Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma最新文献

{"title":"Who are the Parents? Risk and Resiliency Among Parents of Youth Receiving Intensive Home-Based Psychiatric Treatment","authors":"C. Andrew Conway, Line Brotnow Decker, Jean Adnopoz, Joseph Woolston","doi":"10.1007/s40653-024-00643-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-024-00643-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite their explicit focus on family functioning and mounting evidence of the intergenerational mechanisms of childhood experiences (Zhang et al., 2022), very little is known about the parents of the high-risk youth receiving Intensive Home-Based Treatment (IHBT). Knowledge about parents’ childhood experiences of risk and resilience, which are known to impact parenting behaviors, may provide insight into the complex clinical presentations frequently seen in this population and help guide the implementation of maximally effective interventions. The goal of this study was to examine and characterize the childhood experiences of parents whose children are enrolled in a community-based IHBT. Using a sample of 6,722 parents of children receiving IHBT, we collected parents’ reports of their Adverse Childhood Events (ACE) and Resilient Childhood Events (RCE). In addition to examining the rates and profiles of ACEs and RCEs for the total sample, we examined how these rates and profiles differed between birth and non-birth parents. On average, parents reported 3.5 ACE (<i>sd</i> = 2.8) and 7.9 RCE (<i>sd</i> = 2.0). ACE and RCE scores were negatively related (<i>r</i> = − .43, <i>p</i> &lt; .001). Compared to non-birth parents (e.g., kinship caregivers, foster parents), birth parents had higher ACE scores (3.7 vs. 2.8) and lower RCE scores (7.8 vs. 8.4). This study found high rates of reported childhood adversity among birth and non-birth parents of youth receiving IHBT. Both groups also reported substantial childhood resiliency-building experiences, highlighting the complexity of these variables. Non-birth parents in our sample presented with lower ACEs and higher resiliency-building experiences than birth parents, but the clinical implications of this trend will require further investigation. Taken together, the present findings lend additional empirical support to the notion that parents in IHBTs – whether biologically related or not to their children – present with childhood experiences that may differ from other parents and may meaningfully impact treatment outcomes. Thoughtful, multidisciplinary, and mixed methods unpacking is needed to form the basis of future policy and practice recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":44763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“It’s Time to see What I Can Do”: A Mixed-Methods Investigation into Trajectories of Resilience in Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"K Fradley, K. M. Bennett, R. E. Ellis, J. Gibson-Miller, R. P. Bentall, L. Levita","doi":"10.1007/s40653-024-00642-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-024-00642-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is a concern that adolescent mental well-being and resilience has been adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, the aim of the current investigation was to track adolescents’ resilience from the initial months of the pandemic (T1) to approximately two years later (T2) using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Through interviews, thirty-one adolescents narrated their COVID-19 experiences and reflected on their mental well-being across this timespan. Using these accounts, we identified four groups of adolescents exhibiting one of the following trajectories of resilience: (1) Enduring resilience, (2) Reaching resilience, (3) Declining resilience and (4) Enduring non-resilience. Our findings revealed that most adolescents were able to maintain or develop good resilience on prolonged exposure to COVID-19 adversity (trajectories 1 and 2). This finding is contrary to the prevailing notion that the majority of adolescents’ mental well-being and hence resilience was adversely impacted by COVID-19 in the short and long term. Further qualitative analysis identified key factors that contributed to maintaining and developing greater levels of resilience during the pandemic: quality of friendships, quality of family relationships and regaining a sense of control. Lastly, we found a lack of congruence between quantitative and qualitative measures of mental well-being and resilience, suggesting that they might tap into different constructs/experiences. Significantly, our findings highlight that the majority of teens showed adaptive resilience during the pandemic and highlight the need for further longitudinal qualitative and quantitative research to assess both adaptive and maladaptive impacts of adversity on the adolescents’ mental well-being and resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":44763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141256167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“I’m a Prospective Professional Helper, but I’m Vulnerable”: A Mixed Methods Study of the Self-Regulation of Psychology Students with Adverse Childhood Experiences","authors":"Amalia Rahmandani, Lusi Nur Ardhiani","doi":"10.1007/s40653-024-00641-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-024-00641-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Prospective professional helpers particularly in psychology are at great risk when they have had adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Their self-regulation as survivors may endanger their profession in the future. A mixed-methods sequential explanatory study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of the self-regulation of emerging adult students majoring in psychology