Arabic Sciences and Philosophy最新文献

{"title":"AS DROPS IN THEIR SEA: ANGELOLOGY THROUGH ONTOLOGY IN FAḪR AL-DĪN AL-RĀZĪ’S AL-MAṬĀLIB AL-῾ĀLIYA","authors":"Nora Jacobsen Ben Hammed","doi":"10.1017/S0957423919000031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423919000031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article, I examine key passages from the Aš῾arite theologian Faḫr al- Dīn al-Rāzī’s (d. 606/1210) final work, Al-Maṭālib al-῾āliya (“ The lofty inquiries ”), in order to theorize Rāzī’s cosmology and angelology. In his attempt to prove the existence of these beings, Rāzī divides reality into material and intelligible realms. Angels, which signify the celestial intellects and spheres, exist as non-space-occupying beings and represent an aspect of the intelligible world. Of these, some are associated with celestial bodies, and others are entirely unassociated with materiality. I then present evidence for the possibility that Rāzī believed that these celestial spiritual beings are pre-eternal with God. These positions indicate a certain degree of conceptual continuity with the falsafa tradition, and reflect al-Ġazālī’s (d. 505/1111) previous integration of the philosophical structure of reality into some of his texts. Additionally, one may look to other philosophical currents that developed in the Islamic world beyond the falāsifa, and connect Rāzī’s cosmology to both the Hermetic tradition and the Epistles of the Iḫwān al-Ṣafā᾿. Résumé Dans cet article, j'analyse des passages cruciaux de la composition finale du théologien Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210), Al-Maṭālib al-῾āliya (« Les nobles enquêtes »), afin de théoriser sur la nature de deux de ses études : la cosmologie et l'angélologie. En cherchant à prouver l'existence de ces êtres, Rāzī divise la réalité en deux domaines : matériel et intelligible. Les anges, qui symbolisent les intellects et les sphères, existent dans une réalité intelligible comme des êtres qui n'occupent pas d'espace. Parmi eux, certains sont associés aux corps célestes, et d'autres ne s'associent à aucune chose matérielle. Dans un deuxième temps, je présente des arguments suggérant que Rāzī pensait peut-être que ces êtres célestes sont prééternels avec Dieu. Ces conceptions montrent une continuité avec la tradition philosophique islamique, et elles la structure philosophique de la réalité intégrée par al-Ġazālī (d. 505/1111) dans quelques textes théologiques. De plus, on a examiné d'autres courants philosophiques développés dans le monde islamique qui ont pu agir sur la cosmologie de Rāzī, en lien avec la tradition hermétique et avec les Épîtres des frères de la Pureté.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"7 1","pages":"185 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79670402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raggetti Lucia, ῾Īsā ibn ῾Alī’s Book on the useful properties of animal parts: Edition, translation and study of a fluid tradition (Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018), xxxvi-591 p.","authors":"Fabian Käs","doi":"10.1017/S0957423919000079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423919000079","url":null,"abstract":"Lucia Raggetti, ̔Īsā ibn ̔Alī’s Book on the useful properties of animal parts: Edition, translation and study of a fluid tradition (Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018), xxxvi-591 p. In the volume reviewed here, Lucia Raggetti presents an outstanding editio princeps and English translation of an early fundamental Arabic work on the medico-magic science of sympathetic qualities. The book of over 600 folio pages is the result of many years of intense scholarly work, as it is based on the editor’s Ph. D. thesis defended in 2012. For her meticulously written edition of the “ Book on the useful properties of animal parts ” (Kitāb manāfi ̔ a ̔ḍā ̓ al-ḥayawān 1) by the Christian physician ̔Īsā ibn ̔Alī (late 3rd/9th century), Raggetti used seven manuscripts 2 representing three different branches of its “ fluid ” textual tradition. Since these redactions differ in many respects, she rightly decided not to (re-)construct one single text, but to edit all three versions in parallel columns and to present three separate English translations, highly welcome to all readers not mastering Arabic. This modus operandi, although rather unusual in the field of Arabic studies, is absolutely justified, when a definitive reconstruction of the author’s autograph version – or at least a textus