programs, and produced positive effects on ORO mortality. However, a growing body of evidence has revealed that significant barriers to naloxone access from pharmacies remain, and annual ORO deaths have continued to climb. Given these concerns, there has been a push among some clinicians and policymakers for the US Food and Drug Administration to re-classify naloxone as an over-the-counter (OTC) medication as a means to further increase its accessibility. If an OTC transition occurs, educational outreach and funding for clinical innovations will continue to be crucial given the important role of health professionals in recommending naloxone to people at risk for experiencing or witnessing an ORO. Recognizing the severity of the ORO public health crisis, we believe transitioning formulations of naloxone approved for layperson use to OTC status would result in a net benefit through increased access. However, such a change should be combined with measures to ensure affordability.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"10 ","pages":"13-21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0f/e8/iprp-10-13.PMC7894851.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25399250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals Inventory Management in Selected Health Facilities of West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia.","authors":"Tadesse Jobira, Habtamu Abuye, Awol Jemal, Tadesse Gudeta","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S298660","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IPRP.S298660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Effective inventory management ensures an uninterrupted supply of safe, effective, and affordable pharmaceuticals which could be achieved through developing ABC-VEN (Always, Better, Control-Vital, Essential, Desirable) and FSN-XYZ (Fast, Slow, Non-moving-High, Medium, Low Value) matrix analysis. ABC-VEN matrix analysis is used to control inventory according to their annual consumption and on their functional importance whereas, FSN-XYZ matrix analysis is applied to control inventory by identifying the items to be discarded and the amount saved during the closing of annual accounts.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate inventory management in selected health facilities of West Arsi zone, Oromia regional state for the year 2016-2018.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Facility-based cross-sectional descriptive study complemented with a qualitative study was conducted in fourteen health facilities. Data were collected from goods issuing vouchers for the year 2016-2018 to perform ABC-VEN matrix analysis. The frequency of issue was collected to perform FSN analysis and the value of each closing stock was taken to get XYZ analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the ABC-VEN matrix analysis, 26.6% of items were Category I of which the highest proportion were taken by class A and V items consuming 84.7% of annual drug expenditure (ADE). The remaining 49.2% and 24.2% of the drugs accounted for only 13.2% and 2.1% of the ADE being category II and III, respectively. Based on FSN-XYZ matrix analysis findings, category I with 41.% item share account for the highest budget (average 86.5% of values). Of this category, the XN group-non-moving and high-cost drugs had the high value (20%) which need managerial measure. In category III, the ZN group items, being 25% of drugs, only had 2.2% of value-that may increase wastage, inventory holding cost, and shortage of storage space.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The matrix analysis for inventory control is a strong tool that enables one to identify items requiring close monitoring. The coupled ABC-VEN matrix analysis, combining their individual advantages - inventory's cost and its functional importance help in achieving a meaningful inventory management. However, to control the stock at an appropriate level with minimum shortage and oversupply, it has to be supported by XYZ-FSN matrix analysis. The XYZ-FSN matrix benefits the health facilities to determine the level of inventory with high value in dead-stock, and to take measures like transferring to others, discarding, or saving.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"10 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8b/7a/iprp-10-1.PMC7882713.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25382519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patients' Attitudes, Awareness, and Opinions About Community Pharmacies in Japan: Next Steps for the Health Support Pharmacy System.","authors":"Noritake Hirota,&nbsp;Noboru Okamura","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S275288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S275288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Despite the formal establishment of the Health Support Pharmacy system, few community pharmacies have transitioned to this new designation in Japan. Moreover, patients' perspectives on the usefulness of health-support pharmacies and community pharmacies have not yet been investigated. In this work, we investigated patients' attitudes, opinions, and awareness as users of member pharmacies of the Japan Federation of Democratic Medical Institutions (Min-Iren), with respect to two essential functions provided by community pharmacies-primary care and health support-to identify modern challenges facing community pharmacies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Regular visitors to participating Min-Iren community pharmacies were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire. Responses were compared between users of health-support pharmacies and other pharmacy types, as well as between members and non-members of \"collaborating organizations\" (CO). CO is organizational partners of Min-Iren whose activities support affiliated facilities. Logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the predictive value of different factors on pharmacies' primary-care and health-support functionality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 181 Min-Iren community pharmacies (51.7%: 181/350) participated in this study, and most patients answered the questionnaire (97.7%, n=2623). Relatively few patients recognized the term \"Health Support Pharmacy\" (12.2%). CO members tended to have a superior understanding of a wide variety of services provided by CPs as compared to non-members. Statistically significant predictors of primary-care and health-support functionality included male gender, having a primary-care pharmacist, age ≥60 years, recognition of the term \"Health Support Pharmacy\" and CO membership.