Analele Banatului XIX 2011最新文献

{"title":"Pistoale balcanice cu cremene din colecţia Muzeului Banatului Timișoara / Flint Balkan Pistols from the Collection of Banat Museum in Timișoara","authors":"Zoran Marcov","doi":"10.55201/scdp2489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55201/scdp2489","url":null,"abstract":"The craft of portable flint-lock firearms has been developed in the Balkan area under the influence of OttomanTurks. The military needs made the Ottomans to support the start up and development of the weaponryproduction related crafts in the Balkan Peninsula. The armorers, who came from the East together with theOttoman army, were part of the janissary troops, the latter being the ones who taught the local craftsmen the secretof manufacturing such weapons.Most of the Balkan flint-lock pistols used an exterior spring-based arming mechanism, also referred to asmiquelet, as Spanish mechanism, or a Turkish mechanism, depending on the context it was used on most orientalC rearms. During the same period, the western C rearms were based on an interior spring-based arming mechanism(the spring was incorporated within the mechanism), also referred to as the French mechanism, developed andenhanced by the French armorers around 1630. The French mechanism was used in the Balkan area especiallyduring the 19th century for the kubura flintlock pistols.The consolidation of the Ottoman authority in the Balkan area led to important changes in respect to the wayof life of the autochthon Christian population. In many towns from Kosovo and Metohija, Bosnia, Herzegovina,Montenegro, Macedonia, Northern Albania, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece, the weaponry workshop productionwas significantly developed, during the 17th, 18th and especially in the 19th centuries. In the aforementionedcenters, the firearms were manufactured both for the local needs and for their trading in other provinces inthe Ottoman Empire. The weaponry workshops had been increasingly developed, especially in the peripheralpashaliks of the Ottoman Empire (Bosnia and Herzegovina), but also in the territories where the Ottomanauthority had been weakened and the anarchy danger had been as real as possible (Northern Albania). In theBalkan workshops, where the flintlock firearms were manufactured, both the barrels and the actual mechanismswere initially imported from Northern Italy. In time, especially in the 19th century, the autochthon armorersmanaged to manufacture the barrels (Prizren, Fojnica) and the flintlock mechanisms (Constantinople) locally,giving thus a particularity to the firearms of the late phase of the Empire.The pistol is a portable firearm, perfect for relatively short distance fights. The name of a pistol was closelyrelated to the place of manufacture and also to the materials used for its manufacture and decoration. The flintlockpistols were characterized by downwards grips, having long bulbs ended with a metallic button. The flintlockmechanism usually used was a Spanish mechanism also referred to as miquelet.Traditionally, the pistol was often referred to as kubura. The flintlock kubura was characterized by a downwardsgrip, with a massive metallic bulb and French type flintlock mechanism and an interior cock-spring. The kuburterm is a Turkish word, widely used in the Balkans, generally sta","PeriodicalId":442932,"journal":{"name":"Analele Banatului XIX 2011","volume":"57 38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124818355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Premisele, geneza și evoluţia presei de limbă germană din Banat între anii 1771–1867 / The Genesis and Development of German Language Newspapers in Banat. 1771–1867","authors":"Ciprian Glăvan","doi":"10.55201/vozp7581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55201/vozp7581","url":null,"abstract":"The most important German language press centers in the Hungarian part of the Habsburg Empire were Pest,Buda, Bratislava and Timişoara. During the imperial administration of the Banat region, censorship of the presswas done by the local Superior of the Jesuit order. After the dissolution of this monastic order, censorship becamethe responsibility of a counselor of the Town Hall and in the period 1789-1848 it was done by the manager of thePiarist gymnasium.On the 18th of April 1771 the first issue of “Temeswarer Nachrichten”, the oldest newspaper of the Banat,was published in Timisoara. The first newspapers of the Banat region survived only a short time. The newspaper“Temeswarer Wochenblatt”, first issued in 1831, was the first newspaper to appear for a longer period of time.Publication ceased only in the summer of 1849, due to the siege of Timisoara by the Hungarian revolutionaryarmy. The first issue of the “Temeswarer Wochenblatt”, which had the inscription “Mit Pressefreiheit”, appeared on25 March 1848 and is part of the history collection of the Banat Museum, Timișoara.After the end of the 1848-1849 revolution, the German language press of the Banat region expanded. Themost important newspaper of the region, “Temeswarer Zeitung” was published for the first time in January 1852and appeared almost continuously as a daily newspaper until 1949. The neoabsolutist period, after the end of the1848-1849 revolution, also marks the establishment of the first Banat printing presses outside of Timisoara andthe publishing of the first Banat newspapers in the Serbian, Hungarian and Romanian language.","PeriodicalId":442932,"journal":{"name":"Analele Banatului XIX 2011","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124995058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Bronze Age and Dacian Fauna from New Excavations at Pecica–“Șanţul Mare” / Fauna în epoca bronzului și epoca dacică în lumina noilor cercetări arheologice de la Pecica–“Șanţul Mare”","authors":"Amy