Yiqian Wang;Qi Zhao;Wen Zhang;Tingting Zhang;Xianzhuo Sun;Mingkui Wei;Li Shen;Hua Ye
{"title":"A Multi-Objective Bi-Level LVRT Control Strategy for Two-Stage PV Grid-Connected System Under Asymmetrical Faults","authors":"Yiqian Wang;Qi Zhao;Wen Zhang;Tingting Zhang;Xianzhuo Sun;Mingkui Wei;Li Shen;Hua Ye","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2025.3536099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2025.3536099","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing integration of photovoltaics (PV) into power systems, the low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) control of PV grid-connected systems is drawing significant attention. This paper presents a multi-objective bi-level LVRT control strategy for the two-stage PV grid-connected system to maximize the positive and negative sequence voltage support capability while ensuring safe operation under asymmetrical faults. The AC level controls the grid side inverter, while the DC level regulates the boost converter. The grid voltage support control strategy is implemented at the AC level to support the positive and negative sequence voltage of the point of common coupling. Considering there is an inherent contradiction between grid voltage support with the overcurrent of inverter and DC voltage oscillation, the current references are automatically adjusted to facilitate the maximum positive and negative voltage support while limiting the overcurrent and oscillation of DC-link voltage. Based on the power reference shared from the AC level, the DC level regulates the boost converter to stabilize the DC-link voltage speedily by utilizing the compensation current. Finally, simulations and experiments demonstrate the voltage support capability and fast dynamic response characteristics of DC-link voltage in different scenarios.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"16 2","pages":"1467-1482"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143667385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Coordinated Adaptive SMC Method for Frequency Regulation Control in Power Systems With Multiple Wind Farms","authors":"Nan Zhang;Zheren Zhang;Zheng Xu","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2025.3535224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2025.3535224","url":null,"abstract":"The extensive integration of renewable energy resources inevitably gives rise to the complex and uncertain power system, where the somber matter of frequency instability becomes apparent. This article presents a coordinated adaptive radial basis function neural network (RBFNN)-based sliding mode control (CAR-SMC) to reduce the frequency deviation and oscillation of the uncertain power system comprising multiple wind farms. Firstly, the SMC is aimed at establishing the upper layer control law of the frequency regulation controllers. Then, the uncertainties are represented with RBFNN, and an adaptive law is employed to estimate the uncertainties online rapidly and realize the free-chattering of SMC. Furthermore, since a single SMC is only capable of handling a single control input system, a power distribution law based on momentum is proposed to implement the multiple control inputs of the AR-SMC, and also coordinate the frequency regulation abilities of wind turbines and energy storage systems (ESSs). Eventually, the proposed CAR-SMC is validated on a modified IEEE 39-bus system. The simulation results demonstrate that CAR-SMC can enhance the frequency stability in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties during steady-state operation, as well as in under-frequency and over-frequency scenarios.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"16 3","pages":"1806-1815"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Customized Mean Field Game Method of Virtual Power Plant for Real-Time Peak Regulation","authors":"Kuan Zhang;Yawen Xie;Nian Liu;Siqi Chen","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2025.3533929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2025.3533929","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a customized incentive compatible mean field game (MFG) method for virtual power plant (VPP) with a large number of self-interest heterogeneous distributed energy resources (DERs) to participate in the real-time peak regulation. Firstly, an optimal chance-constrained peak-regulation bidding model of VPP considering the stochastic power flexibility is formulated, where inscribed pyramid approximation method is utilized to form a compact and concise dispatch region. Secondly, a customized MFG method with dynamic granulation division is proposed for encouraging very large-scale DERs to spontaneously respond to the peak regulation instructions from VPP while achieving dynamic allocation of peak-regulation revenue. Brouwer fixed-point theorem and contraction mapping theorem are used to prove the existence and uniqueness of the mean field equilibrium (MFE) of the formulated MFG, and ϵ-Nash property of MFE is validated based on the Lipschitz continuity condition. Furthermore, an accelerated decentralized solution algorithm is developed to rapidly search MFE, exhibiting good scalability. Comparative studies have validated the superiority of the proposed methodology on incentive compatibility and decomposition efficiency of the VPP's peak-regulation instructions.