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CO members, a class of patients with a superior awareness of health promotion, demonstrated a good understanding of the variety of services provided by community pharmacies and tended to positively rate their pharmacy. Moving forward, efforts to raise awareness about the importance of health-promotional activities among community pharmacy users should further reinforce the primary-care and health-support functions of community pharmacies.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"9 ","pages":"243-256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/IPRP.S275288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38617684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medication-Related Needs and Humanistic Impact of Patient-Centered Pharmaceutical Care at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, North-West Ethiopia.","authors":"Ousman Abubeker Abdela,&nbsp;Enathun Abay,&nbsp;Senait Beka,&nbsp;Biset Mengistie,&nbsp;Mohammed Biset Ayalew","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S268248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S268248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess patients' medication-related needs and the humanistic impact of patient-centered pharmaceutical care.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted using self-administered structured questionnaires from February 4 to 28, 2019, on patients attending ambulatory care for chronic non-communicable diseases at the University of Gondar specialized teaching hospital, North-west Ethiopia. Data were entered to SPSS version 22 for analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the socio-demographic characteristics and medication-related needs of study participants. Independent sample <i>t</i>-test and one-way ANOVA analysis were performed to check for possible associations between dependent and independent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Information about what to do if patients missed doses and the potential side-effects or abnormal conditions caused by the prescribed medicines were not explained for most of the 425 patients studied. The majority of the study participants reported that they felt worried about adverse medicine effects, drug interactions, and long-term medicine use. Patients who were older than 50 or those receiving two or more medications were less satisfied with the effect of their medicine as compared to younger ones and those on monotherapy, respectively. People who were illiterate or had attended only primary schools thought that they received less disease and medicine information from health professionals than people who attended tertiary education.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and recommendation: </strong>Most of the participants were particularly unhappy with the amount of information received about side-effects and what to do if doses were missed. Special emphasis should be given to patients with a low level of education as they were not satisfied with medicine and disease information obtained from health professionals, experienced more psychological impacts of medicine use, and had poor overall quality-of-life.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"9 ","pages":"229-242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/IPRP.S268248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38604640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Medicine-Use Pattern Using World Health Organization's Core Drug-Use Indicators and Completeness of Prescription at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Kefyalew Ayalew Getahun,&nbsp;Adugnaw Sitotie Redia,&nbsp;Tezera Jemere Aragaw","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S261320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S261320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rational use of medicines is patients receiving medicines appropriate to their diagnosis in doses that meet their requirements for an adequate period of time at an affordable price. Irrational prescribing practices result in ineffective, unsafe treatment, prolong prognosis, and increase health-care costs, and this is a common phenomenon in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to evaluate medicine-use pattern using World Health Organization core drug-use indicators and completeness of prescription at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective and prospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the dispensing pharmacy units of the health facility from March 2019 to May 2019 using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0, and results are presented using tables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1,128 medicines were covered in the analyzed sample. The response rate, using standard prescription paper was found to be 100%. Mean number of medicines per prescription was 1.88. The proportion of medicines actually dispensed was 74.56%, and 91.4% medicines were prescribed by their generic names. Among prescribed medicines, antibiotics accounted for 37.5%, and 20% of the prescribed medicines were injectable. Prescriptions containing patient name, identification number, age, and sex comprised 99.8%, 99.5%, 91.8%, and 94.5%, respectively of the total. Prescriptions signed by prescribers accounted for 96.2%, however, only 75.8% of prescribers wrote their name. Moreover, only 4.8% of dispensers printed their name, and 32.7% of prescriptions were signed by pharmacists. Patient-care indicators were found to be below standard.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Most prescriptions were incomplete, and prescribers by far completed their role than dispensers. The health facility has standard prescription paper and updated pharmaceuticals list. Percentages for encounters with antibiotics, prescribing by generic name, and patient-care indicators deviated from the standard. The dispensing and counseling time also far from the standard, and most medicines were not labeled.