Solar Energy最新文献

{"title":"Novel stacking algorithm with feature extraction for photovoltaic fault classification","authors":"Maryam Parvin ,&nbsp;Hossein Yousefi ,&nbsp;Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global photovoltaic power capacity has grown exponentially over the last decade. However, certain technical, economic, and safety challenges should be addressed for photovoltaic power to become a sustainable solution for power generation. Photovoltaic system faults not only hinder the power generation capacity but also impose major safety hazards. In this study, a novel two-layer stacking algorithm is developed for classifying 9 distinct photovoltaic faults: open circuit, inter-string short circuit, intra-string short circuit, inter-string line-to-line, intra-string line-to-line, ground, diode, one panel shading, and two panel shading. Decision tree, support vector machine, Naïve Bayes, and k-nearest neighbour are employed as base learners. The first stacking layer uses adaptive boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and random forest as <em>meta</em>-learners, while random forest was implemented as the final-layer <em>meta</em>-learner. The algorithm achieved 95.2% overall accuracy in classifying 9 faults with calculated F1-scores ranging from 0.85 to 1 for individual faults. While ground, inter-string line to line, intra-string line to line, inter-string short circuit, and intra-string short circuit were the most challenging faults to classify due to having similar voltage-current characteristic curves, the developed algorithm yielded F1-scores of 0.88, 0.99, 0.99, 0.85, and 0.94, respectively. Accordingly, the developed algorithm is proposed for effective implementation in photovoltaic plants with the aim of covering a wide range of performance faults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 114270"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced photocatalytic and piezoelectric properties in SbNO/blue phosphorene heterostructures","authors":"Wen-Yi Li ,&nbsp;Yong-Xue Du ,&nbsp;Meng Zhou ,&nbsp;Jia-He Lin ,&nbsp;Tian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Relying on diverse assembly modes and controllability, two-dimensional (2D) materials can be constructed into heterostructures with excellent physical and chemical properties, demonstrating their potential as next-generation photocatalysts. In this work, we design a novel monolayer SbNO and construct its heterostructures with blue phosphorene. First-principles calculations demonstrate that monolayer SbNO exhibits excellent mechanical, dynamical, and thermal stabilities, and displays a considerable HSE06 band gap of approximately 2.86 eV. However, its band-edge alignment does not fulfill the necessary position requirements for overall water splitting, even when biaxial strain is applied. Subsequently, we systematically explore the SbNO/blue phosphorene heterostructures with various stacking sequences, and reveal the influences of the stacking orders on their electronic, optical, photocatalytic, and piezoelectric properties. All heterostructures exhibit Z-scheme band alignments, which promotes the spatial separation of photogenerated carriers. Compared to most 2D materials, these heterostructures exhibit stronger visible-light absorption, larger carrier mobilities, and super-high solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiencies (&gt;45 %). We confirm that the application of an external electric field and the significant out-of-plane piezoelectric effect both contribute to enhancing the photocatalytic activity of these heterostructures. Our findings not only demonstrate the potential of SbNO/blue phosphorene as highly efficient photocatalysts, but also provide new design principles for advanced 2D water-splitting materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 114226"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145697895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the performance of PV panels using water cooling system aided by ground source heat exchangers","authors":"Mohamed Hamam M. Tawfik ,&nbsp;Mahrousa M. Abdeltwab ,&nbsp;Hussein M. Maghrabie","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing the thermal management of photovoltaic (PV) systems is crucial for improving their electrical efficiency, prompting research into advanced cooling strategies, including a water cooling system aided by ground source heat exchangers. The aim of the present study is to experimentally examine the effects of water cooling integrated with ground source heat exchangers (GSHEs) buried in sand backfill material on the PV panel performance. Initially, the thermal conductivity of different backfill materials, e.g., sand, clay, and a 50 % sand–clay mixture by mass, is examined. The maximum thermal conductivity for sand, sand-clay mixture, and clay equals 0.134, 0.123, and 0.094 W/(m.K), respectively. Two similar PV panels are examined: a reference PV without a cooling system (PV-R) and a PV with a water cooling system integrated with ground source heat exchangers (PV-GSHE). Three GSHEs at different depths at 1, 2, and 3 m, named GSHE1, GSHE2, and GSHE3, respectively, with different water mass flow rates (<span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>m</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mi>w</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) are investigated. The results emphasize that PV-GSHE3 with α of 