Solar Energy最新文献_第6页

Amplitude-dependent analyses on nonlinear flutter performance of single-axis solar trackers 单轴太阳跟踪器非线性颤振性能的幅值依赖性分析

IF 6 2区工程技术

Solar Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114381

Qiaofei Wu , Xingang Wang , Jia He , Zhengqing Chen , Xugang Hua

{"title":"Amplitude-dependent analyses on nonlinear flutter performance of single-axis solar trackers","authors":"Qiaofei Wu , Xingang Wang , Jia He , Zhengqing Chen , Xugang Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2026.114381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2026.114381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The single-axis solar tracking systems are vulnerable to excessive vibration caused by strong wind. To investigate the aerodynamic stability of these structures, sectional-model wind tunnel tests and the corresponding computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are conducted in this study. The nonlinearity of flutter performance and amplitude-dependent phenomena are found and discussed in details. As the vibrational amplitude increases, the negative aerodynamic damping gradually decreases. A steady limit cycle oscillation (LCO) can be observed when the damping ratio of the system reaches zero. Moreover, spectral analyses show that the contribution of higher-order harmonic components becomes large as the wind speed increases. It can be also found that the vibrational frequency of structural model decreases as the rotational amplitude increases. The influence of structural natural frequency, structural damping ratio and turbulence intensity on flutter critical wind speed is discussed based on CFD simulation results. It is found that the former plays a more important role in affecting the flutter critical wind speed, as compared with the latter two. The findings presented in this study can provide valuable reference for optimizing the design of photovoltaic (PV) modules and improving their aerodynamic stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 114381"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Health diagnosis of PV inverter cooling systems based on temperature rise characteristics 基于温升特性的光伏逆变器冷却系统健康诊断

IF 6 2区工程技术

Solar Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114075

Qiwei Song , Mingyao Ma , Weisheng Guo , Tingzhi Jiang , Nianan Pan

{"title":"Health diagnosis of PV inverter cooling systems based on temperature rise characteristics","authors":"Qiwei Song , Mingyao Ma , Weisheng Guo , Tingzhi Jiang , Nianan Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blockage in air ducts of high-power photovoltaic (PV) inverters reduces cooling efficiency, raises component temperatures, and may cause system failure. An effective online diagnosis is essential. However, due to the complexity of high-power inverter cooling systems, studies on multi-location blockage diagnosis in multi-duct configurations are still limited. Based on the thermal stress concentration characteristics in the high-power range, this paper proposes a system-level blockage diagnosis method for high-power PV inverters with multi-duct structures. Steady-state temperature rise and output power at multiple key temperature points are used as diagnostic indicators. Furthermore, a dual-windows filtering strategy combined with the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) is introduced to extract steady-state temperature rise from transient data under non-constant power conditions. In addition, an adaptive threshold updating mechanism and an ambient temperature compensation model, designed based on typical blockage scenarios, are introduced to enhance adaptability to seasonal and environmental changes. Experimental validation on three different types of PV inverters demonstrates that the proposed method can accurately identify the locations and levels of blockage in multi-duct cooling systems, providing a practical solution for cooling system health monitoring in high-power PV inverters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 114075"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wireless control in commercial concentrated solar power fields 商用聚光太阳能电站的无线控制

IF 6 2区工程技术

Solar Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114289

Md Sadman Siraj, Aisha B Rahman, Eirini Eleni Tsiropoulou

{"title":"Wireless control in commercial concentrated solar power fields","authors":"Md Sadman Siraj, Aisha B Rahman, Eirini Eleni Tsiropoulou","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology plays a critical role in reducing energy costs and advancing the global transition to the renewable energy by efficiently harnessing the sunlight for large-scale power generation. Traditional CSP fields mainly rely on costly wired communication networks to control the heliostats in a real-time manner. The wired technologies, though reliable, are characterized by high installation and maintenance cost which prohibits the adoption of the CSP technology for large-scale deployments. This paper introduces a robust wireless control system designed for commercial-scale CSP fields to address these challenges. The first wireless channel model tailored to CSP environments is introduced based on real measurements collected from the National Solar Thermal Test Facility in the United States. The proposed wireless control system consists of an intelligent segmentation mechanism, a clustering approach to mitigate interference, and a dynamic routing mechanism to guarantee the ultra-reliable low-latency communication of the heliostats with the central station. Experimental results demonstrate the system’s ability to meet the stringent latency requirements (250 ms for closed-loop autocalibration and 2 s for non-closed-loop operations), while significantly reducing costs. The proposed wireless control system is validated on a 44,710-heliostat CSP field to quantify its scalability, reliability, and adaptability to environmental variations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"306 ","pages":"Article 114289"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Advances in Trombe wall performance challenges, photovoltaic shading schemes, phase change material, and composite enhancements Trombe墙性能挑战的进展，光伏遮阳方案，相变材料和复合增强