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"9 ","pages":"219-227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/IPRP.S261320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38545087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnitude, Nature, and Risk Factors of Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with First Generation Antipsychotics in Outpatients with Schizophrenia: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Merhawi Bahta, Tzeggai Berhe, Mulugeta Russom, Eyasu H Tesfamariam, Azieb Ogbaghebriel","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S271814","DOIUrl":"10.2147/IPRP.S271814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>ADRs to antipsychotics are amongst the major challenges in the treatment of patients with psychotic disorders. The extent of patient-reported ADRs assessed in many studies using standardized scales is found to be inconsistent. However, there is a paucity of such research in Eritrea. The aim of the study is therefore to determine the magnitude, nature, and the possible risk factors associated with ADRs of the first generation antipsychotics in outpatients with schizophrenia at Saint Mary Neuro-Psychiatric National Referral Hospital in Asmara, Eritrea, using the LUNSERS self-rating scale.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study design utilizing a quantitative approach was employed. Data were collected from patients' self-administered questionnaires, interviews, and medical records. The collected variables were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 with descriptive statistics, correlation, t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple regression. Statistical significance was tested at <i>P</i>-value<0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, 93.8% of the research participants experienced at least one ADR. LUNSERS total mean score of the relevant items was 28.01 (SD=18.46) with 24.7% of the study participants scoring medium-to-high. The prevalence of the categories of ADRs was psychic (91.3%), autonomic (78.1%), extra-pyramidal (76.9%), miscellaneous (66.5%), hormonal (58.3%), anti-cholinergic (44.2%), and allergic reactions (44.2%). At multivariate level, factors significantly and positively associated with total ADR score were smoking (<i>P</i>=0.028) and being at secondary educational level (<i>P</i>=0.015).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was high prevalence of ADRs with moderate-to-high overall ADR scores in a significant number of patients. The most frequently reported ADRs were psychic, autonomic, extra-pyramidal, hormonal, and miscellaneous. Smoking and secondary level of education were found to be the main determinants of ADRs.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"9 ","pages":"205-217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/17/ff/iprp-9-205.PMC7569056.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38636265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hospital-Wide Medication Reconciliation Program: Error Identification, Cost-Effectiveness, and Detecting High-Risk Individuals on Admission.","authors":"Dustin J Uhlenhopp,&nbsp;Oscar Aguilar,&nbsp;Dong Dai,&nbsp;Arka Ghosh,&nbsp;Michael Shaw,&nbsp;Chandan Mitra","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S269857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S269857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Medication reconciliation (MR) on admission has potential to reduce negative patient outcomes. The objectives of this prospective observational study were to 1) measure the impact a hospital-wide MR program has on home medication error identification at hospital admission, 2) demonstrate cost-effectiveness of this program, and 3) identify risk factors placing individual patients at higher risk for medication discrepancies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Technicians obtained medication histories on adult patients admitted to the hospital that managed their own medications. Frequency and type of medication errors were recorded. Cost avoidance estimations were determined based on expected adverse drug event rates. Logistic regression analysis was used to test for associations between medication errors and patient characteristics. Results were considered significant when p-value was less than 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 817 patients. Technicians recorded a mean of 6.1 medication discrepancies per patient (SD ± 0.4) and took 28.5 minutes (SD ± 1.2 minutes) to complete a medication history. Omission, commission, and dosing/frequency errors occurred in 82%, 59%, and 50% of medication histories, respectively. We estimated cost avoidance of $210.33 per patient with this program. Female gender, age, and high alert/risk medication use were linked to an increase in the likelihood of occurrence of a medication discrepancy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study validated the ability of a pharmacy technician to identify errors, demonstrated economic cost-effectiveness, provided new data on time to obtain a BPMH, and further identified factors that contribute to the occurrence of medication discrepancies. Potentially harmful medication discrepancies were identified frequently on admission. With further research, it may be possible to identify those at highest risk for home medication discrepancies upon admission.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"9 ","pages":"195-203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/IPRP.S269857","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38636264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Auditable Pharmaceutical Services and Transaction System on Pharmaceutical Service Outcomes in Public Hospitals of SNNPR, Ethiopia.","authors":"Deginet Beyene,&nbsp;Habtamu Abuye,&nbsp;Gizachew Tilahun","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S277080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S277080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Auditable pharmaceuticals service and transaction system (APTS) is unique in its systems strengthening approach. It is a data-driven package of interventions designed to establish accountable, transparent, and responsible pharmacy practice. The objective of this study was to assess the outcome performance of pharmaceuticals services among selected hospitals with and without the APTS system in SNNPR, Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional comparative facility-based study was conducted at public hospitals by using an intervention and control approach to estimate the significance of the difference between average performances of APTS and non-APTS hospitals. A case-to-control ratio was applied to decide the number of sites and a simple random lottery sampling technique was employed to select control sites. The sample size formula was used to determine the proposed population for patient care indicator assessment. Epidata version 3.1 and SPSS version 23 were used for analysis. The study was conducted from March 1 to 30, 2019.