who survived ACEs. The first study with a cross-sectional survey method identified negative correlation between ACEs and self-regulation. The domain of childhood maltreatment was more strongly negatively associated with impulse control than goal setting. The opposite applied to the domain of family/household dysfunction. Meanwhile, the second study with a narrative method among participants with at least four types of ACEs generated ten narrative themes (i.e. intense self-criticism, excessive self-dedication, awareness, meaning reconstruction, compensation or avoidance, competitiveness, independence, family orientation, social relation patterns, and social support role). Integration of the two results generated four forms of survivors’ typical self-regulation. Two forms were in line with previous concepts (i.e. impulse control and goal setting), the rest were two survivor-specific findings (i.e. cognitive functioning and the value of the other’s presence). There were three groups of participants produced from correspondence analysis. The results indicate that despite their survival, their setting goals and striving for the future, psychology students with more ACEs are still hindered by the terrible memories and their impacts. Self-insufficiency and interpersonal issues particularly may cloud their future profession as helpers. The psychology students themselves or other parties can help improve self-regulation by understanding the possible connections between their ACEs and their current difficulties, separating lingering emotions caused by past history, and improving abilities gradually, intrapersonally and interpersonally.</p>","PeriodicalId":44763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141256169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilevel Factors Associated with Unsupportive Emotion Socialization: An Examination of Child Maltreatment and its Sequelae","authors":"Sarah Cabecinha-Alati, Tina C. Montreuil, Teresa Pirro, Rachel Langevin","doi":"10.1007/s40653-024-00640-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-024-00640-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Purpose</b>: Adults who have been maltreated as children are at risk for a variety of adverse sequalae that can have a negative impact on parents’ emotion-related socialization behaviours (ERSBs) and contribute to the intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation difficulties. However, various supports may reduce unsupportive behaviours. Informed by Belsky’s (1984) determinants of parenting model, the goal of the present study was to examine multi-level stressors and supports that may contribute to, or discourage, parents’ use of unsupportive ERSBs. <b>Methods</b>: Mothers and young adults (aged 18–25) from across Canada participated in an online study (<i>N</i> = 185 dyads). Mothers responded to questionnaires assessing multi-level stressors and supports, while young adults reported on their mothers’ ERSBs during adolescence. <b>Results</b>: A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that mothers who reported more impulse control difficulties, who experienced greater revictimization, and who had more severe dissociative symptoms were rated as higher in their use of unsupportive contingencies. However, when contextual supports were added into the model, only revictimization remained associated with unsupportive contingencies. Furthermore, mothers’ positive perceptions of the parent-child relationship were negatively associated with unsupportive contingencies. <b>Conclusions</b>: Preventing revictimization amongst survivors of child maltreatment may be an effective way to prevent the intergenerational continuity of unsupportive emotion socialization and emotion regulation difficulties. Interventions that improve parent-child attachment relationships may also be beneficial to survivors who want to break the cycle of maladaptive parenting.</p>","PeriodicalId":44763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141256272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Outcomes of Trauma-Informed Practice in Youth Justice: An Umbrella Review","authors":"Catia G. Malvaso, Andrew Day, Carolyn M. Boyd","doi":"10.1007/s40653-024-00634-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-024-00634-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Findings of high rates of complex trauma among justice-involved young people have engendered interest in developing trauma-informed youth justice systems. Although there have been several reviews of trauma-informed practice in youth justice settings, uncertainty remains about whether this approach can produce the outcomes expected of youth justice services. In this study we summarize findings from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses to provide an overview of evidence relevant to implementing trauma-informed youth justice. We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews published between 2017 and 2023 that included group-based primary studies of trauma-informed interventions for justice-involved young people. Reviews were located via searches of PsycINFO, PubMedCentral, Embase, Criminal Justice Abstracts with Full Text, and ProQuest. Data extracted from each review included the number and type of primary studies reviewed, and outcomes related to trauma symptomatology, mental health and wellbeing, and justice system involvement. Nine systematic reviews met our inclusion criteria. Improvements in trauma symptoms, mental health and wellbeing, and justice system involvement were documented in each review. The strongest evidence related to the impact of trauma-focused interventions on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, but less evidence was available to demonstrate outcomes of organizational level and systemic components of trauma-informed practice. Each review highlighted the need to strengthen the methodological quality of primary studies. Trauma-informed practice should be seriously considered as part of any effort to implement evidence-based youth justice. This should extend beyond treatment of trauma symptomatology to incorporate a broader approach to trauma-informed practice that is organizationally embedded.