receptus – is impossible. Already in antiquity, many natural substances – and especially body parts of animals and humans – were supposed to own a mysterious “ natural property ” (Greek ; Arabic ḫāṣṣa, pl. ḫawāṣṣ) analogous to the manifest","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"432 1","pages":"285 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79520666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AN EXCEPTIONAL SAGE AND THE NEED FOR THE MESSENGER: THE POLITICS OF FIṬRA IN A 12TH-CENTURY TALE","authors":"Raissa A. von Doetinchem de Rande","doi":"10.1017/S0957423919000043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423919000043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper argues that Ibn Ṭufayl (d. 1185) in his Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān offers a surprisingly intellectual reading of the term fiṭra (pl. fiṭar) and one that has significant consequences for our understanding of the story. We will see that at crucial junctures in the text, fiṭra emerges solely in an intellectual context, implying a gulf amongst humanity that defies common understandings of the term as egalitarian. This gulf, I argue, illuminates the political implications of the tale. For while he emphasizes the broad compatibility of the more established, revealed and the philosophical path recently arrived in Andalusia, Ibn Ṭufayl, with the help of fiṭra, shows that the philosophical life is one for the very few. Attention to Ibn Ṭufayl's use of fiṭra might thus explain one of his reasons for writing this tale for the court. Its overall message heightens the role of religion and tempers the political significance of philosophy in two ways: by arguing that only select individuals have the capacity to access truth independently from revelation; and by denying these exceptionally gifted the ability to communicate their findings to the masses. Résumé Cet article part d'une lecture inhabituelle, inégalitaire, du terme fiṭra (pl. fiṭar) dans le Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān d'Ibn Ṭufayl (d. 1185) ; cette lecture modifie de façon conséquente notre compréhension de l'ensemble de l’œuvre. Nous verrons qu’à des moments cruciaux de la démonstration, il n'utilise le terme fiṭra que pour décrire la capacité des êtres à raisonner, ce qui implique qu'un fossé divise l'humanité et défie les acceptions ordinairement égalitaires de la fiṭra. Ce fossé éclaire, selon moi, les implications politiques du conte. Alors qu'Ibn Ṭufayl insiste sur la compatibilité entre la philosophie récemment parvenue en Andalousie et celle, plus établie, de la religion révélée, il montre, à l'aide de la fiṭra, que la vie philosophique n'est destinée qu’à un petit nombre. Prêter attention à l'usage qu'Ibn Ṭufayl fait de la fiṭra peut aider à expliquer l'une des raisons pour lesquelles il écrivit ce conte pour la cour. Son message global accentue le rôle de la religion et tempère l'importance politique de la philosophie de deux façons : d'une part, en avançant que seuls quelques individus choisis sont capables d'accéder à la vérité indépendamment de la révélation ; d'autre part, en refusant à ces êtres exceptionnellement doués la capacité de communiquer leurs découvertes aux masses.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"23 1","pages":"207 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79711421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASP volume 29 issue 2 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s0957423919000092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0957423919000092","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"1 1","pages":"b1 - b4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72652698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IBN RAḤĪQ'S TEXT ON THE MILKY WAY: PERCEPTION OF THE MILKY WAY IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC SOCIETY","authors":"A. Eckart","doi":"10.1017/S0957423919000055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423919000055","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ibn Raḥīq is an 11th century scholar who compiled a book on popular astronomy. This work included a section in which he summarizes basic knowledge of the Milky Way as it was wide spread in the first centuries after the hejira. Ibn Raḥīq gives a comprehensive overview of the perception of the Milky Way that reaches from its use as a test for knowledge of the religious tradition and for agricultural purposes on the one hand to an