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"16 2","pages":"1453-1466"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143667583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advanced Grid-Forming Undersea Pumped Storage to Enable 100% Renewable Offshore Oilfield Power Systems","authors":"Kaiyuan Su;Xi Wang;Xiaorong Xie","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2025.3533893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2025.3533893","url":null,"abstract":"To advance carbon reduction of the offshore oilfield power system (OOPS), the grid-forming undersea pumped storage system (GFM-UPSS) emerges as a promising solution. This paper introduces a novel framework for a 100% renewable OOPS utilizing the GFM-UPSS. Firstly, the control strategy of the GFM-UPSS is presented. It consists of the grid-side converter (GSC), machine-side converter (MSC), and reversible pump-turbine (RPT) to achieve frequency and voltage regulation. A steady-state model is then developed detailing the water head, power, and volume of the spherical shell. In addition, the paper explores the converter parameter impacts on the GFM-UPSS transient model and derives the closed-form solutions. With the steady-state model, an optimal sizing method is presented and economic advantages in the marine environment are studied for the GFM-UPSS. Finally, EMT simulations are conducted to assess the frequency & voltage stabilities and verify the effectiveness of the GFM-UPSS in enabling a 100% renewable OOPS. The optimal sizing results show that construction costs, mainly for OWP, are dominated and are influenced by sphere radius, placement depth, and start-stop cycles, while a 2.5 capacity ratio between OWP and GFM-UPSS consistently emerges as optimal. Moreover, analysis of transient stability shows that it improves with higher frequency & voltage modulation coefficient and lower virtual impedance. The impact of RPT and MSC, mainly on frequency regulation, is determined by the DC droop coefficient and turbine inertia.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"16 3","pages":"1791-1805"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Complex Variable Design for Power Control of Grid-Forming Inverter","authors":"Xiangjun Quan;Dale Li;Zhixiang Zou;Qinran Hu;Zaijun Wu;Wei Gu;Huiyu Miao","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2025.3533971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2025.3533971","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis and design of the grid-forming (GFM) power loop and decoupling control can be challenging due to the coupled high-order system, where active and reactive power controls are typically designed separately using a dual-input-dual-output model. In this letter, we introduce a complex-power-phase-angle (CPPA) model, formulated as a single-input-single-output system for grid-forming inverters. Subsequently, a complex power controller is designed. The proposed control framework allows for the unification of active and reactive power decoupling control through an order-reduced complex transfer function, enhancing the dynamic performance of GFM power control. The robustness and advantages of this method are validated through comprehensive simulation and experimental results.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"16 3","pages":"2255-2258"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Inertia Transmission Control of Full-Power Converter Variable-Speed Pumped Storage System for Grid Frequency Support","authors":"Kaihsun Chuang;Xiongfei Tao;Yihang Luan;Minxuan Peng;Jianjun Sun;Xiaoming Zha","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2025.3533493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2025.3533493","url":null,"abstract":"Full-power converter variable-speed pumped storage (FPC-VSPS) is a promising technique for flexible power regulation in small-scale distributed hydroelectric power plants. However, conventional vector control limits the synchronous motor of the FPC-VSPS from providing inertia support to the power grid. To overcome this limitation, this paper introduces an inertia transmission control for FPC-VSPS based on the concept of DC voltage synchronization. Firstly, the control incorporates the DC capacitor power equation into the GSC control. To enable inertia transmission from the FPC-VSPS synchronous machine, the DC capacitor dynamics are fed into both the speed and torque control of the MSC. Secondly, a torsion spring-rigid body equivalent model is introduced based on the inertia transmission process, analyzing the effects of physical parameters, control coefficients, and transmission delays on the inertia transmission performance. Theoretical analysis and simulation results reveal that the inherent physical differences and transmission delay have a negative impact on the effectiveness of the inertia transmission. Consequently, a DC capacitor design method based on inertia matching is proposed, accounting for the constraints of physical inertia matching, system stability, and operational security. Finally, simulations and experiments prove the necessity of inertia matching and verify the effectiveness of the proposed control to cope with frequency fluctuations in both pumping and generating modes.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"16 3","pages":"1776-1790"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carla Gonçalves;Ricardo J. Bessa;Tiago Teixeira;João Vinagre
{"title":"Budget-Constrained Collaborative Renewable Energy Forecasting Market","authors":"Carla Gonçalves;Ricardo J. Bessa;Tiago Teixeira;João Vinagre","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2025.3532835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2025.3532835","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate power forecasting from renewable energy sources (RES) is crucial for integrating additional RES capacity into the power system and realizing sustainability goals. This work emphasizes the importance of integrating decentralized spatio-temporal data into forecasting models. However, decentralized data ownership presents a critical obstacle to the success of such spatio-temporal models, and incentive mechanisms to foster data-sharing need to be considered. The main contributions are a) a comparative analysis of the forecasting models, advocating for efficient and interpretable spline LASSO regression models, and b) a bidding mechanism within the data/analytics market to ensure fair compensation for data providers and enable both buyers and sellers to express their data price requirements. Furthermore, an incentive mechanism for time series forecasting is proposed, effectively incorporating price constraints and preventing redundant feature allocation. Results show significant accuracy improvements and potential monetary gains for data sellers. For wind power data, an average root mean squared error improvement of over 10% was achieved by comparing forecasts generated by the proposal with locally generated ones.