Solar Energy最新文献

{"title":"Thermal performance in latent heat thermal energy storage with annular heat source using different shape fins","authors":"Xiangqiang Kong,&nbsp;Wanke Hou,&nbsp;Xichun Miao,&nbsp;Yijian Zhang,&nbsp;Ying Li,&nbsp;Jianbo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For a latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) unit, its heat transfer performance can be significantly enhanced by increasing the fin surface. The LHTES unit with an annular heat source (AHS) is proposed for different shape fins and structural parameters. A corresponding numerical simulation has been conducted. The results show that pipe diameter ratio <em>γ</em> has the greatest influence on the heat transfer power <em>Φ</em>, followed by the outer and inner fin type in the charging and discharging processes. The increase of <em>γ</em> from 0.55 to 0.7 leads to <em>t</em>_c decreasing by 62.65%, the charging power <em>Φ</em>_c increasing by 153.68%, and the wall-average Nusselt number Nu_c in the charging process increasing by 45.47%. Furthermore, an optimal <em>γ</em> of 0.625 is identified for the discharging process, resulting in −29.61%, 38.27%, and 20.2% changes in <em>t</em>_d, the discharging power <em>Φ</em>_d, and the wall-average Nusselt number Nu_d in the discharging process compared to <em>γ</em> of 0.55. Bifurcation angle <em>θ</em> significantly influences <em>t</em>_c and <em>t</em>_d. The optimal <em>θ</em> for the charging process is 60°, reducing <em>t</em>_c by 40.7% compared to that of 180°. For the discharging process, the optimal <em>θ</em> is 90°, reducing <em>t</em>_d by 8.81%. The number of branches <em>n</em> significantly impacts heat transfer by influencing heat conduction. For the charging process, increasing <em>n</em> from 4 to 14 results in −45.39%, 81.78%, and −39.67% changes in <em>t</em>_c, <em>Φ</em>_c, and Nu_c, respectively, while during the discharging process, it leads to changes of −31.91%, 45.48%, and −25.91% in <em>t</em>_d, <em>Φ</em>_d, and Nu_d, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 113397"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Himawari-9 downward surface shortwave radiation (DSSR) product in China under different cloud and aerosol scenarios","authors":"Lu Zhang ,&nbsp;Ling Gao ,&nbsp;Qian Ye ,&nbsp;Nian Liu ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Shengqi Li ,&nbsp;Jiali Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) aboard Himawari-8/9 can provide downward surface shortwave radiation (DSSR) over China with 5 km and a high temporal resolution of 10 min. In order to assess the applicability of DSSR from satellites for different weather conditions, the performance of Himawari-9 DSSR product in China is evaluated using ground measurements from stations of China Meteorological Administration (CMA) in this study. The quality of the DSSR product will be assessed under different cloud optical depth (COD) as well as different aerosol optical depth (AOD) scenarios. The overall comparison of hourly AHI DSSR and ground DSSR shows a high correlation coefficient (R = 0.88, RMSE = 143.13 W/m²), 84 % of the stations exhibit an R exceeding 0.8, and 70 % show an RPE below 0.4. However, the satellite observational discrepancies grow as cloud cover and aerosol level intensify, with the correlation coefficients dipping from 0.92 (clear sky) to the lowest values of 0.31 (COD &gt; 50) and slightly decreasing from 0.92 (0 ≤ AOD ≤ 0.1) to 0.82 (AOD &gt; 2), respectively. This study offers a scientific foundation for utilizing the DSSR product of Himawari-9, and highlights the limitations of the data quality under specific weather conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 113429"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The wet repair of sidewall damage in flexible inverted metamorphic five-junction solar cells","authors":"Qing Gong ,&nbsp;Junhua Long ,&nbsp;Qiangjian Sun ,&nbsp;Zhitao Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoxu Wu ,&nbsp;Menglu Yu ,&nbsp;Wencong Yan ,&nbsp;Erpeng Li ,&nbsp;Min Zhou ,&nbsp;Shulong Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The more III-V sub-cells are stacked in series, the higher the theoretical efficiency. However, the significant mismatch stress and the increased thickness of the epitaxial layers in the directly grown five-junction solar cells adversely affect the device fabrication. The lateral etching damage on the cell sidewalls is exacerbated during the chip isolation process. This work uses a mixed solution of citric acid and hydrogen peroxide to perfectly clean and repair the damage to the side walls of five-junction solar cells. The leakage current density is reduced from 2.51 mA/cm² to 1.45 mA/cm², which increases the shunt resistance from 0.70 kΩ·cm² to 10.37 kΩ·cm², and restores the fill factor (<em>FF</em>) of the cell from 65.08 % to 85.01 %. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and auger electron spectroscopy (AES) measurements have demonstrated that the wet repair process can effectively remove contaminants from the sidewalls and therefore reduce additional current losses. Ultimately, the conversion efficiency (<em>Eff</em>) of the flexible five-junction (5 J) solar cell is 36.24 % (The size is 8.03 cm²) with the open-circuit voltage (<em>V_oc</em>) of 4.77 V under AM 1.5G spectrum. The wet repair of sidewall damage is expected to produce high-efficiency, large-size, flexible cells with five or even more junctions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 113423"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3E analysis of a solar hybrid CCHP system at a university campus","authors":"Ramon P.P. da Silva,&nbsp;Matheus Strobel,&nbsp;Mustafa Erguvan,&nbsp;Shariar Amini","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The U.S. has the potential to install 14 GWe of Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) systems in universities and colleges, but currently has only 2.6 GWe installed. This study analyzes the energy, exergy, and economic performance of a solar hybrid CCHP system on a U.S. university campus. The current system relies on purchased electricity, boilers, and chillers for cooling and heating. The proposed 58 MWe CCHP plant, featuring a gas turbine, sCO₂ Brayton cycle, ORC, and photovoltaic (PV) solar panels, would allow the university to generate its own energy. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the system are 53.15 % and 51.6 %, respectively. The payback period is 2.2 years, with a potential for Energy Return of Investment (<em>EROI</em>) in 4.9 years. The gas turbine constitutes 72 % of the implementation cost, while natural gas consumption significantly impacts the financial performance. Reducing exergy destruction in the combustion chamber, which accounts for 50 % of the total exergy destruction, could further improve the plant’s efficiency and economic viability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 113413"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An investigation on daylight in PV greenhouse for mushroom vertical cultivation in Kunming, China","authors":"Haoyi Yao ,&nbsp;Yunfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Xun Ma ,&nbsp;Ming Li ,&nbsp;Fangling Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, there has been an increasing emphasis on generating energy from renewable sources, resulting in the installation of photovoltaic (PV) modules on the roofs of agricultural greenhouses. The optimal combination involves integrating a photovoltaic greenhouse with vertical growing of edible mushrooms. This synergistic approach allows for increased planting capacity and enhanced exploitation of solar radiation. However, there is very little progress in the evaluation of spatial light for such photovoltaic planting systems. This study examined the amount of daylight accessible in a photovoltaic greenhouse for mushroom vertical cultivation in Kunming, China. The spatial intensity of daylight was simulated with RADIANCE, a software application that simulates solar and light rays by ray-tracing. The findings indicated that the average disparity in sunlight intensity between each layer of the shelf of edible mushroom, when arranged in an east–west or north–south orientation, was below 9% at noon. However, the latter configuration resulted in a more even distribution of daylight in the greenhouse. The shading percentage remains relatively consistent during the four significant days of spring equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox, and winter solstice. On the summer solstice, the shadow range is primarily concentrated in the greenhouse due to the elevated position of the sun. This leads to a lack of consistent lighting across different heights within the greenhouse. As the solar altitude angle decreases, the intensity of light decreases but the light inhomogeneity increases. These findings have the potential to be used as design techniques for supporting vertical planting in PV greenhouse planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 113414"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TiO2/MoS2-rGO composite Photoanodes: A Path to improved electron transport and photovoltaic efficiency in Dye-Sensitized solar cells","authors":"Ashraf A. Ali ,&nbsp;Muawia Mohamed Ahmed Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Saud Hamdan Alshammari ,&nbsp;Mehmet Sarikahya ,&nbsp;Abdulaziz Mohammed Alshareef ,&nbsp;Gaber Edris ,&nbsp;Kawther A. Al-Dhlan","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving the efficiency and viability of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) depends largely on addressing the material limitations of key components. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is widely regarded as the best-performing semiconductor for DSSC photoanodes, yet its binary composition imposes constraints that prevent DSSCs from achieving their full potential. In this study, we demonstrate that incorporating two-dimensional (2D) materials into TiO₂ in the form of a nanocomposite significantly enhances its performance. Specifically, we investigate the application of a TiO₂/MoS₂-rGO nanocomposite as a photoanode material in DSSCs. While this composite has previously shown promise as an electrode material for supercapacitors and batteries, we reveal its substantial potential for DSSCs, particularly in improving the charge transport properties of bare TiO₂ through the addition of MoS₂ nanosheets, and enhancing porosity by introducing rGO into its lattice. Our results show an impressive 41% increase in efficiency, from 6.6% for pure TiO₂-based DSSCs to 9.3% for DSSCs incorporating the TiO₂/MoS₂-rGO photoanode. Comprehensive studies and analyses were conducted to explore various aspects of the material and device, establishing TiO₂/MoS₂-rGO as a promising alternative to bare TiO₂ in DSSCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 113405"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An efficient bilayer graphene-conducting polymer counter electrode for dye sensitized solar cells","authors":"Dhanusree T.S.,&nbsp;George Jacob","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A counter electrode was fabricated for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by the layer-by-layer approach that included reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). This design aimed to substitute the conventionally used high-cost, scarce, and complex method to produce platinum (Pt) counter electrode. This bilayer structure was developed by simple doctor blade and spin coating methods. The electrochemical performance of rGO/PEDOT:PSS counter electrode characterised by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Tafel polarisation studies showed significant results in electrochemical stability and catalytic activity comparable to Pt counter electrode. Photovoltaic analysis of the DSSC assembled with rGO/PEDOT:PSS counter electrode revealed a V_oc, J_sc, and FF of 0.66 V, 25.3 mA/cm², and 56.9%, respectively. An overall efficiency of 9.5% was obtained with the rGO/PEDOT:PSS counter electrode, which was slightly less than that of Pt counter electrode (9.8%). The results demonstrated that this counter electrode can achieve comparable performance to Pt, which makes it a suitable alternative for easily manufacturable, cost-effective and high-performance DSSCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 113407"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PV backsheets survey protocol: A framework for geo-spatial field surveys for bulk material characterization and reliability analysis applied across 41 PV systems","authors":"Raymond J. Wieser ,&nbsp;Zelin Li ,&nbsp;Xuanji Yu ,&nbsp;Stephanie L. Moffitt ,&nbsp;Ruben Zabalza ,&nbsp;Michael D. Kempe ,&nbsp;Liang Ji ,&nbsp;Colleen O’Brien ,&nbsp;Xiaohong Gu ,&nbsp;Kenneth P. Boyce ,&nbsp;Laura S. Bruckman","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As widespread adoption of photovoltaic (PV) technologies continues, understanding the lifetime of modules is paramount to the viability of the industry as an environmentally conscious alternative to traditional energy generation. Although power degradation can affect the total energy production of a module over its lifetime, module safety failures necessitate the removal of a module leading to a loss of not only the particular asset, but the earning potential of the device. Therefore, it is critical to ensure that the components that provide essential safety functions for PV module operate for their entire rated lifetime. PV backsheets provide necessary electrical insulation to the completed device and failure of this component is cause for a immediate removal of the module. Degradation of the PV module backsheet has led to module safety failures in large-scale installations, costing millions of dollars in damages and lost potential revenue. The spatio-temporal degradation of fielded PV modules is important to study in order to identify which modules within installations are experiencing the greatest exposure conditions and in turn have the highest chance of failure. This paper describes a comprehensive field survey protocol developed for monitoring PV module backsheet performance using solely non-destructive methods in commercial PV fields. The protocol establishes a field naming convention, sampling method, data handling requirements, and measurement procedures. By ensuring consistent data collection practices, the field survey protocol enables research groups to obtain data of uniform quality on backsheet performance over multiple years and locations. In this study, the developed protocol was implemented at forty-one PV sites. Eight different types of airside layer backsheet materials including poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), acrylic PVDF, poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene-co-vinylidene