IF 6 2区工程技术

Solar Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114277

Ahmad A. Tareemi

{"title":"Advances in Trombe wall performance challenges, photovoltaic shading schemes, phase change material, and composite enhancements","authors":"Ahmad A. Tareemi","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review examines recent advances in Trombe wall (TW) technology with particular attention to configurations that integrate photovoltaic (PV) modules, ventilated/Trombe variants, and phase change materials (PCMs). In contrast to earlier reviews that considered TWs mainly as winter passive-heating devices, the present work classifies the literature by target function (space heating, overheating mitigation/summer ventilation, and hybrid year-round use), by performance-improvement strategy (absorber/geometry modification, airflow intensification, dual-cavity layouts, PCM layering, PV shading/cooling), and by modelling route (building energy simulation tools such as TRNSYS and Energy Plus, CFD-based airflow/thermal models, and experimentally validated hybrid approaches). Across the reviewed studies, building-level applications reported CO<sub>2</sub> emission reductions of 7–8 t CO<sub>2</sub> per building per year when TW systems were used to displace conventional HVAC operations. The review further shows that PV-assisted TWs can simultaneously lower glazing heat gains, generate electricity, and improve summer comfort when combined with PCM or ventilated channels, while PCM-TW configurations are especially effective in extending the heating period and shifting peak loads. A recurring finding is that thermal performance is highly sensitive to air–gap design, vent control, and wall orientation, all of which must be tailored to the local climate. The paper also highlights current gaps, including the limited integration of PV-TW cooling with whole-building control, non-unified criteria for PCM selection for winter versus summer operation, and the relatively few studies that use fully coupled BES–CFD frameworks to optimize air-channel geometry. These gaps define clear directions for future work toward climate-adaptive, experimentally validated, and simulation-supported TW design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"306 ","pages":"Article 114277"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of directional light-management on the incidence angle modifier and energy yield in photovoltaic modules 定向光管理对光伏组件入射角修正器和能量产生的影响

IF 6 2区工程技术

Solar Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114306

Chao Zhang , Hualong Fan , Siping Wang , Lei Zhang , Zehua Sun , Cong Tang , Xiaobao Shen , Hang Li , Chen Xiang , Yinan Qiao , Guoqiang Xing , Jian Yu

{"title":"Impact of directional light-management on the incidence angle modifier and energy yield in photovoltaic modules","authors":"Chao Zhang , Hualong Fan , Siping Wang , Lei Zhang , Zehua Sun , Cong Tang , Xiaobao Shen , Hang Li , Chen Xiang , Yinan Qiao , Guoqiang Xing , Jian Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional photovoltaic (PV) modules lose approximately 1–2% of active area due to inactive gaps. Directional light-management technologies redirect incident light toward active regions, enhancing the utilization of irradiance. Structured reflective film strips (RFS) are widely adopted in the PV industry; however, they induce anisotropy in the Incident Angle Modifier (IAM), which cannot be reliably capture by current standardized tests. To analyze this effect, three-dimensional ray-tracing simulations were conducted, revealing a pronounced dependence of irradiance gain on incidence angle and confirming anisotropic enhancement. Under Yancheng’s irradiance distribution, theoretical calculations indicated that the 90° RFS modules achieved approximately 0.25% higher power output than the 45° modules due to anisotropic IAM behavior. Outdoor field tests using identical-cell modules confirmed this result, with the 90° module achieving 0.26% higher output, consistent with theory. An economic assessment indicated that replacing RFS from 45° to 90° would increase annual revenue by approximately 250,000 USD per GW in Yancheng, China. This study confirms the anisotropic IAM effect of directional light management and underscores its importance in structural optimization. Moreover, a validated three-dimensional (3D) ray-tracing framework is presented as a reliable tool for assessing anisotropic IAM, offering methodological and practical guidance for PV module design and deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"306 ","pages":"Article 114306"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Energy and exergy analyses of the solar vortex engine 太阳涡旋发动机的能量和火用分析

