Solar Energy最新文献

{"title":"Boosting perovskite solar cell efficiency with ball-milled Er3+-doped TiO2 as an electron transport layer","authors":"M.E. Abd-Elrazek ,&nbsp;Ahmed Mourtada Elseman ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Morad ,&nbsp;M.M. El-Desoky","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are an innovative advancement in photovoltaic technology. The superior optical characteristics of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) contribute to the progress of PSCs. In this study, Er-doped TiO₂ fabrication using the ball mill technique is reported. It has been claimed that the efficiency of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite-based solar cells can be increased by using Er-doped TiO₂ cells as an electron transportation layer (ETL). The change in crystal structures and nanostructure was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The average crystal size of TiO₂ was reduced from 17.43 nm to 15.59 nm by the addition of Er³⁺. The optical characteristics were explained by UV–visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL). Optical absorption indicates that the doping with Er makes a blue shift in the absorption edge; consequently, a band gap decreases from 3.41 to 3.38 eV and then increases up to 3.45 eV, while the absorption intensity decreases in the visible region. Doping resulted in a rise in fluorescence emission (PL), which corresponds to the intermediate levels created by Er ions. All doped samples exhibit higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 13.38 % than the pure one of 9.31 %. Er-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles have a 30.42 % enhancement in performance on the PSC. This research presents a simple and effective method for synthesizing Er-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles, significantly advancing PSC efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 113525"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The novel evaluation method for PV module temperature and string size risk in utility-scale solar projects","authors":"Carlos Sanchís-Gómez ,&nbsp;Jorge Aleix-Moreno ,&nbsp;Carlos Vargas-Salgado ,&nbsp;David Alfonso-Solar","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, utility-scale PV plants are increasing in number and power. Accurate estimation of PV module cell temperature is fundamental for PV project optimization. This article evaluates some of the most relevant models for PV module temperature estimation using real data from utility-scale projects, with different locations and current existing technology. For the assessment, a new weighting methodology is introduced to capture modeĺs behavior during critical periods for overvoltage episodes. The evaluation is based on error analysis, obtaining models’ accuracy against module’s real behavior in different utility-scale projects. The assessment of temperature error provides RMSE for direct error results between 0.25 and 1.45 °C for the evaluated 22 temperature cell models, confirming also which models provide a better temperature estimation during critical voltage periods. Once temperature models’ accuracy is obtained, their impact on open-circuit voltage and project́s risk is evaluated, leading to the introduction of a new model. This new model for string size risk evaluation, called “Grupotec String Evaluation” model, is developed, providing an innovative calculation method to obtain the probability of over-voltage episodes during the operation of PV projects. The Grupotec String Evaluation model is based on the model’s evaluation and project-specific data, which is considered a link between science and engineering to optimize generation from PV energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113520"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation-based optimization of CdS/CdTe solar cells incorporating MXene-enhanced SnO2 buffer layer: insights from experimentally validated material properties","authors":"Muhammad Ali ,&nbsp;Qaisar Khan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Faraz Ud Din ,&nbsp;Jafar Khan Kasi ,&nbsp;Ajab Khan Kasi ,&nbsp;Asif Ali ,&nbsp;Sami Ullah","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is considered as an outstanding material for thin film solar cell with a direct bandgap of 1.5 eV and high optical absorption. However, a short lifetime of minority carriers in absorber layer and lower photogenerated carrier concentration hinders the improvements in open circuit voltage (V_OC) and fill factor (FF) of the device. Various techniques such as passivation, doping, charge reflective coating and buffer layers are employed to overcome defects in CdTe layer and improve charge extraction for efficient device. A buffer layer in CdTe based PV device is used to enhance the device performance and stability. The SnO₂ is widely used in optoelectronics applications including solar cell due to its remarkable optoelectronic properties. Here, the photovoltaic (PV) performance of SnO₂ buffer layer in CdTe based solar cell has been investigated by numerical analysis using SCAPS-1D simulation software. The PV device