23° at the highest <span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>m</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mi>w</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> of 0.19 kg/s produces the highest electrical power <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>elec</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> output of 381.9 W, followed by 18° and 28°, which produce 369.4 W and 356.6 W. At <span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>m</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mi>w</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> of 0.19 kg/s, the highest <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>elec</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> of 381.9 W is yielded, followed by <span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>m</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mi>w</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> of 0.15 and 0.07 kg/s, which produce 378.4 and 346.7 W, respectively. The findings show that the best results are obtained with α of 23° for PV-GSHE3 with a <span><math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>m</mi><mo>̇</mo></mover><mi>w</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> of 0.19 kg/s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 114252"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perovskite film passivation with amino and fluorine containing small molecule for enhanced solar cell performance","authors":"Yaru Gao,&nbsp;Yaosen Wang,&nbsp;Cheng Chen,&nbsp;Ziyang Xia,&nbsp;Ziqi Zhao,&nbsp;Yi Tian,&nbsp;Ming Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical additives enhance the quality and crystallinity of perovskite (PVK) films by passivating defects at the charge transport interfaces, thus mitigating non-radiative recombination losses and further improving both the power conversion efficiency (PCE) along with operational stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, the organic small molecule <em>meta</em>-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzylamine (6FBzA-NH₂) was strategically incorporated into PSCs via the anti-solvent method as an interfacial passivation agent to optimize the perovskite/hole transport layer (HTL) interace. The synergistic coordination of amino (–NH₂) and trifluoromethyl (−CF₃) groups in 6FBzA-NH₂ with undercoordinated Pb²⁺ effectively mitigates surface defects, minimizing defect-mediated non-radiative recombination and improving interfacial charge extraction and transport dynamics. Consequently, 6FBzA-NH₂-treated devices achieved a peak PCE of 23.8%, representing a substantial improvement over the control devices (21.1%). Furthermore, the hydrophobic nature of the fluorine-rich moieties in 6FBzA-NH₂ endowed the unencapsulated devices with exceptional environmental stability, which retained 70.2% of their original efficiency following 750 h of exposure to ambient air (40–50% relative humidity). This enhanced stability, coupled with the efficiency gains, exemplifies the paramount importance of integrating stabilizing moieties into passivation molecules for developing durable and high-performance PSCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 114228"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supercontinuum laser-based absorptance measurement for materials in the solar spectral band","authors":"Jia Hongjia ,&nbsp;Wang Rongkai ,&nbsp;Lu Xiaofeng ,&nbsp;Zhao Yunlong ,&nbsp;Zhang Tingting ,&nbsp;An Baolin ,&nbsp;Dong Wei ,&nbsp;Li Xiuli ,&nbsp;Tao Zechao","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the issues of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in traditional absorptance measurements of solar materials, this study proposes a high-precision spectral absorptance measurement scheme based on a supercontinuum(SC) laser combined with integrating sphere reflectometry. By comparing source performance, analyzing calibration samples, and implementing aperture coefficient correction, stray light compensation, and laser drift correction, a measurement system covering the 500 nm–2200 nm spectral range was established. The SNR of the supercontinuum-laser-based system exceeds that of halogen-tungsten lamps by 2–3 orders of magnitude; At 50 % of maximum rated power, the laser-maintained signal stability (relative standard deviation, RSD) was ≤0.35 %; At room temperature, the measured absorptance of samples (Pyromark 2500 high-temperature paint and sandblasted aluminum plate) exhibited absolute deviations &lt; 0.03 from the reference values calibrated by the National Institute of Metrology of China (NIM) across the 500 nm–2000 nm spectral range. The expanded uncertainty (k = 2) for SiC spectral absorptance measurements was determined as 3.5 %, consistent with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reference data within experimental uncertainties. The experimental results demonstrate the measurement accuracy and operational reliability of the developed experimental system for absorptance characterization of solar energy materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 114229"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing heat stress tolerance in organic romaine lettuce using crystalline silicon and red, blue & green-colored thin film agrivoltaic systems","authors":"Uzair Jamil ,&nbsp;Joshua M. Pearce","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate destabilization is