Nicodemus","doi":"10.55201/dpra2699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55201/dpra2699","url":null,"abstract":"Recent excavations at Pecica Şanţul Mare from 2006-2009 have produced a large and representativefaunal assemblage from Dacian and Bronze Age contexts. In both periods, livestock husbandry was by far themost important source of meat, with hunting and trapping game, fishing, and collecting mollusks contributingsecondarily. However, there are significant differences between Iron and Bronze Age animal economies.Dacian animal husbandry was centered on pig rearing. A substantial number of the pigs were sucklings,suggesting the presence of a relatively specialized, rapid-turnover husbandry system of locally produced meat.Smaller numbers of caprines and cattle were also raised, both being used primarily for meat rather than dairy, wool,or traction. Horses and chickens are infrequent. Few game mammals were consumed but there are a fair numberof fish, particularly carp, and many freshwater mussels.The Bronze Age population at Pecica were similarly reliant on animal husbandry, but were far less focusedon a single domesticate. In general, caprines were the most common livestock, followed closely by pigs andcattle. There is no evidence of specialized secondary products production. Large game hunting was moreimportant than in the Iron Age and fishing was less common. Several important changes occurred during theBronze Age occupation. More high value livestock are being produced in the earlier D/E habitation layers,particularly horses. Through time, smaller-bodied livestock like caprines and pigs become more common, asdo low-ranked wild resources.","PeriodicalId":442932,"journal":{"name":"Analele Banatului XIX 2011","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122550961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocupaţia sârbă din Banat în memorialistica bănăţeană / Serbian Occupation in Banat Memories (1918–1919)","authors":"Carmen Albert","doi":"10.55201/davz7668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55201/davz7668","url":null,"abstract":"Great events often cause brutal confrontation within history and biography that always create tension – at least inmodern history – a memorialistic wave. As such, the quantity of Banat library memoirs about World War I andpro-union action in the province is not surprising.These include numerous passages concerning the entry and presence of Serb forces in the Banat. This occurredin the eastern and central part of Banat, an area with an absolute majority of Romanian inhabitants. The referencesare more valuable the less they are about these events in our historiography.In this study, things are searching in one hand. However this stage is essential knowledge that will be muchimproved when linked with memorialistic Serbian and Swabian sources.Almost all the Romanian memorialistic text mentions the fall of 1918 and the behaviour of the Serbs during thewithdrawal. Fortunately, in the ’30s of the last century, Professor Ilieşiu from Timişoara, produced a questionnairecontaining some questions about this episode. This questionnaire was distributed to all villages of Banat, largeand small. The answers – with few exceptions – highlight a negative image, the brutal behaviour of the troops, achain of abuse and the suspicion that the Romanian troops were not going –despite their temporary mandate-toleave the province. The picture of the Serbian army is that of an oriental horde, no supply lines and generally nomodern military mores. It unscrupulously consumes the resources of the local people. The soldiers are primitiveand unruly drunks-.The only sympathetic figures are the Romanian soldiers from Timoc, who attempt to defend the people. Theynotify communities about the reprisals against them, and do translation service for Romanians. Their solidarityremains to be studied in its own rightThe arrival of Serbs with the mission to maintain order, found the Banat pacified. The Romanian NationalCouncil and National Guards pacified the region and began introducing Romanian government. Much more thanthat, under the armistice agreement in Belgrade in November 1918, the Serbian military presence does not removebut maintains the old Hungarian administration system, seen here as representing the foreign and Hungarian.their return was seen as a restoration. The Serbs gave signs that they wished to maintain the occupation untilannexation of the entire Banat in Serbia. Toward this end they stopped the delegation to Alba-Iulia. All this ledto the beginning of resistance. In some parts-Naidăş for example- detachments moved to armed struggle. In otherregions, Romanians returning from the front, engaged in open battle and defeated the Serb units. Volunteers fromthe Old Kingdom -were sent on special missions in the Banat to report to Romanian Headquarters on the situationand to prepare the people for possible resistance. It was not necessary. b e Serbs finally withdrew but not beforelooting everything from the industrial products to herds of cattle. But military conflict was avo","PeriodicalId":442932,"journal":{"name":"Analele Banatului XIX 2011","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128981633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Descoperirile arheologice din hotarul localităţii Gaj (Serbia). Colecţia Almásy / Archaeological FindingsAt the Border Area of Gaj (Serbia). Almásy Collection","authors":"Alexandru Szentmiklosi, Zsuzsanna Kopeczny, Andrei Bălărie","doi":"10.55201/ewwf9083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55201/ewwf9083","url":null,"abstract":"The names of five scientific personalities-Almásy György, Chernel István, Miske Kálmán, Bella Lajos and BódogMilleker, whose evolutions met in a relatively short period of time because of the particularities of the twoarchaeological sites, are linked to the Gaj