comprises of SnO₂ buffer layer, CdS window layer, CdTe absorber layer and metal back contact. The optimum thickness of buffer layer, window layer and absorber layer were varied including the variation in donor density of SnO₂, Cds and acceptor density of CdTe. Furthermore, the temperature effect was considered along with the tuning of series and shunt resistance to investigate their effect on device performance. The SnO₂ buffer layer properties were improved with addition of 2D MXene materials. The Ti₂C₃ MXene is used to tune the bandgap, work function and importantly electron affinity of SnO₂ buffer layer using different MXene mixing concentration. The optimized simulated device using SnO₂ buffer layer modulated with 0 and 0.1 wt% MXene concentration demonstrates enhancement in FF from 82.87 % to 84.82 % mainly due to work function tuning and improved band alignment, thus increasing PCE from 21.86 % to 22.42 % respectively. In addition, the PV device showed an external quantum efficiency of around 90 % at visible wavelength. These results indicate the effectiveness of numerical modelling using SCAPS-1D for the MXene incorporation in PV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 113510"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open-air-processed Perfluoro(4-methylpent-2-ene)-modified MAPbI3 solar cells actualize 21.25% PCE and excellent humidity stability","authors":"Huizhen Ke ,&nbsp;Qinyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiawei Zhan ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Minglin Zhang ,&nbsp;Pengyun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Open-air-processed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) already garnered significant attention of the international scholars because the uncomplicated and economically viable production methods. Nevertheless, the ambient atmosphere frequently poses a multitude of detrimental factors. For example, suboptimal levels of humidity and the presence of oxygen can result in flawed perovskite crystal formation and numerous surface imperfections, significantly diminishing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and adversely affecting the final PSCs’ overall stability. Therefore, we employ an optimal approach utilizing liquid-phase small molecules to systematically optimize the perovskite layer, specifically incorporating the additive Perfluoro(4-methylpent-2-ene) (C₆F₁₂), into an environmentally benign anti-solvent for fabricating the MAPbI₃ layer. The C₆F₁₂ molecules, are liquid at room temperature, consist of carbon–carbon single or double bonds and carbon–fluorine bonds. Through Lewis acid-base interactions, the fluorine atoms within C₆F₁₂ can establish some covalent bonds with lead and methylamine, as well as form hydrogen bonds with methylamine. These bonding mechanisms proficiently address the vacancies created by iodine (V_I) within the perovskite framework. Meanwhile, the inherent hydrophobic properties of fluorine atoms provide improved moisture resistance to perovskite films produced in atmospheric conditions, thereby enhancing the resultant PSCs’ stabilization. Consequently, the upgrade perovskite layers demonstrate larger grain dimensions and diminished trap density. The optimal device, passivated with C₆F₁₂ and processed in air, achieves a champion PCE of 21.25%, approaching the performance of samples fabricated in a glove-box. Furthermore, the non-encapsulated device modified with C₆F₁₂ demonstrates exceptional stability across multiple variables. This straightforward and environmentally friendly approach is expected to broaden the applicability of PSCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 113508"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Very short-term solar irradiance forecasting based on open-source low-cost sky imager and hybrid deep-learning techniques","authors":"Martin Ansong ,&nbsp;Gan Huang ,&nbsp;Thomas N. Nyang’onda ,&nbsp;Robinson J. Musembi ,&nbsp;Bryce S. Richards","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar irradiance (SI) forecasting is vital for reliable photovoltaic (PV) operation. This is especially true for regions like Africa where many SI forecasting approaches rely on scarce historical data and the inherent instabilities of electric grids are further compounded by SI variability. Accurate solar forecasting is essential for improving grid management, enabling operators to balance supply and demand and enhance stability. Ground-based sky imaging is a promising technique for SI forecasting that do not require extensive historical data. However, commercial sky imagers are expensive and offer limited flexibility. This paper introduces the Karlsruhe low-cost all-sky imager (KALiSI), made from off-the-shelf components that captures high-resolution images and can be assembled for less than €600. The KALiSI was installed in Karlsruhe, Germany, to collect images to train a convolution neural network-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) model for 15 min-ahead forecasting of global horizontal irradiance (GHI). The root mean squared (RMS) error of the model ranges from 19–206 W/m², compared to 