fluoride) (THV), poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), fluoroethylene vinyl ether (FEVE), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and glass were identified using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The field survey results show that the spatial distribution of degradation indicators are non-uniform within a particular module, individual site, and across site locations. The degradation of PV modules increased in severity for modules mounted at the edge of rows (across a field) and near the junction box (within a module). This study demonstrates the sensitivity of material performance to exposure length across different materials and climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"291 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance investigation of multilayer-layers solar cell based in ZnS-CZTSSe","authors":"Hala J. El-Khozondar ,&nbsp;Rifa J. El-Khozondar ,&nbsp;Abdalkarim N. Sahmoud ,&nbsp;Yasser F. Nassar","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Researchers are investigating a range of materials to increase conversion efficiency, minimize the use of hazardous materials, and lower manufacturing costs because of the development of thin-film solar cells. To evaluate performance without wasting materials, one promising method is to modify solar cell materials, parameters, dimensions, and other factors using simulation tools. In this article, a mathematical model that incorporates both theoretical and experimental solar irradiance spectra is presented for thin-film solar cells based on copper zinc tin sulfo-selenide (CZTSSe). Four important performance metrics—open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, conversion efficiency, and fill factor—are assessed using the model, which is implemented using the Maple software. Considering different layer thicknesses, these metrics are examined for a ZnO/CdS/CZTSSe solar cell. Characteristic curves for current–voltage and power-voltage are also examined. The computations take into consideration the effects of surface dust on the diode as well as both ideal and actual representations of the solar cell. The findings show that adding a CdS buffer layer considerably enhances every performance metric and that, for every metric, the real diode model represents performance more accurately than the ideal model. The results also show that the cell has highest efficiency of 13.6.277 % at energy gap of CZTSSe (E₂ = 1.4 eV). In addition, results show that solar cell performance depredates as dust accumulate on its surface emphasizing the importance of cleaning the solar cell surface to maintain high performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"291 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of a solar greenhouse converted into a solar dryer on the performance indicators (energy efficiency, bio-chemical, economic and environmental) during summer season","authors":"Nora Arbaoui ,&nbsp;Rachid Tadili ,&nbsp;Morad El Baz ,&nbsp;Ilham Ihoume ,&nbsp;Hajar Essalhi ,&nbsp;Mohammed Daoudi ,&nbsp;Nadia Wahid ,&nbsp;Jamal Aabdousse","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To maximize the use of a solar greenhouse and conserve energy or material consumption during all seasons, this study explores the feasibility of transforming an agricultural solar greenhouse into a solar dryer during the summer season. The system features an original solar heating system, combining a copper tube positioned between the double-glazed roof and a sensitive heat storage system installed inside the greenhouse. This new solar dryer consists of a solar collector on the roof, a drying chamber, and a thermal storage system. During the day, the hot air produced by the greenhouse effect will be evacuated to the attached compartment to dry the various products offered.</div><div>This article presents an assessment of the thermal performance of the greenhouse dryer with a comparison to two other indirect solar dryers. The internal temperature in the new indirect solar dryer is 53.11 °C when the ambient air temperature is 25.42 °C. However, the thermal efficiency of the new indirect solar dryer is recorded at 22.95 %. The payback period is 0.41 years for the new solar dryer, 1.62 years for solar dryer 2 and 7.28 years for solar dryer 1. Concerning the environmental analysis of the new solar dryer, the embodied energy is determined at 5006.09 kWh and for the time required for the energy payback is approximately 5.60 years, as long as the annual <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> emissions is 511.12 kg/year. Over its lifetime, the new solar dryer can mitigate up to 26.29 tons of <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>CO</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> and the total gained carbon credit is $525.84.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 113416"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}