IF 6 2区工程技术

Solar Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114294

Ali M. Tukkee , Hussain H. Al-Kayiem , Syed I.U. Gilani

{"title":"Energy and exergy analyses of the solar vortex engine","authors":"Ali M. Tukkee , Hussain H. Al-Kayiem , Syed I.U. Gilani","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The solar vortex engine (SVE) is a recently proposed solar power generation technology. It represents an alternative to the solar chimney power plant, in which the SVE is unlimited by the challenges imposed by the high physical chimney structure. However, a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of the SVE’s components was not conducted. In this study, energy and exergy analyses are performed on the SVE to evaluate the system’s performance and identify the components with the highest exergy losses. Mathematical models were developed for each part of the SVE, which enabled the evaluation of the different energy and exergy components, efficiencies, and the exergy destruction at each part of the plant. The results of the study showed that the input exergy of solar radiation is 93 % of the energy input. Nevertheless, 92.3 % of the exergy is lost at the absorptive surface of the solar collector, which makes it the dominant contributor to exergy losses. Similar to the solar chimney power plant, the SVE exhibits an extremely low energy conversion efficiency, calculated as 0.00009 % at 12:00 PM. However, the second law efficiency showed that a much higher value of 0.006 % is achievable under reversible conditions. High values of exergetic improvement potential were identified across all the components of the SVE, which indicates that the system’s performance can be improved significantly if exergy losses are minimized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"306 ","pages":"Article 114294"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145882711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInSe quantum dots and modification of stoichiometry for effective application in quantum-dot sensitized solar cells 锌锌硒量子点的水溶合成及其在量子点敏化太阳能电池中的应用

IF 6 2区工程技术

Solar Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114280

Sana Alejaber, Maziar Marandi

{"title":"Facile aqueous synthesis of ZnCuInSe quantum dots and modification of stoichiometry for effective application in quantum-dot sensitized solar cells","authors":"Sana Alejaber, Maziar Marandi","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alloyed quantum dots have garnered significant attention due to their tunable optoelectronic properties. In this research quaternary ZnCuInSe alloyed quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized through a novel controlled chemical precipitation method in an aqueous solution due to the low costs and ease of fabrication. The Cu/In molar ratio was mainly altered in a wide range to achieve ZnCuInSe QDs which are fully-optimized for application as light absorbing components in quantum dots sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). Several characterizations were carried out and shown that the Cu/In molar ratio of 0.16 created the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.47 %. This efficiency was just gained with utilization of ZnCuInSe QDs as light sensitizers in the photoanode structure. In continue, the synthesis and reflux time were changed in possible area for the pre-optimized stoichiometric ratio of light absorbing QDs. It was demonstrated that ZnCuInSe nanoparticles synthesized at 3 h of reflux time in 95 °C could reveal the photovoltaic parameters of J<sub>sc</sub> = 20.93 mA. Cm<sup>−2</sup>, V<sub>oc</sub> = 0.546 V, FF = 0.59 and PCE = 5.36 %. These improvements were finally justified due to the higher light harvesting efficiency and higher electron-hole lifetime which were measured within the pioneer cell.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"306 ","pages":"Article 114280"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145882716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanical Characteristic of Glass-Glass Photovoltaic Module and Its Wind-Induced Damage Mechanism 玻璃-玻璃光伏组件的力学特性及其风致损伤机理

IF 6 2区工程技术

Solar Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114291

Haiwei Xu , Guanhao Hong , Linyuan Shao , Fuyou Xu , Wenjuan Lou

{"title":"Mechanical Characteristic of Glass-Glass Photovoltaic Module and Its Wind-Induced Damage Mechanism","authors":"Haiwei Xu , Guanhao Hong , Linyuan Shao , Fuyou Xu , Wenjuan Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a clean and renewable energy, photovoltaic (PV) power generation has experienced a rapid growth in recent years. However, insufficient understanding of the mechanical properties of PV modules has introduced significant uncertainties into the structural design of PV power plants, posing potential risks for wind-induced failures. To address this issue, this study investigated the mechanical behavior and failure modes of widely used glass-glass PV modules under different loading conditions through mechanical testing and numerical simulations. The mechanical characteristics and failure modes of the module under concentrated loading, uniformly distributed loading, and torsional loading were presented, and an equivalent finite element model for the modules was proposed and validated based on the test results. Furthermore, the critical wind speeds for different failure modes of studied PV modules were evaluated and the potential cause for a recent typhoon damage of PV plants in China was revealed. The results show that under concentrated loading, the glass-glass PV modules primarily experience glass failure, whereas under uniform and torsional loading conditions, connection failure at the clamp occurs before the failure of the module itself. Microcracks in the silicon solar cells will not appear before glass or connection failure. Given the high risk of connection failure under strong wind events, the integrity of the connection between photovoltaic modules and supporting structures needs to be enhanced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"306 ","pages":"Article 114291"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145847596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Risk-averse energy management of photovoltaic-hydro hybrid systems based on closed-loop forecasting and decision approach 基于闭环预测与决策方法的光伏-水电混合系统规避风险能量管理

