Arabic Sciences and Philosophy最新文献

{"title":"THE STATUS OF THE SPIRIT IN AL-MUSTAMLĪ AL-BUḪĀRĪ’S ŠARḤ AL-TA‘ARRUF: CASE STUDY OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF ḤANAFITE SUFISM, SUNNĪ KALĀM AND AVICENNISM IN THE FIFTH / ELEVENTH CENTURY TRANSOXIANA","authors":"Salimeh Maghsoudlou","doi":"10.1017/S0957423918000036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423918000036","url":null,"abstract":"Résumé La première partie de cet article est consacrée à la présentation d'al-Mustamlī al-Buḫārī et du commentaire volumineux qu'il a rédigé sur al-Ta‘rruf li-maḏhab altaṣawwuf d'al-Kalābāḏī. Al-Mustamlī et al-Kalābāḏī avaient, tous les deux, un grand penchant pour les discussions de kalām et al-Mustamlī s'est étendu sur nombre de questions théologiques dans son commentaire, le Šarḥ al-Ta‘arruf. Au vu de la présence de sujets propres au kalām dans le livre d'al-Mustamlī, cet article abordera la question de l'appartenance de ce dernier aux écoles de la théologie sunnite et montrera que malgré sa proximité géographique avec Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī, al-Mustamlī était probablement affilié à l’école d'Abū l-Ḥasan al-Aš‘arī. La seconde partie de cet article portera sur le problème de la nature de l'esprit (rūḥ) dans le traitement qu'en offre al-Mustamlī. En abordant cette question, al-Mustamlī est allé au-delà des frontières de l'anthropologie physicaliste du kalām et son argument en faveur de l'existence de l'esprit offre des affinités avec la preuve avicennienne de l'existence de l’âme rationnelle, telle qu'elle se présente dans le fameux argument de l'homme volant. L'ouvrage d'al-Mustamlī constitue donc une source importante pour comprendre l'histoire intellectuelle en Transoxiane et les interactions entre les différents groupes de théoriciens – mutakallimūn, Sufis et falāsifa. Abstract The first part of this article presents al-Mustamlī al-Buḫārī and his work, a voluminous commentary on al-Kalābāḏī’s compendium of Sufi doctrines, al-Ta‘rruf limaḏhab al-taṣawwuf. Both al-Kalābāḏī and al-Mustamlī had strong tendencies to the discussions of kalām, and of the two al-Mustamlī wrote extensively on theological issues in his commentary, Šarḥ al-Ta‘arruf. In light of the presence of topics of kalām in al-Mustamlī’s book, this article will demonstrate that despite his geographical proximity to Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī’s theological school, al-Mustamlī was probably a follower of Abū l-Ḥasan al-Aš‘arī. The second part of the article concerns al-Mustamlī’s discussion of the nature of spirit (rūḥ). It will be argued that in dealing with the nature of the spirit, al-Mustamlī goes beyond the physicalist anthropology of the kalām and presents an argument for the existence of the spirit that has some affinities with Avicenna's proof of the existence of human rational soul, as it appears in the context of his famous thought experiment, the “flying man”. In both parts, the main claim of this article is that al-Mustamlī’s book is a valuable source for understanding the intellectual history of Transoxiana, and the intricate interactions of different disciplines, kalām, falsafa, taṣawwuf with each other.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"54 1","pages":"225 - 255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78844737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE SIMPLICITY OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE AFTER AVICENNA","authors":"P. Adamson","doi":"10.1017/S0957423918000048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423918000048","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Alongside his much-discussed theory that humans are permanently, if only tacitly, self-aware, Avicenna proposed that in actively conscious self-knowers the subject and object of thought are identical. He applies to both humans and God the slogan that the self-knower is “intellect, intellecting, and object of intellection (‘aql, ‘āqil, ma‘qūl)”. This paper examines reactions to this idea in the Islamic East from the 12th-13th centuries. A wide range of philosophers such as Abū l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī, Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, al-Šahrastānī, Šaraf al-Dīn al-Mas‘ūdī, al-Abharī, al-Āmidī, and Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī raised and countered objections to Avicenna's position. One central problem was that on widely accepted definitions of knowledge – according to which knowledge is representational or consists in a relation – it seems impossible for the subject and object of knowledge to be the same. Responses to this difficulty included the idea that a self-knower is “present” to itself, or that here subject and object are different only in “aspect (i‘tibār)”. Résumé Au cours de son exposé de sa thèse si disputée selon laquelle les êtres humains sont de manière permanente, fût-ce tacitement, conscients d'eux-mêmes, Avicenne suggère que dans les auto-connaissants