exact astronomical description of its shape in the sky during the year and to theories of its nature and composition on the other hand. We use a comparison of his text to those of Ibn al-Haytham and others to investigate the role the Milky Way played in early Islamic civilization from its beginning until the 15th century. Résumé Ibn Raḥīq est un érudit du xie siècle qui a compilé un livre sur l'astronomie grand public. Ce travail comprenait une section dans laquelle il résumait les connaissances de base sur la Voie lactée, telle qu'elle prévalait dans les premiers siècles après l'Hégire. Ibn Raḥīq donne un aperçu complet de la perception de la Voie lactée, allant de son utilisation comme test pour la connaissance de la tradition religieuse et de ses applications agricoles jusqu’à une description astronomique exacte de sa forme dans le ciel au cours de l'année et à des théories sur sa nature et sa composition. Nous utilisons une comparaison de son texte avec ceux d'Ibn al-Haytham et d'autres auteurs pour étudier le rôle de la Voie lactée dans la civilisation islamique depuis le début de son existence jusqu'au xve siècle.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"12 1","pages":"227 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73362973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE MERCURY MODELS OF IBN AL-ŠĀṬIR AND COPERNICUS","authors":"Sajjad Nikfahm-Khubravan, F. J. Ragep","doi":"10.1017/S0957423918000085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423918000085","url":null,"abstract":"Copernicus' complex Mercury model in De revolutionibus is virtually identical, geometrically, to Ibn al-Šāṭir's (ca. 1305 – ca. 1375). However, the model in his earlier Commentariolus is different and in many ways unworkable. This has led some to claim that the younger Copernicus did not understand his predecessor's model; others have maintained that Copernicus was working totally independently of Ibn al-Šāṭir. We argue that Copernicus did have Ibn al-Šāṭir's models but needed to modify them to conform to a “quasi-homocentricity” in the Commentariolus. This modification, and the move from a geocentric to heliocentric cosmology, was facilitated by the “heliocentric bias” of Ibn al-Šāṭir's models, in which the Earth was the actual center of mean motion, in contrast to Ptolemy and most Islamicate astronomers. We show that: 1) Ibn al-Šāṭir sought to reproduce Ptolemy's critical elongation at the trines(±120°), but changed the Ptolemaic values at 0, ±90, and 180°; 2) in the Commentariolus, Copernicus does not try to produce viable elongations for Mercury; and 3) by the time of writing De revolutionibus, Copernicus is in full control of the Mercury model and is able to faithfully reproduce Ptolemy's elongations at all critical points. We also argue that claims regarding “natural” solutions undermining transmission are belied by historical evidence.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0957423918000085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72452548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DÉMONSTRATION PAR L'ABSURDE OU DÉMONSTRATION DIRECTE: AL-SIJZĪ, SUR L'INCOMMENSURABILITÉ DE LA DIAGONALE AVEC LE CÔTÉ","authors":"R. Rashed","doi":"10.1017/S0957423918000097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423918000097","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I examine the opposition between direct proof and proof per impossibile, introduced by al-Sijzī (second half of the 10th century) in his treatise entitled The side is not commensurable with the diagonal. From this example he gives to illustrate this opposition, al-Sijzī argues the superiority of the direct proof. In this paper, I also give the editio princeps of his treatise, as well as its first translation.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77105760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UN LEMME D'ANALYSE DONT USE IBN AL-HAYTHAM EN GNOMONIQUE, DIOPTRIQUE ET CINÉMATIQUE CÉLESTE","authors":"Erwan Penchèvre","doi":"10.1017/S0957423918000127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423918000127","url":null,"abstract":"In several places and for different purposes, Ibn al-Haytham has studied the variations of a well-known function. The context of these applications reveals some characteristics of Ibn al-Haytham's mathematical and physical thought. An in-depth study of his mathematical proofs of monotony show how close he was from an elaborate concept of the continuous.