</p>","PeriodicalId":44763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140637283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility and Acceptability of a Trauma-informed Intervention to Leverage Caregivers in Preventing Opioid Use Among Youth Involved in the Legal System","authors":"Yang Yang, Elizabeth D. Joseph, Lillyan T. Shelley, Erin Becker Razuri, Elaine Tinius, Marina Tolou-Shams, Danica K. Knight","doi":"10.1007/s40653-024-00636-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-024-00636-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Youth in the legal system (YILS) report high rates of substance use (SU), complex family/social relationships, and chronic trauma. The current study tested the feasibility of a prevention intervention, Trust-based Relational Intervention® (TBRI®), that leverages family systems by strengthening connection and providing emotional and instrumental guidance and support. TBRI includes the <i>primary TBRI Intervention</i>, comprised of Caregiver Training, Youth Training, and joint youth-caregiver Nurture Groups, and <i>TBRI Family Coaching</i>. With a sample of eight youth-caregiver dyads, the study adopted a mixed-methods design with a multi-informant approach to fulfill two goals: (1) testing TBRI as a prevention intervention for opioid use (OU), other SU, and related issues, and (2) testing the feasibility and acceptability of the TBRI Intervention by virtual delivery. Session attendance and completion rates demonstrated feasibility of recruiting and retaining participants and intervention fidelity. Preliminary results were reported on intervention outcomes, including OU and other SU, illegal activities, and educational attainment. Pre- and post-intervention comparisons showed decreases in youth negative urgency, conduct problems, and hyperactivity. Caregiver and staff participants responded favorably to TBRI and its virtual delivery; youth were more capable of expressing their needs and acknowledged the importance of families in preventing problems after discharge from secure facilities. While acknowledging sufficiency of intervention content, caregivers expressed the desire for more sessions. Results demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of a trauma-informed, attachment-based prevention intervention for youth and families in contact with the legal system. TBRI is a promising approach for preventing the initiation or escalation of OU among YILS.</p>","PeriodicalId":44763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140585404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caregiver Experiences with a Trauma-Informed Parenting Program: Examining the Resource Parent Curriculum","authors":"Sarah Zak, Lauren Stenason, Elisa Romano","doi":"10.1007/s40653-024-00637-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-024-00637-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Young people in out-of-home care often have trauma histories that negatively impact their development and well-being. As a result, resource parents often face challenges meeting the needs of these youth, which can be addressed by ensuring access to effective trauma-informed training.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This qualitative study examined the impacts and helpfulness of a trauma-informed program (<i>Resource Parent Curriculum (RPC))</i> designed for resource parents who care for a young person involved with child welfare.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Twenty resource parents from two child welfare agencies in Ontario, Canada participated in focus groups and interviews after completing the RPC program.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Results of a thematic analysis indicated that, through use of relevant materials from the program, resource parents reported a better understanding of trauma reactions in their resource child. This improved understanding influenced their parenting approach when addressing their child’s behaviours through consideration of their underlying needs.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>The findings can be used to support trauma-informed programming for resource parents within child welfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":44763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140585168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary Danish Norms for the Odense Child Trauma Screening (OCTS)","authors":"Mette Alkærsig, Ask Elklit, Sille Schandorph Løkkegaard","doi":"10.1007/s40653-024-00616-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-024-00616-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Odense Child Trauma Screening (OCTS) is Danish story stem screening tool applicable for assessment of preschoolers and young children in risk of being traumatized. Having shown initial evidence of validation, Danish norms are needed to strengthen the clinical assessment with the OCTS by serving as a baseline comparison for assessment of potentially traumatized children. We tested 169 children from the Danish general population aged 4–8 with the OCTS and investigated sex and age differences in play-based behavior and narrative representations. Caregivers reported electronically on child demographic information, psychosocial functioning, and history of trauma exposure using <i>The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)</i> and <i>The Diagnostic Infant and Preschool