Solar Energy最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of thermal performance and drying kinetics of indirect solar drying under natural and forced convection","authors":"S. Madhankumar ,&nbsp;Veera Reddy Aduru ,&nbsp;V.R. Lenin ,&nbsp;V. Suresh Kannan ,&nbsp;Akhilesh Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;N.V.S. Swamy Chinamilli","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar drying offers an effective and sustainable method for preserving agricultural products, particularly in regions with limited access to conventional energy. This study evaluates the performance of an Indirect-Type Solar Dryer (ITSD) for drying Bitter Gourd Slices (BGS), comparing natural and forced convection modes. The ITSD system comprises a V-grooved absorber solar collector, aluminium-finned paraffin wax as thermal storage, a drying chamber, and a blower operating at 0.064 kg/s for forced convection. Natural convection airflow ranged from 0.019 to 0.033 kg/s. Key performance indicators, including collector and dryer efficiencies, drying kinetics, Specific Energy Consumption (SEC), and Specific Moisture Extraction Rate (SMER), were experimentally analyzed. Mathematical modelling was applied to describe and predict the drying behaviour of BGS, offering insight into moisture removal dynamics. The average exit air temperature from the collector was 40.33 °C for natural convection and 38.76 °C for forced convection, with a higher temperature in natural convection due to lower airflow. Moisture content was reduced from 92 % to 12 % (wet basis) in 15 h under natural convection and in 12 h under forced convection. System efficiencies averaged 18.13 % and 19.35 % for natural and forced modes, respectively. SEC and SMER were 12.22 kW-h/kg and 0.084 kg/kW-h for natural, and 13.14 kW-h/kg and 0.079 kg/kW-h for forced convection. Despite higher air temperature in natural convection, forced convection demonstrated superior overall drying performance and is thus recommended for food processing applications where controlled and uniform drying is essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 113767"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A potential building heating strategy integrating solar radiation absorption and thermal energy storage","authors":"Qiangqiang Xiao ,&nbsp;Mengqian Wang ,&nbsp;Hongda Tang ,&nbsp;Hongli Guo ,&nbsp;Ndzondelelo Bingwa ,&nbsp;Shijie Li ,&nbsp;Guoning Li ,&nbsp;Hui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building heating accounts for a substantial portion of energy consumption, leading to significant carbon emission. This study presents a promising heating strategy that integrates solar radiation absorption with thermal energy storage using phase change materials (PCMs), significantly enhancing indoor thermal comfort while reducing energy consumption. A composite PCM comprised of CaCl₂·6H₂O and expanded graphite was developed to achieve these goals, offering excellent thermal storage properties and a solar absorptance up to 91.4 %, allowing it to efficiently capture solar radiation. The composite PCM was formed into plate structures and incorporated into building walls with the aim of evaluating its thermal performance. Experimental findings show that the composite PCM plate, with a thickness 10 mm and installed on the southern wall of the test chamber, achieved a duration of thermal comfort (DTC) of 4.06 h—414 % longer than the reference chamber, which only achieved 0.79 h. Numerical simulations further optimized the design, revealing that a 25 mm thick PCM plate, paired with a 60° south-by-east building orientation, provided optimal performance. It achieved a DTC of 13.5 h, which is 233 % longer than the 10 mm thick PCM plate. Moreover, this optimized design ensures that the indoor temperature reaches a comfortable level by 10:00 AM. This study highlights the potential of PCM-based solar heating systems to reduce energy consumption and provides a sustainable solution for building heating in cold climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 113762"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silver and sodium incorporation into wide bandgap CZTS absorbers on transparent back electrodes and their application in kesterite/c-silicon tandem solar cells: Experiments and simulations","authors":"Naoufal Ennouhi ,&nbsp;Yassine Chouimi ,&nbsp;Noureddine Ben Afkir ,&nbsp;Abdeljalile Er-rfyg ,&nbsp;Sanaa Ammari ,&nbsp;Massaab El Ydrissi ,&nbsp;Zouheir Sekkat","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, kesterite solar cells have emerged as a promising candidate for integration as top subcells in tandem structures with silicon solar cells. Nevertheless, the production of high-quality kesterite absorbers on transparent substrates has remained a significant challenge. In this study, the combination of silver (Ag) alloying and sodium (Na) doping was employed to enhance the properties of copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) absorbers developed on FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) back electrodes using the sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction demonstrated a notable enhancement in the crystallinity and phase composition of the kesterite materials with the introduction of silver. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy indicated a more organized matrix with a considerable reduction in Cu/Zn disorder and CuZn defect density in the kesterite materials following the incorporation of silver. Optical analysis exhibited a slight increase in the kesterite optical bandgap from 1.53 to 1.57 eV due to the presence of silver atoms. A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) optical simulation was conducted using realistic optical inputs to calculate the transmitted light from the FTO/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/ITO solar structure. Subsequently, the performance of a well-established c-Si bottom subcell (with state-of-the-art efficiency) under calculated transmission was evaluated using the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) for electrical simulation. The simulated tandem device achieved an efficiency of 14.5 %, which is lower than that of a crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell under AM1.5 due to lower transmittance. This resulted in only 6 % efficiency from c-Si in the tandem configuration, in addition to the lower electrical performance of the kesterite top subcell with only 7.8 % efficiency. These findings suggest that incorporating silver represents a promising approach to enhancing the properties of kesterite materials on transparent back electrodes. However, further optical improvements are necessary to fully realize the potential of kesterite materials for tandem applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 113751"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144569835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization research on hot spot effect algorithm of PV module based on MPPT control – Taking the main building of a university in Kunming as an example","authors":"Ying Li ,&nbsp;Zihao Ni ,&nbsp;Shuang Wang ,&nbsp;Huihu Shao ,&nbsp;Yong Chen ,&nbsp;Fashe Li ,&nbsp;Hua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems, as a type of distributed PV, is limited by the roof area, and it is important to perform geometric layout optimization to enhance economic efficiency. In this study, we proposed a strategy of controllable shadow occlusion to optimize the layout scheme of PV panels, aiming to maximize the net income of power generation and use the algorithm to optimize the hot spot problem of PV modules. The results show when the local shading is 4/16 S, PV panels exhibit optimal economic performance when installed at 24°. Compared to the original layout scheme, the 25-year total power generated by the PV system increased by 31.42 %, and net income increased to 0.9495 million yuan from 0.8116 million yuan. Based on the optimal layout scheme, the grey wolf optimization algorithm combined with Logistic chaotic sequence (LGWO) is employed to optimize the issue of power transmission efficiency instability and hot spots in the PV system caused by partial shading. LGWO demonstrates better performance in terms of power tracking efficiency and time, which can avoid a local optimal solution, compared to the cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) and the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). The averaged tracking time is increased by 0.85 s and 1.04 s, and the efficiency is increased by 0.22 % and 0.07 %. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Therefore, this study provides a feasible approach for optimizing the layout of rooftop PV and ensuring the efficient and stable operation of PV cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 113763"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144569870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface albedo evaluation in an arid-region photovoltaic power plant through field spectral radiometry and explainable machine learning","authors":"Xiaoqing Gao ,&nbsp;Jiang Ying ,&nbsp;Zhimin Yang ,&nbsp;Yi Liu ,&nbsp;Junxia Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhenchao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As research on photovoltaic (PV)-induced climate effects continues to deepen, numerical simulation has become an essential approach. However, existing parameterization schemes remain limited, particularly in the representation of surface albedo. To address this gap, this study investigates the characteristics of spectral radiation and surface albedo variations based on observational data from April to August 2020 at a PV-Gobi composite surface in Wujiaqu, Xinjiang. The results demonstrate that the incident solar radiation exhibits a spectral hierarchy of near-infrared (NIR) &gt; visible (VIS) &gt; ultraviolet (UV), with respective contributions of 57.4 %, 38.4 %, and 4.1 % to the total shortwave radiation. All spectral bands showed synchronized fluctuations driven by weather processes. The albedo of the PV-Gobi composite surface was significantly lower than that of natural gobi terrain, with weighted mean values of 0.139 (global radiation, GR), 0.148 (NIR), 0.130 (VIS), and 0.081 (UV). Machine learning-based interpretation identified solar elevation angle (θ), relative humidity (RH), and photovoltaic module temperature (PT) as the dominant drivers of albedo dynamics. A parameterization model incorporating these three factors achieved high accuracy across weather scenarios and seasonal transitions, providing a multi-mechanism coupled framework to optimize PV albedo representation in geophysical models for simulating PV power plant-climate interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 113761"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing UV light stability in commercial silicon HJT solar cells and modules","authors":"Shehroz Razzaq ,&nbsp;Liu Wei ,&nbsp;Ruyi Jiao ,&nbsp;Cheng Cheng ,&nbsp;Hu Yuting ,&nbsp;Liu Lin ,&nbsp;Yang Po-Chuan ,&nbsp;Ali Asghar ,&nbsp;Chaogang Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silicon heterojunction thin film solar cells are sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. SIMS analysis shows that UV light ≈ 365 nm disassociates Si-H bonds, resulting in hydrogen migration away from the a-Si:H/c-Si interface and the formation of metastable defects. These defects contribute to a degradation in V_oc and FF, ultimately reducing overall solar cell efficiency (ƞ). To mitigate this effect, the lower UV-damaged continuous PECVD process is developed by optimizing the hydrogen content to 33 % for <span><math><msub><mi>i</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math></span> (a-SiO_x:H) and 25 % for <span><math><msub><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span>(a-Si:H). As a result, the effective carrier lifetime inclines to ≈ 3.6  ms and reduces the UV-induced degradation (UVID) from 1.59 % to 0.71 %. Furthermore, a comprehensive correlation between UV power, exposure time, and temperature has been established. The longer UV duration and higher UV intensity exacerbate UVID, whereas higher temperatures can mitigate UVID in Si HJT solar cells. Even when the UV power is set to 100 % no UVID occurs at temperatures ≈ 110 °C and beyond. This finding suggests that Si HJT solar cells and modules exhibit long-term stability making them particularly well-suited for high-temperature environments. The high-intensity light soaking recovery treatment (60suns) is applied to restore the efficiency of HJT solar cells after short and prolonged UV exposure. The ƞ can be fully recovered after short-term UV exposure UV 6 kWh/m², 12 kWh/m², and UV 20 kWh/m². In contrast, cells cannot be fully recovered after prolonged UV exposure to 60 kWh/m² and 80 kWh/m², even after multiple LS treatments. To further enhance the UV resistance the HJT cells are encapsulated with UV-cut EVA films to form modules. The UV-cut encapsulated modules exhibit superior resistance under UV 20 kWh/m², 40 kWh/m², 60 kWh/m², and 80 kWh/m². This study advances the understanding of the UVID mechanism in HJT cells and proposes a viable mitigation strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"298 ","pages":"Article 113735"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Non-Imaging CPVT systems designed based on axial tilt acceptance angle: experimental study and response surface methodology","authors":"Abid Ustaoglu ,&nbsp;Mehmet Onur Karaagac ,&nbsp;Bilal Kursuncu ,&nbsp;Hakan Buyukpatpat ,&nbsp;Şuheda Kaltakkıran ,&nbsp;Junnosuke Okajima","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel approach by designing and evaluating non-imaging concentrators, including V-trough, compound parabolic (CPC), and compound hyperbolic (CHC) concentrators optimized with the Earth’s axial tilt acceptance angle to enhance solar energy utilization. Thermal and electrical performances and exergy-based performance evaluations were experimentally analyzed to calculate useful energy production. Annual performance metrics and payback periods were assessed. Additionally, optimization analyses using response surface methods were conducted to examine interactions among operating parameters. The CPC system achieved the highest thermal and electrical performance, with an overall efficiency of 77.69 % and annual energy production of 103.23 kWh at a 300 ml/min flow rate. However, its higher initial cost extended the payback period to 7.31 years. In contrast, the V-trough system excelled in electricity generation, producing 77.72 kWh annually and demonstrating the minimum return on investment in 5.82 years. The CHC system showed significant efficiency improvements with increased flow rates, with an annual energy production of 81.94 kWh and a payback period of 6.77 years, while it was less effective under low solar radiation conditions. Results highlight the CPC’s superior thermal performance, particularly under low radiation, while the V-trough demonstrated stability and economic viability. The findings highlight the importance of temperature management and flow rate optimization in enhancing CPVT system efficiency and longevity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"298 ","pages":"Article 113753"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effective graphene-based 2D solar evaporator for high-efficiency water purification and desalination","authors":"Q.T. Tran,&nbsp;I.A. Mikhailova","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the design and optimization of a two-dimensional solar evaporator utilizing nonwoven cotton material modified with graphene flakes. The system demonstrates high energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness (∼1.4 $·m⁻²), making it a promising candidate for water purification and desalination. An optimal graphene flake concentration within the evaporation zone was identified, directly correlating with maximal evaporation rates and photothermal conversion efficiency. Experiments with distilled water showed a peak evaporation rate of ∼ 1.9 kg/(m²·h) and an efficiency reaching 97 %. Notably, under solar radiation densities up to 2000 W/m², the evaporator exhibited negligible optical losses, confirming effective photothermal conversion. A mathematical model characterizing mass transfer from the evaporator surface was developed, enabling evaluation of factors influencing vaporization and guiding system design. Continuous 8-hour desalination testing with a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution yielded an average vapor generation rate of 1.4 kg/(m²·h) with 70 % efficiency. Performance reduction was attributed to salt crystallization obstructing active zones and increasing optical losses. This highlights the need for strategies to mitigate salt accumulation and sustain high efficiency. Additionally, a model of salt ion transport was developed, accurately predicting accumulation patterns within the vaporization zone. The experimental methodologies and numerical models presented offer a refined approach to assessing photothermal conversion efficiency in interfacial solar vapor generation and provide valuable insights for optimizing future devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"298 ","pages":"Article 113736"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar drying of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa): A comprehensive review","authors":"Bhirendra Kumar,&nbsp;Sewan Das Patle,&nbsp;Satish Kumar Dewangan","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ginger (<em>Zingiber officinale</em>) and turmeric (<em>Curcuma longa</em>) are widely recognized for their significant medicinal value, primarily due to their bioactive compounds, gingerol and curcumin. Preserving these compounds during post-harvest processing is crucial for maintaining their therapeutic efficacy. Among various techniques, solar drying emerges as a sustainable and energy-efficient method for processing these herbs, particularly in regions with abundant solar radiation. This review explores the potential of solar drying methods in enhancing the quality and stability of dried ginger and turmeric, emphasizing the role of key parameters such as temperature, airflow, and humidity in influencing drying performance and compound retention. Different solar dryer configurations, direct, indirect, mixed-mode, and hybrid systems, are critically analyzed for their effectiveness in achieving consistent drying while minimizing nutrient degradation. The environmental and economic advantages of solar drying, such as reduced energy consumption and operational costs, are also highlighted. A major focus is placed on the importance of drying kinetics and their relationship with product quality, shelf life, and market value. Despite the growing adoption of solar drying, there remains a gap in systematically optimizing drying technologies tailored specifically to preserve bioactive compounds in medicinal herbs. The novelty of this review lies in its integrative approach to correlating solar dryer design with compound stability, offering a framework for future innovations in sustainable herb processing. It advocates for research that bridges engineering advances with phytochemical preservation, enabling a new paradigm in green, value-added post-harvest handling of medicinal plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"299 ","pages":"Article 113748"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling thermal stress-induced trap-assisted tunneling in POLO junctions and its impact on TOPCon solar cells","authors":"Bo Hu ,&nbsp;Jianjing Li ,&nbsp;Shihuang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In POLO junctions and TOPCon solar cells with oxide layers thicker than <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>nm</mi></mrow></math></span>, pinhole-mediated transport has widely been regarded as the dominant charge transport mechanism. However, high-temperature annealing processes not only generate pinholes in the oxide layer but also introduce additional defects, which can significantly influence charge transport. This study theoretically investigates the impact of thermal stress-induced trap-assisted tunneling on charge transport mechanisms within POLO junctions and TOPCon solar cells. By quantitatively comparing simulated I–V characteristics with previously reported experimental data, we show that when TAT is regarded as the primary charge transport mechanism, the simulated dark I–V characteristics of POLO junctions with <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>8</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>nm</mi></mrow></math></span> oxide layers closely match experimental observations. This highlights the critical role of TAT as a significant charge transport pathway in POLO junctions with thick tunneling oxides. Moreover, in cases where pinhole density is relatively low, TAT can even become the dominant transport mechanism. Numerical simulations under illumination further demonstrate that incorporating TAT provides a reasonable explanation for the experimentally observed relatively high fill factor and power conversion efficiency in TOPCon solar cells with thick oxides. These findings emphasize the importance of TAT in understanding and optimizing the performance of POLO junctions and TOPCon solar cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"298 ","pages":"Article 113700"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}