33–257 W/m² for persistence, while mean absolute (MA) errors range from 15–144 W/m² for CNN-LSTM and 30–159 W/m² for persistence. The model’s performance using KALiSI’s images was compared with a commercial sky imager at the same location across various forecast horizons. The KALiSI showed normalised RMS error and MA error values of 6 % and 7 % higher, respectively, with some discrepancies noted on clear days. These results show the KALiSI’s suitability for very short-term forecasting and its open-source design offers a low-cost solution for developing countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 113516"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive modeling and optimization of CIGS thin film solar cells: A machine learning approach","authors":"K.R. Kumbhar ,&nbsp;R.S. Redekar ,&nbsp;A.B. Raule ,&nbsp;P.M. Shirage ,&nbsp;J.H. Jang ,&nbsp;N.L. Tarwal","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs Machine Learning (ML) techniques to optimize the fabrication of Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) thin-film solar cells and enhance their efficiency. An extensive dataset encompassing over 5000 data points from CIGS solar cell fabrication experiments is analyzed using various ML algorithms such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Random Forest (RF). RF emerge as the most effective model, achieving adjusted R-squared values exceeding 0.87 for all the outputs, predicting key solar cell performance metrics, while ANN with R² less than 0.68 for all the outputs, underperformed. Feature importance analysis based on RF revealed that compositional ratios of precursor materials, particularly Ga/(In + Ga) and Cu/(In + Ga), followed by RTA temperature and i-ZnO thickness, are the most critical factors influencing device performance. A decision tree model provide detailed insights into optimal compositional ratios and fabrication conditions, suggesting RTA temperatures around 475 °C and i-ZnO thicknesses of approximately 50 nm for maximizing efficiency. This machine learning-driven approach offers a powerful tool for guiding CIGS solar cell fabrication, potentially accelerating the optimization process and advancing thin-film photovoltaic technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 113509"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Verification of the effectiveness of transparent photovoltaics according to the transmittance level in Seoul, South Korea","authors":"Sowon Han ,&nbsp;Janghoo Seo ,&nbsp;Heangwoo Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research efforts have been increasingly focused on the application of transparent photovoltaic (TPV) panels to buildings owing to their ability to generate power while enabling light transmission. However, most studies have primarily focused on improving the power generation efficiency while neglecting the need to establish fundamental data for future TPV applications. Therefore, this study evaluated the power generation and daylighting performance of TPVs at various transmittance levels to demonstrate their effectiveness and determine the optimal transmittance. The main findings were as follows: 1) TPVs proved more effective in saving energy compared to monocrystalline single-sided photovoltaic (PV) panels when considering power generation and lighting energy necessary for maintaining optimal indoor illuminance. In particular, the optimal TPV transmittance for power generation and saving lighting energy was found to be 60 %. 2) When maintaining an indoor illuminance of 500 lx, it may be preferable to increase daylighting rather than relying on PV panels. Notably, this study only examined vertical orientations. Thus, adjusting the PV-panel angle could enhance the power generation efficiency. 3) Using TPVs may cause glares in the middle season and winter; hence, the use of shading systems will be necessary. 4) Adjusting TPV transmittance can help overcome indoor illuminance imbalance. Notably, the performance evaluation was conducted under limited environmental conditions; hence, further research is required for a more comprehensive analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 113511"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Trombe wall façade design for improving energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions in solar limited buildings","authors":"Seong Taek Kang,&nbsp;Ji Hun Park,&nbsp;Hyeonseong Yuk,&nbsp;Beom Yeol Yun,&nbsp;Sumin Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urgent climate-change mitigation requires innovative technologies to maximize building energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions, as buildings account for 35% of global energy consumption and 38% of greenhouse gas emissions. Trombe wall technology, typically employed in buildings with optimal solar exposure, has shown significant potential for improving energy efficiency. However, many buildings, particularly those with less favorable orientations such as north-facing structures, face challenges in harnessing solar energy. This study investigates the performance of Trombe wall systems in solar-limited public buildings, focusing