Assessment (DIPA)</i> trauma list. Across the 145 scores of the OCTS coding scheme, significant sex and age differences were only found in five and sixteen scores respectively. In the five codes where significant sex differences were observed, boys’ normative scores were higher. No significant sex differences were found in the partial story scores or the OCTS total score. Three significant age differences in partial story and OCTS total scores emerged with 4-year-olds scoring higher than 6–8-year-olds. We further found 13 significant age differences in code scores with higher scores among the youngest of the two groups in question suggesting that scores tend to decrease along older age. Few significant sex and age differences were found in children’s OCTS play-based behavior and narrative representations. Indicative of few sex and age biases of the OCTS coding scheme and stories, results suggest that the OCTS can be applied across the intended target group of children aged 4 to 8 years. As higher scores were found in the younger age groups, clinicians should be attentive to age in certain codes of the OCTS coding scheme in their assessment of children in clinical practice. The preliminary normative scores must be interpreted and clinically applied with caution due to our non-representative sample and lack of analyses on factors potentially influencing children’s responses to the OCTS (e.g., developmental, contextual, cultural factors).\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":44763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140585239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trauma Exposure and the Mental Health Needs of Latinx Youth: A Systematic Review of the Literature","authors":"Thania Galvan, Dominique L. La Barrie","doi":"10.1007/s40653-024-00635-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-024-00635-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although trauma exposure is common among youth in the United States, it is not evenly distributed. In fact, Latinx youth have higher rates of trauma exposure than their non-Latinx White counterparts with approximately 78% of Latinx youth experiencing one traumatic event by the time they are 18 years old. Despite this, the impact of trauma exposure on Latinx youth’s mental health needs is not well-established. This is largely because Latinx youth are vastly underrepresented in many of the large-scale, epidemiological studies on childhood trauma exposure. To address this gap in the literature, this study applied PRISMA protocol guidelines to systematically review the methodologies, participant characteristics, and findings from 22 studies examining the relation between Latinx youths’ trauma exposure and their mental health needs. Results revealed that while trauma exposure is common among Latinx youth, its association to Latinx youth’s mental health needs is not well understood. Indeed, while some studies found a positive association between Latinx youth’s trauma exposure and their mental health risk, other studies found no such relation. An examination of the included studies’ methodologies and participant characteristics revealed several limitations in the existing research that are likely contributing to these inconsistencies. Concrete recommendations for how future research can address these limitations are put forth. Taken together, the results of this study underscore the urgent need to understand the role that trauma exposure plays in contributing to and/or maintaining mental health disparities among Latinx youth.</p>","PeriodicalId":44763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140585236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maltreatment and Parent-Child Attachment as Predictors of Dating Violence and Risky Sexual Behaviour Among High-Risk Teens","authors":"Cassia L. McIntyre, Natalie Goulter, Marlene M. Moretti","doi":"10.1007/s40653-024-00626-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-024-00626-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A history of maltreatment can increase risk for dating violence (DV) and risky sexual behaviour (RSB) among adolescents. Secure parent-child attachment may reduce this risk, yet few studies have examined this as a protective factor. This study differentiated developmentally appropriate, exploratory sexual behaviours from RSB and examined whether maltreatment experiences and parent-child attachment in adolescence predicted DV and RSB reported five years later in a high-risk sample. Participants were 179 adolescents (46% girls; <i>M</i>_<i>age</i> = 15.34, range = 12–18 years) at risk for aggressive and antisocial behaviour. Adolescents reported their maltreatment histories and attachment to their parents at Time 1; five years later, at Time 2, they reported their experiences with DV perpetration and victimization and engagement in RSB. Both bivariate correlations and structural analyses demonstrated that maltreatment was associated with DV perpetration and victimization but not RSB, and attachment avoidance was associated with fewer RSB but not DV. Attachment anxiety was associated with physical DV perpetration and greater condom use, but only at the correlational level; attachment anxiety was not associated with DV or RSB in the structural model. There were no significant interaction effects. Findings highlight the importance of considering key developmental factors such as maltreatment and parent-child attachment in understanding adolescent risk for DV and RSB, and may inform future research that accounts for contextual factors such as motivation for violence perpetration and contraceptive use with multiple and/or casual sex partners.</p>","PeriodicalId":44763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140585384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}