activement conscients, le sujet et l'objet de la pensée sont identiques. Il applique alors – à la fois aux êtres humains et à Dieu – le slogan affirmant que l'auto-connaissant est « intellect, intelligeant et intelligé » (‘aql, ‘āqil, ma‘qūl). Cet article examine les réactions à cette idée dans l'Est du monde islamique durant les 12ème et 13ème siècles. Un grand nombre de philosophes, tels Abū l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī, Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, al-Šahrastānī, Šaraf al-Dīn al-Mas‘ūdī, al-Abharī, al-Āmidī et Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī ont en effet soulevé des objections à l'encontre de la position d'Avicenne et ont apporté des réponses à ces objections. Un problème central a consisté dans le fait que selon des définitions généralement acceptées de la connaissance – d'après lesquelles la connaissance est représentationnelle ou consiste dans une relation –, il paraissait impossible pour le sujet et l'objet de la connaissance d’être le même. Des réponses à cette difficulté ont mis en place l'idée que tout autoconnaissant est « présent » à soi, ou que dans ce cas, le sujet et l'objet sont différents seulement selon l’ « aspect » (i‘tibār).","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"6 1","pages":"257 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74644637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CHOSE, ITEM ET DISTINCTION : L’« HOMME VOLANT » D'AVICENNE AVEC ET CONTRE ABŪ HĀŠIM AL-ǦUBBĀ’Ī","authors":"M. Rashed","doi":"10.1017/S0957423918000012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423918000012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the intimate connection between Avicenna's “flying man” argument and the theory of modes in the school of Abū Hāšim al-Ǧubbā’ī (d. 933). It shows that Avicenna borrows arguments developed originally by Abū Hāšim in order to demonstrate that a definite mode belongs to the living being as a whole (ǧumla). He argues for the incorporeality of soul on the basis of this departure from Aristotelian and Neoplatonic psychology and modal ontology. Here one sees Avicenna's subtle engagement with a thinker to whose writings he reacted critically, yet whom he very likely saw as one of the greatest metaphysicians to write in Arabic. Résumé Cet article se propose de mettre au jour les relations profondes qui existent entre l'argument de l’« homme volant » d'Avicenne et des considérations modales de l’école d'Abū Hāšim al-Ǧubbā’ī (m. 933). Il montre qu'Avicenne réemploie des arguments développés originellement par Abū Hāšim pour démontrer la présence d'un mode de la totalité (ǧumla) dans le cas du vivant – argument lui-même opposé à la psychologie aristotélicienne et néoplatonicienne – pour établir, contre l'ontologie modale de ce dernier, la nature incorporelle de l’âme. On voit ainsi se dessiner le jeu subtil d'Avicenne par rapport à celui qu'il avait très probablement identifié, fût-ce à son corps défendant, comme l'un des plus grands métaphysiciens de langue arabe.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"279 1","pages":"167 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73982708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A NEW “EDITION” OF ḤUNAYN'S RISĀLA","authors":"D. Gutas","doi":"10.1017/S095742391800005X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S095742391800005X","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important medieval documents in the history of medicine and scholarship, and of culture in general, is doubtless the bibliographical treatise (“epistle”, Risāla) by Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq (808-873) addressed to his patron and patron of the arts, the gentleman courtier ‘Alī b. Yaḥyā b. al-Munaǧǧim (d. 275 / 888-889), listing the translations of Galen into Syriac and Arabic. Its transmission and publication history, though, is extremely complicated.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"70 1","pages":"279 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84220159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WHEN THE PRESENT MISUNDERSTANDS THE PAST HOW A MODERN ARAB INTELLECTUAL RECLAIMED HIS OWN HERITAGE","authors":"Hassan Tahiri","doi":"10.1017/S0957423917000108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423917000108","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The beginning of the 20th century has witnessed a significant development that has renewed and stimulated the long passionate historical relationship between two great civilisations which are traditionally known as the West and the East. Following their ancestors who cultivated the quest for knowledge tradition, some Arab scholars have come to leading European countries to learn the latest advancement in knowledge. They did not expect they would be confronted with what seems to be the poor showing of their scientific and cultural heritage according to the assessment that was carried out in