increasingly disrupting global agriculture. Agrivoltaics is an emerging solution to this challenge that simultaneously uses land for solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation and crop cultivation. This study investigates the performance of the heat sensitive crop of organic romaine lettuce under a broad range of agrivoltaic conditions outdoors alongside un-shaded controls. Twelve agrivoltaic configurations of varying crystalline silicon wafer-based and thin-film solar PV modules, differed in magnitude and spectra of light transmittance, shading patterns, and spatial coverage. During high-temperature stress conditions, the results show agrivoltaic treatments increased lettuce fresh weight by over 400% compared to unshaded control plants and by over 200% relative to the national average yield. Notably, 60% transparent colored thin-film PV modules and 44% transparent crystalline silicon-based PV modules delivered the highest productivity gains, underscoring the critical role of optimized shading intensity and spectral quality in promoting plant growth. Morphological traits such as plant height and leaf number exhibited strong positive correlations with biomass accumulation, validating the physiological benefits of partial shading and spectral filtering. The economic value of lettuce is roughly four times the value of agrivoltaic-generated electricity on equivalent land area. Overall, the results demonstrate that agrivoltaic systems can enhance romaine lettuce production during hot summers while simultaneously contributing to climate-smart agriculture and sustainable energy generation. If scaled to protect Canada’s entire lettuce crop, agrivoltaics would result in major emissions reductions as well with the total carbon dioxide emission reduction being between 2.5 Mt (thin-film PV) and 6.4 Mt (silicon PV).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 114215"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cu(In,Ga)Se2 mini-modules demonstrate damp heat stability exceeding 3000 h via advanced encapsulation and bias management","authors":"Dung Nakamoto ,&nbsp;Shogo Ishizuka ,&nbsp;Yukiko Kamikawa ,&nbsp;Jiro Nishinaga ,&nbsp;Yoshihiro Hishikawa ,&nbsp;Takayuki Negami ,&nbsp;Yu Kawano ,&nbsp;Shigehiro Ueno ,&nbsp;Taiki Takayama ,&nbsp;Takashi Minemoto","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGSe) solar cells have rapidly advanced over the past decade; however, achieving robust long-term stability is a crucial issue that needs to be solved for their commercial success. Due to the heavy weight and rigid limitation of traditional glass cover, the long-term reliability of photovoltaic modules employing non-glass cover materials is still being developed and investigated. This study comprehensively evaluates a high-barrier flexible encapsulation scheme under extended damp heat (DH) testing. Two CIGSe mini-modules underwent a 3600-hour test, with one was continuously biased near its voltage at the maximum power point (Vmpp) and the other was left under unbiased conditions. Remarkably, both mini-modules exceed the IEC 61215-2 standards, maintaining over 97 % of their efficiencies after over 3000 h of the DH test. Furthermore, the impact of the continuous electrical operation during the DH test is also investigated. The mini-module under Vmpp bias sustained high performance during prolonged DH exposure, but interruption of the bias voltage led to an efficiency decline, which can be reversible. This observation suggests the potential for bias-driven stabilization mechanisms at the material or interface level, necessitating further in-depth investigation to optimize operational protocols for enhanced long-term reliability of flexible CIGSe solar cells in DH environments. The effectiveness of the demonstrated encapsulation strategy provides a significant step toward realizing the full potential of flexible CIGSe technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 114254"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creating just agrivoltaic transitions for large-scale solar: a comparative multi criteria analysis","authors":"Uzair Jamil ,&nbsp;Nischala McDonnell ,&nbsp;Peter Davies ,&nbsp;Madeline Taylor ,&nbsp;Joshua M. Pearce","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agrivoltaics enables synergies between solar photovoltaics and agriculture, offering a dual solution to preserve agricultural activities while producing renewable electricity. Agrivoltaic systems promote agricultural, economic, social, and environmental outcomes, advancing Sustainable Development Goals SDG 2 (Zero Hunger); SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy); SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production); and (SDG 13 Climate Action). While the climate, technological, and agricultural productivity benefits of agrivoltaics are well understood, questions remain concerning its socio-technical opportunities and challenges as a catalyst for just transitions in both mature and emerging agrivoltaics jurisdictions. This study presents the first multi-criteria analysis (MCA)-based just transition assessment of agrivoltaics, providing a novel quantitative and socio-legal framework to evaluate its contribution to equitable energy transitions. Assessing the multifaceted contribution of agrivoltaics to climate, food, and energy security requires quantifying and evaluating benefits and risks to activate just transition-focused policy and legal reform. In