findings.If Almásy György can be thanked for his focus and effort in starting the archaeological research, it was MiskeK. and Bella L. who introduced these discoveries into the archaeological literature of the time, and consequentlyto the general interest into these findings, they had started the first archaeological researches. But we owe most toB. Milleker, whose scientific work continues to be not only a tool but also a reference point for his commitment tothe preservation of the vestiges of the past and to the conduct of archaeological research according to scientific criteria.the archaeological findings at Gaj-Beli Breg demonstrate the existence of a cremation necropolis belonging tothe Žuto Brdo-Gârla Mare culture, where together with elements from the “classical” stage of the culture, there arealso pottery vessels whose shape and ornaments plead for an earlier chronological classification, contemporary tothe evolution of the Szeremle-Bjelo Brdo group.The Gaj-Csollak-féle malom and Beli Breg findings became part of the archaeological literature and despite theirmistaken location (Kovin area), the particularities of the artifacts discovered there turned the two sites into majorreference points in the pre-history of the Banat region.","PeriodicalId":442932,"journal":{"name":"Analele Banatului XIX 2011","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129191414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Die kameralistische Tuchmanufaktur in Apatin, 1764–1771 / The Cameralist Cloth Factory in Apatin, 1764–1771","authors":"Alice Reininger","doi":"10.55201/csnh4173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55201/csnh4173","url":null,"abstract":"After the end of the Seven Years' War and the loss of the Silesian goods and factories, the Empress Maria Theresiastrove to stimulate industry throughout the entire Empire. Another fundamental aim was to use economic reformsto encourage unity within the Empire and improve the living conditions of the people. A second wave of intensecolonization began in the south-eastern reaches of the Empire. Foreign settlers coming in from the West, withtheir experience in the farming and manufacturing industries, would prove highly beneficial to the Kingdom ofHungary.Starting in 1763, the resettlement of the Bačka (Bacica) region was led by Anton von Cothmann, CourtCounsellor and Director of Salt Mining in the Kingdom of Hungary. He was supported by his secretary Wolfgangvon Kempelen. In the same year Franz Anton Moderfeldt was tasked by the Empress with forcing the inhabitantsof the Bačka (Bacica) region to grow dye plants such as woad and madder. Moderfeldt had been a tax collectorin Silesia and after the war had moved to Vienna with his family. He claimed to be experienced in textilemanufacture, which was the decisive reason behind him being sent to Apatin to arrange what was required inthat area. Moderfeldt founded a small cloth factory and employed a large number of willing workers. He was notgreatly concerned about financial performance, the quality of the products, or whether he could sell them, as hehad received a substantial amount of state capital, which he now used as he saw fit.When Cothmann and Kempelen arrived in Apatin during their inspection tour in the mid-1760s, they wereastonished to find this small factory in operation because, as Kempelen established in his 1771 report, it had notbeen officially sanctioned. However, because the factory was already so advanced in production, it was decidedto allow it to continue, albeit under severe restrictions. Moderfeldt paid no attention to the demands of theHungarian Court and continued working in the manner to which he was accustomed. After his sudden deathHeinrich Stredula took over the management of the factory. He was another man who had little notion of how torun a factory. When the problems began to get out of hand, the President of the Hungarian Court, Grassalkovich,after consultation with Vienna, replaced Stredula with Wolfgang von Kempelen as the new director in November1767. Due to work commitments, it was only six months later that Kempelen was able to travel to Apatin, takestock and reorganize the company. The cloth factory was kept running but the cotton spinning mill, linen weavingmills and flax production were shut down, as was cultivation of the anillo or indigo plant. Instead, Kempelenordered the cultivation of the dye plants woad and madder, as well as hemp, because these plants were well suitedto the climate in the area. At the same time the growing of mulberry trees was encouraged for the rearing ofsilkworms. This particular branch developed comparatively well in the following years","PeriodicalId":442932,"journal":{"name":"Analele Banatului XIX 2011","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130836353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cercetări privind necropola medieval timpurie de la Pecica – Şanţul Mare (sec. X/XI–XIII) / Research on an Early Medieval cemetery at Pecica – Şanţul Mare (10th/11th – 13th Centuries)","authors":"Florin Mărginean","doi":"10.55201/iceg1115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55201/iceg1115","url":null,"abstract":"The present study synthesizes over a century of unpublished excavations at Pecica Șanțul Mare, representingthe most important archaeological investigation of medieval aged materials. The four archaeological campaignsuncovered a large part of a cemetery and part of its settlement both dated to the Arpadian period. Excavationsconducted by H. Crișan in 1960s are described as a case study.","PeriodicalId":442932,"journal":{"name":"Analele Banatului XIX 2011","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130727921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Din istoricul activităţii Partidului Naţional-Popular în Banat în anul 1946 / From the History of P.N.P.’s