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"42 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87530514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE LOGIC OF AVICENNA BETWEEN AL-QIYĀS AND MANṬIQ AL-MAŠRIQIYYĪN","authors":"Saloua Chatti","doi":"10.1017/S0957423918000115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423918000115","url":null,"abstract":"Avicenna's logic is presented in many treatises, of which the most important is Al-Qiyās (Prior analytics), which is included in his encyclopaedic book Al-Šifā’. But the treatise entitled Manṭiq al-mašriqiyyīn is said to express Avicenna's own logic by some commentators. One can thus ask: is this treatise in conflict with Al-Qiyās and the other logical writings? In this paper, we will answer this question by comparing Avicenna's analyses of the absolute – i. e. non modal – propositions. We will show that there is no radical difference between both treatises in this respect, since most conditions added to the absolute propositions in Al-Qiyās can be found in Manṭiq al-mašriqiyyīn. These conditions are: (1) “as long as S exists”, (2) “as long as it is S”, (3) “as long as it is P”, (4) “at some times”, (5) “at one determined time”, (6) “sometimes but not permanently”. In Manṭiq al-mašriqiyyīn, the ḍarūrīya contains (1), the lāzima contains (2), the muntašira contains (4), the mafrūḍa contains (5), the wujūdiyya contains (6), but (3) is abandoned. The waqtiyya was evoked in Al-Qiyās, although not classified. So the temporal analysis initiated in Al-Qiyās is pursued and developed in Manṭiq al-mašriqiyyīn, even if in the latter it is sometimes confused.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77356533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE SOUL OF, THE SOUL IN ITSELF, AND THE FLYING MAN EXPERIMENT","authors":"Tommaso Alpina","doi":"10.1017/S0957423918000024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0957423918000024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In Avicenna's Nafs there are two investigations that run in parallel from its very beginning: (a) the investigation of the soul as a relational entity, always considered in connection with the body, and (b) that of the human soul in itself. Both investigations aim at ascertaining the existence and the essence of the soul, in relation to the body, of which it is the soul, and in itself respectively. The aim of this contribution is to reconstruct the phases of these investigations, in order to single out the way in which they are mutually related to each other, and to detect what acts as an indicator of the transition from the first, more general investigation to the second, more specific one. In my reconstruction, this role is assigned to the Flying Man experiment. In order to corroborate this interpretation, passages from three other Avicennian works (Ḥikma mašriqiyya or al-Mašriqiyyūn, Kitāb al-Išārāt wa-l-Tanbīhāt, and Risāla Aḍḥawiyya fī l-ma‘ād) are taken into account, since they contain the three other attested formulations of the Flying Man experiment, and an argumentative move similar to the one detectable in the Nafs. Résumé Il y a, dans le Nafs d'Avicenne, deux enquêtes cheminant dès le début en parallèle : (a) celle sur l’âme comme entité relationnelle, toujours considérée dans sa connexion avec le corps, et (b) celle sur l’âme humaine en elle-même. Les deux enquêtes visent à établir l'existence et l'essence de l’âme, respectivement en relation au corps dont elle est l’âme et en soi-même. Le but de cette contribution est de reconstruire les étapes de ces enquêtes, afin de mettre en relief leur relation mutuelle, et d'identifier ce qui fait office d'indicateur permettant de localiser la transition de la première enquête, plus générale, à la seconde, plus spécifique. Selon la reconstitution ici présentée, ce rôle peut être attribué à l'expérience de l’homme volant. Afin de corroborer cette interprétation, on prendra en considération trois autres ouvrages d'Avicenne (Ḥikmamašriqiyya ou al-Mašriqiyyūn, Kitāb al-Išārāt wa-l-Tanbīhāt et Risāla Aḍḥawiyya fī l-ma‘ād), ceux-ci contenant les trois autres formulations attestées de l’homme volant, ainsi qu'un mouvement argumentatif similaire à celui que l'on peut reconstituer dans le Nafs.","PeriodicalId":43433,"journal":{"name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"7 1","pages":"187 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2018-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81891559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}