the previous century by Western scholars and historians. The Western study of the Eastern heritage had such influence that it has generated new Arab intellectual elite which blames the past for the present difficulties. Following the discovery of major scientific Arabic works in the second half of the 20th century, some Arab scholars like Ibrahim Madkour realised that they had in fact just misunderstood their own tradition. What is the source of their misunderstanding? How did they become aware of it? And how can a better understanding of the past change present attitudes and guide future actions? By attempting to provide some answers to such questions, the aim of this paper is to shed light on what seems to be a turning point in modern Arabic intellectual history. Résumé Le début du XXe siècle a connu un développement important qui a renouvelé et stimulé la longue relation historique passionnelle entre deux grandes civilisations traditionnellement connues sous le nom d'Occident et d'Orient. Suivant leurs ancêtres qui ont cultivé la tradition de la quête du savoir, plusieurs chercheurs arabes sont venus dans les grands pays européens pour apprendre les dernières avancées scientifiques. Ils ne s'attendaient pas à être confrontés par ce qui semble être la performance médiocre de leur patrimoine scientifique et culturel selon l’évaluation réalisée par les érudits et historiens occidentaux au siècle précédent. L’étude occidentale du patrimoine oriental a eu une telle influence qu'elle a fini par donner lieu à l’émergence d'une nouvelle élite intellectuelle arabe qui blâme le passé pour les difficultés présentes. Suite à la découverte des travaux scientifiques majeurs arabes durant la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, certains intellectuels arabes comme Ibrahim Madkour se sont rendus compte qu'ils avaient en fait mal compris leur propre tradition. Quelle est la source de leur incompréhension? Comment en ont-ils pris conscience? Et comment une meilleure compréhension du passé peut-elle changer l'attitude présente et guider l'action future? En essayant de fournir des éléments de réponse à de telles questions, le but de cet article est de faire la lumière sur ce qui semble être un tournant dans l'histoire intellectuelle arabe moderne.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"31 1","pages":"133 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75886839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EARLY EXEGETICAL PRACTICE ON AVICENNA'S ŠIFĀʾ: FAḪR AL-DĪN AL-RĀZĪ’S MARGINALIA TO LOGIC","authors":"Silvia Di Vincenzo","doi":"10.1017/S095742391700008X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S095742391700008X","url":null,"abstract":"Nine manuscripts preserving Avicenna's Kitāb al-Sifāʾ share a set of identical marginal glosses to the section of Logic . One of these manuscripts reports, at the end of each of the glosses, a certificate of transmission ascribing them to the theologian and philosopher Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606H/1210), which provides some material evidence of the existence of a flourishing exegetical activity on the Kitāb al-Sifāʾ during the twelfth-thirteenth century, in spite of the apparent lack of commentaries on the text in that period. The present paper provides an edition of the so far unknown ḥāsiyāt to Avicenna's Kitāb al-Sifāʾ by al-Rāzī, with an attempt at reconstructing their tradition and contextualizing them within al-Rāzī’s exegetical and teaching activity.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"68 1","pages":"31 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85136726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UNFOLDING PARALLEL REASONING IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE","authors":"Shahid Rahman, Muhammad Iqbal","doi":"10.1017/S0957423917000091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423917000091","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the epistemological results emerging from this initial study is that the different forms of co-relational inference, known in the Islamic jurisprudence as qiyās, represent an innovative and sophisticated form of reasoning that not only provides new epistemological insights into legal reasoning in general but also furnishes a fine-grained pattern for parallel reasoning which can be deployed in a wide range of problem-solving contexts and does not seem to reduce to the standard forms of analogical argumentation studied in contemporary philosophy of science. However, in the present paper we will only discuss the case of so-called co-relational inferences of the occasioning factor and only in the context of Islamic jurisprudence. Résumé Cette première étude permet notamment de dégager ce résultat épistémologique: les différentes formes d’“inférence co-relationnelle” connues dans la jurisprudence islamique sous le nom de qiyās représentent une forme innovante et sophistiquée de raisonnement qui permet non seulement d'avoir une conception épistémologique plus claire du raisonnement légal en général, mais aussi de produire une mécanique bien huilée pour le “raisonnement parallèle”; cette mécanique du “raisonnement parallèle” peut être déployée selon un large spectre dans différents cadres de résolution de problèmes et ne semble pas se réduire aux formes standard de l'argumentation analogique étudiées en philosophie des sciences contemporaine. Nous n'aborderons cependant dans la présente étude que le cas de la dénommée “inférence co-relationnelle du facteur occasionnel”, et ce seulement dans le contexte de la jurisprudence islamique.