IF 6 2区工程技术

Solar Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114310

Fanqian Liu , Qingping Zhou , Lu Chen , Jiangyan Zhao , Zhiyuan Leng

{"title":"Risk-averse energy management of photovoltaic-hydro hybrid systems based on closed-loop forecasting and decision approach","authors":"Fanqian Liu , Qingping Zhou , Lu Chen , Jiangyan Zhao , Zhiyuan Leng","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Short-term dispatch of photovoltaic (PV)-hydro hybrid systems (PHHSs) typically formulates the PV prediction intervals and determines generation and reserve dispatch plans in sequence. In this paradigm, the prediction intervals focus on statistical quality but fail to account for the operational costs and risks they impose on the dispatch process. This poses challenges to the safe and stable operation of hydropower units. The study introduces a closed-loop forecast and decision framework for the risk-averse dispatch of the PHHS. First, a dynamic interval forecasting model is designed to formulate the prediction intervals with time-varying quantile proportions. Second, a risk-averse dispatching model is established to minimize the adverse operating conditions and water consumption of hydropower units. Prediction intervals are integrated as chance constraints into the dispatching model and dispatch outcomes are fed back to update the time-varying quantile proportions. Then, a joint solution method combining orthogonal experimental design and two‐dimensional dynamic programming is proposed to effectively solve the co-optimization problem. A PHHS in the Yalong River basin, China, is employed as a case study. Compared with the forecast-then-decision approach, the proposed approach achieves a 2.38 % average reduction in water consumption and a 22.63% reduction in the frequency of adverse operating conditions of hydropower units, improving the economic performance and operational stability of the hydropower plant. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is more pronounced under high PV output and low inflow conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"306 ","pages":"Article 114310"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-interface optimization for high-performance electroplated copper electrodes in silicon heterojunction solar cells 硅异质结太阳能电池中高性能电镀铜电极的多界面优化

IF 6 2区工程技术

Solar Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114309

Chuan Li , Jing Zhang , Mengqi Wang , Jiacun Xu , Zebiao Liang , Feiyang Ni , Pochuan Yang , Ying Zhang , Tao Chen , Weiyan Wang , Shiwei Tang

{"title":"Multi-interface optimization for high-performance electroplated copper electrodes in silicon heterojunction solar cells","authors":"Chuan Li , Jing Zhang , Mengqi Wang , Jiacun Xu , Zebiao Liang , Feiyang Ni , Pochuan Yang , Ying Zhang , Tao Chen , Weiyan Wang , Shiwei Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper (Cu) electroplating is a promising alternative to low-temperature sintered silver pastes for metallizing silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. For practical implementation, it is critical to simplify seed layer processes and enhance the contact and adhesion of electroplated Cu grids. This study uses electroplated nickel (Ni) seed/Cu as a metal electrode for SHJ solar cells. The impacts of ITO/Ni and Ni/Cu interfaces on the contact and adhesion properties of ITO/Ni/Cu are systematically explored. It is shown that pretreatment with a surfactant-containing acidic solution effectively removes organic contaminants, enables uniform micro-etching of the oxygen vacancy-rich layer on the ITO surface, and promotes the formation of hydroxyl-rich ITO surface. These effects enable uniform Ni seed layer nucleation and growth, reducing defects in the Ni layer and minimizing imperfections in the Cu layer. Moreover, a defect-free ITO/Ni/Cu interface is attained when the thickness of the Ni layer is commensurate with the average height of pyramids, due to the complete coverage of the pyramids and the minimization of residual stress in the Ni film. As a result, the optimized electroplated Cu electrode displays enhanced electrical and mechanical contact features, with a volume resistivity of 1.75 μΩ•cm, a contact resistivity of 0.4 mΩ•cm<sup>2</sup>, and an adhesion strength of 1.25 N/mm. With these improvements, SHJ solar cells with the optimized electrodes achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.45 %, an absolute increase of 4.14 % over the reference device. This work demonstrates that multi-interface engineering is a viable strategy for high-performance, low-cost SHJ solar cell metallization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"306 ","pages":"Article 114309"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145922928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0