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>APTS implemented hospitals attained 92.3% patient satisfaction on the overall pharmacy services compared to 47.5% for non-APTS hospitals. They have improved essential drugs (EDs) availability, minimum stock-outs, and reduced wastage rates, unlike control groups. They undertook workload analysis to assess human power sufficiency; generate reliable information from accurate recording culture for decision making; practiced transparency and accountability through conducting physical inventory and daily sales tracking/management system; and made budget utilization rationale applying ABC analysis, VEN analysis, ABC/VEN reconciliation, and stock status analysis (SSA) that non-APTS hospitals did less/not.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In general, higher performances were observed in APTS implemented hospitals than non-APTS hospitals regarding patient knowledge, satisfaction, and medicine availability at stores. In all cases, it needs improvement to achieve target values.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"9 ","pages":"185-194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/IPRP.S277080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38635861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Inventory Management Practices at the Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Supply Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","authors":"Bekele Boche,&nbsp;Tidenek Mulugeta,&nbsp;Tadesse Gudeta","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S269421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S269421","url":null,"abstract":"Background Maintaining an adequate level of inventory is critical since an enormous amount of capital tied up with it. Having excess inventory leads to wastage. On the contrary, insufficient commodity leads to stock out. Hence, this study aimed to assess inventory management practices of program commodities at Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Supply Agency. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study complemented with a qualitative method was conducted from February 21 to April 20/2019. Order fill rate, wastage rate, frequency of emergency order, acceptable storage condition met, and stock out were the metrics we used to measure the inventory management practices of the agency. Quantitative data were collected through physical observation of the warehouses and review of logistics management tools. Seventeen in-depth interviews were conducted to explore the challenges of inventory management. Results From the total 70 program commodities managed by the agency, 2.1% wasted due to expiration and damage. These resulted in a loss of over US $2 million. The highest wastage was recorded for antimalarials which accounted for 13.1% of the malaria commodities’ total inventory value. Only 14.8% of the orders were fulfilled above 80%. Thirty-seven items were stock out on average for 8.5 average days. Longer duration of stock out (260 days) was recorded for TB commodities. Seventeen items from different programs were purchased through emergency orders with a higher frequency of levonorgestrel purchase. Only 6 (60%) warehouses met acceptable storage conditions. Space deficit, outdated warehouse designs, shortage of warehouse equipment, lack of precise data, and capacity building gaps were the inventory management challenges identified. Conclusion Though the wastage rate was near to the acceptable range, there were lesser order fill rates, storage condition inadequacy, and significant stock-outs of program commodities. The finding implies the need for an improvement in inventory management practice of the agency.","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"9 ","pages":"175-183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/IPRP.S269421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38635860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge on Dispensed Medications and Its Determinants Among Patients Attending Outpatient Pharmacy at Chencha Primary Level Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia.","authors":"Biruk Wogayehu,&nbsp;Ayalew Adinew,&nbsp;Mulugeta Asfaw","doi":"10.2147/IPRP.S274406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IPRP.S274406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>According to World Health Organization (WHO) drug use indicators manual, the patients' knowledge on dispensed medication is a crucial patient care indicator. There is a dearth of studies about patients' knowledge of dispensed medication at the primary health care facility. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of dispensed medication and associated factors among patients attending in the outpatient pharmacy of Chencha primary level hospital, Southwest Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A facility-based cross-sectional study was employed among 403 patients attending in the outpatient pharmacy of Chencha primary level hospital. The data collection techniques were observation of dispensing process and face-to-face interview by using WHO patient care indicators and a structured questionnaire, respectively. Descriptive statistics, univariable and multivariable logistic regression were determined using the SPSS version 20.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 403 patients participated which make the response rate 100%. Fifty-three (13.2%) patients had adequate knowledge on dispensed medication. The findings of multivariable logistic regression indicated that tertiary levels of education (AOR = 3.87; 95% CI [1.25, 11.96]), being private employee (AOR = 10.98; 95% CI [3.25, 37.04]), having severe perception of illness (AOR =3.77; 95% CI [1.43, 9.94]), having three or more visits (AOR =3.20; 95% CI [1.21, 8.44]) and being counseled by pharmacist (AOR = 10.02; 95% CI [4.45, 22.56]) significantly increased the odds of having a \"adequate knowledge of medicines.\"</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study showed inadequate level of knowledge of dispensed medicine among patients attending in outpatient pharmacy of Chencha primary level hospital. Patient education, employment status, number of visits, perception of illness, dispenser qualification and experience were the factors for knowledge of dispensed medicine. Dispensers need into account patients' perception of their illness of illness and frequency of visits during counseling.</p>","PeriodicalId":45655,"journal":{"name":"Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice","volume":"9 ","pages":"161-173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/IPRP.S274406","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38635859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}