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"16 2","pages":"1440-1452"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143667493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Decentralized Demanded Power Tracking and Voltage Control Method for Wind Farms Based on Data-Driven Sensitivities","authors":"Chang Yan;Sheng Huang;Yinpeng Qu;Xueping Li;Wenbo Tang;Ying Yuan;Yongming Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2025.3530520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2025.3530520","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient power dispatch in wind farms (WFs) hinges on precise demanded power tracking. This study proposes a decentralized WF power tracking and voltage control method based on data-driven sensitivities (DDSs). This method relies only on local operational variables for model predictive control (MPC), achieving near-global optimal solutions. With a backpropagation algorithm, a new sensitivity calculation method is designed to yield DDSs by computing the gradients of a global mapping model (GMM). The voltage DDSs can be derived simply by calculating the gradient of the voltage GMM and can replace the voltage sensitivities in traditional MPC methods. The power DDSs establishes linear relationships between the power outputs of different wind turbines (WTs), simplifying the WF state-space equations to local prediction models for reducing the quadratic programming dimensions. The three control modes designed based on DDSs enable control without WF line parameters, reduce computational complexity, or combine both effects. The variable spacing constraint linearization method transforms nonlinear constraints into linear ones, addressing the nonlinear coupling between control variables. Testing on a WF with 32 WTs in MATLAB/Simulink demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method comparable to centralized control methods.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"16 3","pages":"1749-1761"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Approximately Adaptive Distributionally Robust Optimization for Energy and Reserve Dispatch","authors":"Kaiping Qu;Yue Chen;Changhong Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2025.3532753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2025.3532753","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes two novel paradigms of approximately adaptive distributionally robust optimization (AADRO) for the energy and reserve dispatch with wind uncertainty. The piecewise linear policy-based AADRO (PLP-AADRO) approximates the adaptive optimization-based recourse decision as piecewise affine adjustment, while the piecewise value function-based AADRO (PVF-AADRO) approximates the quadratic recourse problem as piecewise linear recourse problems. Moreover, an equal probability principle is developed to achieve a high-quality segmentation of the wind power ambiguity set. Consequently, the distributionally robust quadratic cost constraint can be decomposed into decoupled piecewise constraints, allowing the dispatch problem to be formulated as a less-iterative or even non-iterative program. The two-stage AADROs with polyhedron supported uncertainties are first recast precisely as tractable forms with semidefinite constraints, by employing duality theory and S-lemma. Then, the distributionally robust cost constraint in PVF-AADRO is handled by dual vertex generation, and the bilinear terms in both AADROs are addressed by alternating optimization. Numerical simulations verify the efficiency of AADROs in approximating the strict adaptive distributionally robust optimization, and their adaptability in different cases is discussed.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"16 3","pages":"1762-1775"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Harmonics Current Sharing Strategy for Parallel Interfaced Multiple Solar PVs and BES Under Various Operating Conditions","authors":"Abhishek Abhinav Nanda;Vivek Narayanan;Bhim Singh","doi":"10.1109/TSTE.2025.3531767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2025.3531767","url":null,"abstract":"Oversizing voltage source converter (VSC) too much is a common consequence of conventional control methods used to maintain sinusoidal utility currents in a central battery energy storage (BES) and multiple solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays-based microgrids interfaced in parallel at the point of common coupling (PCC). It is done to meet harmonics demand of local loads, resulting in increased installation costs and reduced reliability of whole system. An intelligent harmonics current sharing (HCS) strategy is proposed in this work for distribution of reactive and harmonic demands of local loads based on operating modes. Multiple cascaded second-order generalized integrator-based frequency locked loop (CSOGI-FLL) is implemented to estimate dominant harmonic components of nonlinear load currents. Moreover, utility frequency estimated using CSOGI-FLL is utilized to regulate PCC parameters during synchronization of microgrid with utility while supporting HCS. System is simulated at various operating conditions in MATLAB/Simulink environment, and results are validated on a real-time OP5700-based test bench.","PeriodicalId":452,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy","volume":"16 2","pages":"1414-1424"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143667386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}