Arabic Sciences and Philosophy最新文献

{"title":"ASP volume 28 issue 1 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0957423917000121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0957423917000121","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0957423917000121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72427459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QUṬB AL-DĪN AL-SHĪRĀZĪ AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-PTOLEMAIC PLANETARY MODELING IN THE 13th CENTURY","authors":"Amir-Mohammad Gamini","doi":"10.1017/S0957423917000017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423917000017","url":null,"abstract":"Coming after Muʾayyad al-Dīn al-ʿUrḍī (1200–1266) and Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (1201–1274), Quṭb al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī (1236–1311), a leading figure of the so-called Marāgha school in astronomy, presents his predecessors’ non-Ptolemaic models and criticizes them in his three hayʾa books. Since his own new models in Nihāyat al-idrāk (written in Arabic in 1281) and Ikhtiyārāt muẓaffarī (written in Persian in 1282) are not without difficulties, in his latest book on hayʾa , al-Tuḥfa al-shāhiyya (written in Arabic in 1285) he puts forward his modified models inspired from Ṭūsī’s and ʿUrḍī’s models and produces a series of new models for Mercury and the oscillation of the spheres. Nevertheless, in spite of all his attempts, the tradition of non-Ptolemaic modeling after him never converged to a series of standard models.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80043942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MULLĀ ṢADRĀ ON THE PROBLEM OF NATURAL UNIVERSALS","authors":"Muhammad U. Faruque","doi":"10.1017/S0957423917000042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423917000042","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the problem of the natural universal ( kullī ṭabīʿī ) in the works of Mullā Ṣadrā (d. 1640). The problem of universals made its way into Arabic/Islamic philosophy via its Greek sources, and was transformed into the problem of natural universals by Avicenna. Weighing in on this problem, Ṣadrā reinterprets the nature of natural universals against the backdrop of his doctrine of “the primacy of being.” As he argues, a natural universal or quiddity qua quiddity is an “accidental being” that requires wujūd for its existentiation. Thus, Ṣadrā re-envisions the status of natural universals by stripping them of their disputed status as independently existing entities.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83480564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"YAḤYĀ IBN ʿADĪ AND IBRĀHĪM IBN ʿADĪ: ON WHETHER BODY IS A SUBSTANCE OR A QUANTITY. INTRODUCTION, EDITIO PRINCEPS AND TRANSLATION","authors":"S. Menn, Robert Wisnovsky","doi":"10.1017/S0957423916000096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423916000096","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The “lost” Yaḥyā ibn ʿAdī treatises recently discovered in the Tehran codex Marwī 19 include a record of a philosophical debate instigated by the Ḥamdānid prince Sayf-al-Dawla. More precisely, Marwī 19 contains Yaḥyā’s adjudication of a dispute between an unnamed Opponent and Yaḥyā’s younger relative Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAdī (who also served as al-Fārābī’s assistant), along with Ibrāhīm's response to Yaḥyā’s adjudication, and Yaḥyā’s final word. At issue was a problem of Aristotelian exegesis: should “body” be understood as falling under the category of substance or under the category of quantity? The unnamed Opponent argues that body is a species of substance; Ibrāhīm argues that technically speaking, body is a species of quantity, and hence an accident; and Yaḥyā judges that body is a species of substance, though for very different reasons than the Opponent gives. For the first time, the Arabic text of this exchange is edited and translated into English. Also provided is an Introduction that sets the debate in historical context, and discusses in particular the possible influence of John Philoponus. The debate is interesting and important not only because of the philosophical ramifications of the issues under discussion, but because it constitutes evidence of dialectical practice among Arabic-speaking philosophers from the middle of the 10th century. Résumé Les traités “perdus” de Yaḥyā ibn ʿAdī, retrouvés récemment dans le codex Marwī 19 de Téhéran, incluent le compte-rendu d'un débat philosophique suscité par le prince ḥamdānide Sayf-al-Dawla. Plus précisément, le codex Marwī 19 reprend l'arbitrage de Yaḥyā à propos d'une querelle mettant aux prises un Opposant anonyme et un membre plus jeune de la famille de Yaḥyā, Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAdī (qui fut également assistant d'al-Fārābī), accompagné de la réponse d'Ibrāhīm à l'arbitrage de Yaḥyā, ainsi que les remarques finales de Yaḥyā. Le problème en jeu est une question d'exégèse aristotélicienne: Le “corps” devrait-il être compris comme tombant sous la catégorie de substance ou sous celle de quantité? L'Opposant anonyme soutient que le corps est une espèce de la substance; Ibrāhīm soutient que, techniquement parlant, le corps est une espèce de la quantité, et donc, un accident; Yaḥyā juge, quant à lui, que le corps est une espèce de la substance, bien que pour des raisons bien différentes de celles amenées par l'Opposant. Pour la première fois, une version arabe de cet échange est éditée et traduite en anglais. Une introduction situant le débat dans son contexte historique et discutant plus précisément l'influence possible de Jean Philopon est également proposée. Ce débat trouve son intérêt et sa pertinence non seulement à cause des ramifications philosophiques des problèmes discutés, mais aussi parce qu'il constitue la preuve d'une pratique dialectique chez les philosophes de langue arabe du milieu du Xe siècle.