turn this can enable the acceleration of socio-technical innovations to achieve landscape-level just agrivoltaics. The MCA framework is applied to three mature European agrivoltaic jurisdictions − Germany, Italy, and France − to guide emerging agrivoltaic practices in Alberta, Canada, and New South Wales, Australia. Applying quantitative and socio-legal functional comparative mixed methods MCA approach, the study provides a replicable framework to inform policy and regulatory design, highlighting opportunities to align agrivoltaic deployment with broader just transition objectives. The study findings offer actionable socio-legal insights for scaling agrivoltaics while embedding just transition principles, with broader implications for energy, climate, and agricultural policy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 114195"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An interpretable multi-site information selection and fusion method for short-term photovoltaic forecasting","authors":"Yunxiao Chen ,&nbsp;Chaojing Lin ,&nbsp;Pengzhao Wang ,&nbsp;Xueqin Tian ,&nbsp;Shaoli Zeng ,&nbsp;Hui Li ,&nbsp;Jinfu Liu ,&nbsp;Daren Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate short-term photovoltaic forecasting is of great significance for power system dispatch. To address the harm of insufficient or redundant input information to model accuracy in traditional methods, this paper proposes an interpretable multi-site information selection and fusion method. Firstly, through interpretable correlation analysis and information gain analysis, this paper studies contribution of the feature sequences under different time delays of each site to improving the forecasting accuracy. Based on the analysis of five indicators, the optimal length of each feature sequence is determined. Thirteen machine learning models are used for short-term PV forecasting, with the selected feature sequences as model inputs. The best-performing model achieves the MAE of 0.44786 MW, RMSE of 0.91715 MW, NMAE of 0.00976, NRMSE of 0.01873 and R² of 0.99348. Compared with the baseline method, it achieves a 41.75 % reduction in MAE/NMAE, a 30.54 % reduction in RMSE/NRMSE and a 0.71 % improvement of R². Meanwhile, the traditional forecasting method with single-site information sequences as inputs and the traditional forecasting methods with unfiltered multi-site information sequences are used as comparison groups. Through T-test, the significant superiority of the proposed method in model accuracy compared to two traditional methods is verified.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 114240"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An efficient genetic algorithm method to extend and upscale direct solar irradiance spectra measured with spectroradiometers","authors":"Gabriel López ,&nbsp;Benjamin Ivorra ,&nbsp;Pablo Ferrada ,&nbsp;Christian A. Gueymard","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work introduces a novel methodology for the extension and upscaling of direct solar irradiance spectra measured with spectroradiometers, using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to address the associated inverse problem. Acquiring accurate spectral data of solar irradiance is critical for various applications, including photovoltaic (PV) technology, environmental monitoring, and biotechnology. However, limitations in spectroradiometer instrumentation often restrict the availability of detailed spectral information. The proposed methodology specifically targets periods when the sun is unobscured by clouds, under which accurate retrievals and spectral extensions can be obtained irrespective of the cloudiness status of the rest of the sky. This approach leverages the SMARTS radiative transfer model to generate synthetic spectra under diverse atmospheric conditions and employs GAs to estimate key atmospheric parameters that align the simulated spectra with the observed measurements. Compared to traditional methods, the GA-based optimization significantly improves computational efficiency and estimation accuracy. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on selected narrow spectral ranges, this methodology utilizes full-spectrum (350–1050 nm) observations, enabling comprehensive spectral upscaling, improving spectroradiometer calibration, and offering a framework for benchmarking other algorithms. With median overall errors typically below 1–2 % in the validation range, it achieves a close match between optimized and actual spectra. The experimental validation of the method, based on more than 2000 observed spectra near Huelva, Spain demonstrates robust performance across varying local conditions, enabling the accurate determination of three key atmospheric quantities: aerosol optical depth, precipitable water, and the Ångström exponent. Application to real measurements further confirms the methodology’s potential in identifying calibration issues in spectroradiometers. This methodology offers a powerful tool for expanding spectral coverage in solar energy and related fields, with the added benefit of scalability to diverse geographic and atmospheric conditions. The developed approach facilitates accurate solar irradiance modeling and has promising implications for advancing PV efficiency assessments, agrivoltaics, and climate research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"305 ","pages":"Article 114242"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}