Activity in Banat in the Year 1946","authors":"Radu Păiuşan","doi":"10.55201/opcx8354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55201/opcx8354","url":null,"abstract":"The National Popular Party, derived from h e Union of Patriots was constituted under direct leadership ofcommunists, as a legal mass organisation, in 1942. It proved itself an uncomfortable ally in some areas of Banat(mainly in the region of Caraş), during the year 1946; getting involved, not too much, in the government'spropaganda side, during the political campaign.","PeriodicalId":442932,"journal":{"name":"Analele Banatului XIX 2011","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115483786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Un destin feminin în Banatul sfârşitului de secol XVI: Barbara Moise / The Destiny of a Lady from Banat at the End of the XVI Century – Barbara Moise","authors":"Livia Magina","doi":"10.55201/neyf7674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55201/neyf7674","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to bring to historiographical light one of the few cases where the documents present a storyin which the main character is a woman, namely Barbara Moise.She comes from a noble family in Caransebeș, the Moise family, which appears in documents from thesixteenth century. She is destined to have her three marriages end in a relatively short period of time, withoutchildren, and in each case the husband dies and the lady remains widow. Her first husband, Mihail Mâtnic,is a member of a traditional family, a rich family, but his death brings a lot of debts for Barbara. The secondalliance, with Ioan Găman, the member of another big family from Caransebeș, is a deja-vu. Ioan borrowsmoney from his wife and gives her some of his possessions. After Ioan’s death, his family sought to reclaimthe possessions. The third, and the last known marriage, was to Petru Krichoway, also from Caransebeș.Unfortunately, the end, happy or unhappy, is unknown.It should be noted that her case was not unique, on the contrary, it was but one among others, probably many,at that time. The annexes demonstrate the power of the man’s words, and the fact that the status of women wasnot enviable.","PeriodicalId":442932,"journal":{"name":"Analele Banatului XIX 2011","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122176438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"1965–1969: Banatul între liberalism şi tendinţe autoritariste / The Banat Between Liberalism and Authoritarian Tendencies","authors":"Vasile Rămneanțu","doi":"10.55201/aodq4955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55201/aodq4955","url":null,"abstract":"Even in the early years of the Ceauşescu regime, although appreciated as liberal, the communist authorities andthe Securitatea (Security Service) considered fighting those who criticized the Romanian Communist Party’s andRomanian state’s policy. They were to be warned and unmasked.The authorities followed the former legionnaires, the nationalists, former members of the bourgeois parties,former exploiters, released political prisoners, and representatives of certain religious cults. F e most dangerouswere considered to be the former legionnaires and the nationalists, especially Hungarians, accused of revisionism,and the Swabians that supported emigration to the Federal Republic of Germany. They were to be publiclyexposed, a method and a term frequently used in the Stalinist era. F e communist authorities from the Banat alsofeared foreign espionage actions.In the summer of 1967, high level party members analyzed the activities of the Security Service, a subjectsubsequently discussed by the leadership of the Banat Region. Documents reveal that this investigations wasundertaken at the direction of the highest level of the party.Both Ceauşescu and the regional party leaders hailed the Security Service as a tool of the party and state,summoned to defend the revolutionary conquests of the laborers against the plots and mischief of the enemiesopposing building of the socialism, and underlined their contribution to the defeat of the internal and externalreactionary forces. This meant that the “Romanian communist reformist leader” approved the murders committedin the fifties against the anti-communist Romanian opposition. Ceauşescu also declared, and his affirmation wasaccepted again by the local communist authorities, that certain abuses were made, but we believe that he was moreconcerned with abuses against party activists, as the Security Service meddled in party life.In analyzing the activities of the Security forces from Banat, mention was made of some unlawful methods ofinvestigation. As lately proved, they were the main procedure for obtaining evidences.For the Banat Region, the documents specifically call for strict respect of socialist legality by the Ministry ofInternal Affairs and a closer control of Security’s activities by party organizations in the future.Accordingly, the analyses at all levels of the Romanian Communist Party in 1967 regarding the activities ofthe Security Service had been a cynical one, serving, as we believe, to the fight for power at the top of the party(between Nicolae Ceauşescu and Alexandru Drăghici respectively).As for the abuses committed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1967 and reported by the inhabitants tothe party organizations, most of them were well-founded, but there also were many attempts by the leaders of thePolice to cover them up.The leadership of the Banat Region, later Timiş County, was preoccupied with the German population, becauseof the growing requests by the Swabians to leave the country.The ","PeriodicalId":442932,"journal":{"name":"Analele Banatului XIX 2011","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122286437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}