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84063117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE ETHICAL PROGRESSION OF THE PHILOSOPHER IN AL-RĀZĪ AND AL-FĀRĀBĪ","authors":"J. Mattila","doi":"10.1017/S0957423916000114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423916000114","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (d. 925) and al-Fārābī (d. 950) both adopt the classical ideal of a philosophical way of life in the sense that being a philosopher implies certain ethical guidelines to which the philosopher should adhere. In both cases, moreover, their ethical writings appear to reflect a certain tension with respect to what the ethical goal of the philosopher consists of. In this study, I will argue that this apparent tension is relieved when their ethics is understood as a progression in a double sense. In the first sense, both authors adopt the Neoplatonic distinction between pre-philosophical and philosophical ethics. The second aspect of the progression takes place within the degree of virtue required of the philosopher, which for al-Rāzī and al-Fārābī proceeds in contrary directions. For al-Rāzī, the philosopher progresses from the moderately ascetic requirements of Spiritual Medicine to the higher license present in Philosophical Life, following the stages of the life of Socrates. In contrast, for al-Fārābī the progression follows roughly along the Neoplatonic grades of virtue from Aristotelian moderation, which in Exhortation to the Way to Happiness is connected with character training in a pre-philosophical sense, towards purely contemplative existence. Résumé Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (mort en 925) et al-Fārābī (mort en 950) adoptent tous deux l'idéal classique d'un mode de vie philosophique, au sens où être philosophe implique de respecter une certaine éthique. Dans le cas de ces deux auteurs, leurs écrits sur l’éthique reflètent en outre une certaine tension vis-à-vis de ce qui constitue l'objectif éthique du philosophe. Dans cette étude, je montrerai que cette tension apparente s'estompe lorsque leur éthique est comprise comme une progression entendue en un double sens. Au premier sens, les deux auteurs adoptent la distinction néo-platonicienne entre éthique pré-philosophique et éthique philosophique. Le second aspect de la progression porte quant à lui sur le degré de vertu qui est attendu du philosophe – et qui, pour al-Rāzī et al-Fārābī, s'oriente dans des directions opposées. Pour al-Rāzī, le philosophe se hisse des exigences ascétiques modérées de la Médecine spirituelle vers celles plus élevées de la Vie philosophique, en suivant les pas de Socrate. Au contraire, pour al-Fārābī, la progression suit à peu près les stades néo-platoniciens de la vertu, partant de la modération aristotélicienne, liée, dans l’Exhortation au bonheur, à la formation du caractère au sens pré-philosophique, pour tendre vers une existence purement contemplative.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79053498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AL-FĀRĀBĪ ET LA SCIENCE DES UṢŪL AL-FIQH","authors":"M. Mensia","doi":"10.1017/S0957423916000126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423916000126","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It is known that Fārābī, in his political program, assumes philosophically some Islamic sciences like kalām and fiqh. Focusing here on the case of the fiqh and in the limits of his K. al-Milla, we try to establish correspondences between his theory of legislation and references to historically attested sciences. Our purpose is to show that he was able to articulate fiqh to the political science through an undeclared use of ʿilm uṣūl al-fiqh (science of principles of juridical science). He empties this science of its own material and preserves its form in order to fill it with philosophical material. This contributes to clear up his conception in this book of the shift from the voluntary universal to the particular. This shift is governed by a set of formal rules. These guidelines, which are rather deliberative, take place as a subject matter of the political science, alongside with universals, its classical subject matter. We think that these formal rules are borrowed from this typical Islamic science whose subject matter is the study of principles and rules governing the inference, from their sources, of particular legal status, the subject matter of fiqh. If, from the strict philosophical point of view, political science provides the sources or foundations from which are inferred the original and primary legislation initiated by the founder of the religion (al-milla), as well as the derived and secondary one elaborated by his successors, the methodological part of this Islamic science would be the equivalent to the general prescriptions necessary for the application of universals so that concrete cases can be determined. For this purpose, Fārābī borrows willingly from the famous Shāfiʿī’s Risāla, the prototype of the treatises in uṣūl al-fiqh. Résumé Il est un fait notoire: dans son programme politique, Fārābī prend philosophiquement en charge certaines sciences islamiques, telles que le kalām et le fiqh. En mettant l'accent sur le fiqh et en se limitant à son K. al-Milla, on tente ici de faire correspondre à sa théorie de la législation des références à des sciences historiques. Il s'agit de montrer que s'il a pu articuler le fiqh à la science politique, c'est moyennant un recours inavoué à ʿilm uṣūl al-fiqh (science des principes de la science juridique), dont il évacue la matière propre, ne gardant que la forme de cette discipline et la remplissant d'un matériau philosophique. Cela rend