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"26 1","pages":"67 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77578017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REJET, FASCINATION, UTILISATION: LA RENAISSANCE ET LA PENSEE ARABE","authors":"J. Biard","doi":"10.1017/s095742391700011x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s095742391700011x","url":null,"abstract":"L'ouvrage de Dag Nikolaus Hasse ouvre à nouveau le dossier de la présence et de l'importance de la science et de la philosophie arabes à la Renaissance. Il estime que cette question a trop souvent été traitée de façon partisane, soit pour valoriser a priori l'importance de la pensée arabe dans le développement des sciences en Occident, soit pour valider a posteriori son rejet. Il convient de reprendre le problème sur des bases factuelles, voire quantitatives (éditions, diffusion, etc.).","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"538 1","pages":"159 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78164959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE EARLY GREAT DEBATE: A COMMENT ON IBN AL-HAYTHAM‘S WORK ON THE LOCATION OF THE MILKY WAY WITH RESPECT TO THE EARTH","authors":"A. Eckart","doi":"10.1017/S0957423917000078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423917000078","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract At the very beginning of the last millennium Ibn al-Haytham greatly contributed to the investigation of the Milky Way. Here, the only three currently known versions of his work on the location of the Milky Way are compared to each other and discussed. A comparison of the texts and an early translation into German by E. Wiedemann in 1906 reveals several differences that triggered a new critical translation of the passed down text. We give detailed comments on the work and check the validity of Ibn al-Haytham's arguments. We also discuss his work in the framework of the ‘Great Debate’ on the Milky Way that took place around 1920, more than a decade after Wiedemann's translation. We find that Ibn al-Haytham's work is certainly at the peak of the unaided-eye era of the Milky Way's discovery. Through his own argumentation and in comparison to Ptolemy's observations Ibn al-Haytham clearly identifies the Galaxy as an extraterrestrial body that is not part of the atmosphere but much further away than the Moon. With some of his statements on the stellar positions passed down by Ptolemy, Ibn al-Haytham also anticipates the concept of stellar proper motions. Résumé Au tout début du dernier millénaire, Ibn al-Haytham contribua de façon importante à la recherche sur la Voie lactée. Les seuls trois témoins actuellement connus de son traité sur la localisation de la Voie lactée seront ici comparés et discutés. La comparaison entre ces témoins, d'une part et la traduction allemande de ce traité, faite en 1906 par E. Wiedemann, d'autre part, révèle plusieurs différences, ce qui nous a incité à proposer une nouvelle traduction critique du texte transmis. Nous donnons ici un commentaire détaillé de ce traité et nous testons la validité des arguments d'Ibn al-Haytham. Nous discutons aussi ce traité dans le cadre du ‘Grand Débat’ concernant la Voie lactée qui eut lieu autour de 1920, plus d'une décennie après la traduction de Wiedemann. Il nous est apparu que le travail d'Ibn al-Haytham se situe à coup sûr au faîte de la période d'observation, à l’œil nu, de la Voie lactée. S'appuyant sur sa propre argumentation et sur les observations de Ptolémée, Ibn al-Haytham identifie clairement la galaxie comme un corps extra-terrestre, qui n'est pas une partie de l'atmosphère mais qui se situe plus loin que la lune. De plus, à l'occasion des jugements qu'il porte sur les positions stellaires transmises par Ptolémée, Ibn al-Haytham anticipe le concept de mouvements stellaires propres.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"93 1","pages":"1 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79392577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASP volume 28 issue 1 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0957423917000133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0957423917000133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"64 1","pages":"b1 - b2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80629510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}