on buildings with high heating energy consumption (HEC) and emissions due to its north-facing design. Using simulations based on actual building data, both a standard Trombe wall and a designed Trombe wall system, incorporating advanced reflective panels, were analyzed. Initial assessments showed HEC of approximately 77,000 kWh, with the standard system reducing this to around 41,000 kWh, achieving a 14.5% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The designed system, optimized for better solar energy capture through reflective panels, lowered HEC to about 51,000 kWh, resulting in nearly a 25% reduction in emissions. This research demonstrates the potential of integrating Trombe wall technology with innovative design features and 3D printing to significantly improve energy efficiency in north-facing buildings, offering a sustainable and adaptable solution for reducing energy consumption and emissions in diverse climates and orientations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 113492"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid assessment of solar potential for building surfaces in complex urban morphologies based on vector processing","authors":"Xinwei Zhuang ,&nbsp;Guoquan Lv ,&nbsp;Zilong Zhao ,&nbsp;Luisa Caldas","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar energy in the urban environment serves as a promising solution to address the challenges of increasing electricity demand amidst climate change and extreme weather events. Yet, the assessment of urban solar energy potential faces a critical trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency, where existing methods either oversimplify building interactions or become computationally prohibitive at scale. We present a vector-based algorithm for rapid urban-scale solar potential calculations that achieves high accuracy with minimal computational requirements. The method achieves facade-level solar radiation estimates with 99.83% accuracy (mean absolute percentage error: 0.17%) compared to traditional simulation approaches, while reducing computation time by two orders of magnitude (0.05-0.62 s per building depending on the data size). Validated through case studies in San Francisco’s diverse urban morphologies, the algorithm efficiently handles complex building geometries and mutual shading effects. This advancement enables high-resolution solar potential assessment at an urban scale, facilitating subsequent research in urban energy modeling and distributed energy planning applications, and paving the way for accurate and efficient urban energy planning and sustainable development strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 113482"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of Titanium (IV) chloride surface treatment and titanium dioxide/graphenated carbon nano-tube composite photoanode to enhance charge transport and light harvesting of bifacial dye-sensitized solar cell","authors":"Ismail Lawal ,&nbsp;Suhaidi Shafie ,&nbsp;Shyam S. Pandey ,&nbsp;Haslina Jafaar ,&nbsp;Mohd Amrallah Mustafa ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Onuwe Abdulmalik ,&nbsp;Ismayadi Ismail ,&nbsp;Mazliana Ahmad Kamarudin ,&nbsp;Ikhwan Syafiq Mohd Noor ,&nbsp;Fauzan Ahmad ,&nbsp;Xinzhi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates a novel photoanode architecture for bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells (B-DSSCs), integrating a graphenated carbon nano-tube (g-CNT) composite with a translucent TiCl₄ (T/sp) layer and TiCl₄-induced compact and blocking layers. A bilayer pristine TiO₂ photoanode served as the control, while the composite variants incorporated g-CNT at 0.0025–0.0500 wt% concentrations in a cascaded structure with TiO₂ (T/sp). Before TiCl₄ treatment, the 0.01 wt% g-CNT variant achieved a 4.8437 % power conversion efficiency (PCE), a 42.5 % increase over the control (2.7857 %). conducting TiCl₄ treatment, the 0.005 wt% g-CNT composites exhibited optimal performance with a bifacial PCE of 6.4447 %, representing a 25 % enhancement over untreated variants and a 56.8 % improvement over the control. This performance improvement trend was similarly corroborated by incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) measurements. The optimized photoanode demonstrated an intermediary band gap of 3.24 eV of the three variants. FESEM imagery and EDX data confirmed g-CNT incorporation, evidenced by sp² in-plane stretching in Raman spectra and a diffraction peak at 26.2° (002) in XRD. Electrochemical analysis revealed moderate charge collection efficiency (η_cc) in untreated samples, while the presence of g-CNT enhances charge transport. TiCl₄ passivation further improved ηcc, particularly in the T/sp + TiO₂/0.005 wt% g-CNT composite, achieving 44.43 % (front) and 40.63 % (back) by reducing surface trap states and recombination. These findings underscore the synergistic effect of cascade-layered TiO₂, g-CNT composites, and TiCl₄ treatments in enhancing light absorption and charge transport for high-performance B-DSSCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 113495"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}