compte, au moins en partie, de la conception, exposée dans ce livre, du passage de l'universel au particulier dans les choses de la volonté, passage régi par un ensemble de règles formelles. Ce dispositif de nature assez délibérative, vient prendre sa place comme objet de la science politique, à côté des universaux, objet classique de cette science architectonique. Nous pensons que l'idée de ces règles formelles est empruntée à cette science typiquement islamique dont l'objet est l’étude des principes et des règles qui régissent l'inférence des dispo","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85974828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASP volume 27 issue 1 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s095742391600014x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s095742391600014x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78431283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ABŪ BAKR AL-RĀZĪ ET LE SIGNE: FRAGMENT RETROUVÉ D'UN TRAITÉ LOGIQUE PERDU","authors":"Pauline Koetschet","doi":"10.1017/S0957423916000102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423916000102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article argues that a fragment from a lost treatise by Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (d. 925) is preserved in the Book on Morphology Kitāb al-Taṣrīf) by Ps-Ǧābir ibn Ḥayyān. Paul Kraus reached the conclusion that the collection to which this book belongs was written between the end of the ninth and the beginning of the tenth century AD. This fragment represents the first attempt – to our knowledge – to analyze the logical structure of sign-based inference in Arabic, which is known as istidlāl bi-al-šāhid ʿalā al-ġāʾib among theologians and philosophers. The author distinguishes between sign-inferences based on homogeneity (al-muǧānasa), course of habit (maǧrā al-ʿāda) and traces (āṯār). After providing a translation of the fragment, the first part of this paper argues that its author is Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. My argument is based on a comparison between this text and a passage from the Doubts About Galen, which is also by Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. I hypothesize that at least two other fragments from the same work or from different works by Abū Bakr al-Rāzī are preserved in the corpus attributed to Ps-Ǧābir. The second part of the paper aims to reconstruct Abū Bakr al-Rāzī’s theory of sign-inference. In so doing, I show the historical influence that Hellenistic debates on sign-inference might have had on al-Rāzī, and I situate al-Rāzī’s theory in the context of the prominent use that the theologians of the kalām made of the istidlāl bi-al-šāhid ʿalā al-ġāʾib. To offer a more comprehensive reconstruction of al-Rāzī’s theory of sign-inference, this article compares the critical approach presented in the newly identified fragment with the epistemological framework outlined in the Doubts About Galen. Finally, this article shows that Abū Bakr al-Rāzī’s theory of sign-inference had a strong influence on al-Fārābī’s logical developments especially in his Epitome of the Prior Analytics, even if he does not acknowledge this intellectual debt. Résumé Cet article entend montrer qu'un fragment d'un traité perdu d'Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (m. 925) est conservé dans le Livre de la morphologie Kitāb al-Taṣrīf) de Ps-Ğābir ibn Ḥayyān. Paul Kraus était arrivé à la conclusion que le corpus de textes auquel ce livre appartient a été composé entre la fin du IXe et le début du Xe siècle ap. J.-C. Ce fragment est, à notre connaissance, le premier texte en arabe qui tente d'analyser la structure logique de l'inférence fondée sur des signes, connue sous le nom d’istidlāl bi-al-šāhid ʿalā al-ġāʾib chez les théologiens et les philosophes. L'auteur opère une distinction entre les signes fondés sur l'homogénéité (al-muǧānasa), le cours de l'habitude (maǧrā al-ʿāda) et les traces (āṯār). Après avoir proposé une traduction de ce fragment, cet article entend montrer dans une première partie que l'auteur est bien Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. Ma démonstration se fonde, entre autres, sur la comparaison de ce texte et d'un passage extrait des Doutes sur Galien du même Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. Je fais également l'hypoth","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89337729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASP volume 27 issue 1 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0957423916000138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0957423916000138","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78255074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FAKHR AL-DĪN AL-RĀZĪ ON PLACE","authors":"P. Adamson","doi":"10.1017/S0957423917000029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423917000029","url":null,"abstract":"The twelfth century philosopher-theologian Fakhr al-Din al-Razi is well known for his critique of Lambda vicennan metaphysics. In this paper, I examine his critique of Avicenna's physics, and in particular his rejection of the Lambda vicennan and Aristotelian theory of place as the inner boundary of a containing body. Instead, Fakhr al-Din defends a definition of place as self-subsisting extension, an idea explicitly rejected by Aristotle and Avicenna after him. Especially in his late work, the Matalib, Fakhr al-Din explores a number of important philosophical issues with reference to this theory of place, including the principle that two indiscernible things (in this case two overlapping extensions) must be identical and the idea that motion and rest are always relative.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72868987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}