Solar Energy最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic modeling and experimental validation of solar Geo-Aerovoltaic energy system","authors":"Ismail Baklouti ,&nbsp;Muhammad Abdul Mujeebu ,&nbsp;Abdultawab M. Qahtan","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a performance analysis of a novel Geo-Aerovoltaic energy system, which integrates a bifluid Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) collector with a geothermal well. The bifluid collector uses both air and water circuits to cool the PV module, enabling tri-generation of electricity, hot air, and hot water. A high-fidelity, one-dimensional dynamic model was developed using an equation-oriented approach in Pyomo and rigorously validated against experimental data from a full-scale prototype, achieving a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of less than 1<!--> <!-->°C for key output temperatures. A comprehensive parametric study quantified the system’s performance under standard and geothermal-coupled operating modes. Results demonstrate a fundamental trade-off between the air and water thermal outputs, which can be modulated by flow rates. Most significantly, integrating a cold geothermal source transforms the collector into a highly effective ambient and solar heat harvester. This geothermal cooling mode dramatically boosts electrical efficiency by maintaining low cell temperatures and increases water thermal efficiency from a standard 12% to over 40%, providing a powerful mechanism for ground thermal regeneration. The study validates the Geo-Aerovoltaic concept as a versatile and synergistic technology for building decarbonization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"303 ","pages":"Article 114072"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145340320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and performance of Heterogeneous photothermal conversion enhanced composite phase change materials","authors":"Hechao Zhao,&nbsp;Xiangfei Kong,&nbsp;Jianjuan Yuan,&nbsp;Huageng Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the heat transfer bottleneck in photothermal devices due to low material thermal conductivity and insufficient photothermal synergy, this study prepared a graphene-reinforced flexible stratified composite phase change materials (FSPCM) based on paraffin wax (PW), styrene-ethylene-butene block copolymer (SEBS), and graphene (Gr) system by utilizing Gr’s high thermal conductivity and broad-spectrum light-absorption properties. The design forms a “heat-absorbing-heat-conducting” functional gradient structure by alternately stacking a black high light-absorbing/heat-conducting Gr/PW/SEBS layer with a white phase-change light-transmitting PW/SEBS layer. The experimental results show that the phase transition enthalpy is 187.96 J/g in DSC test, and the mass loss is only 0.028 % after 200 thermal cycles, with excellent cycling stability. The layered gradient design significantly improves the interfacial heat transfer efficiency, and the thermal conductivity of the composite material reaches 1.53 W/(m·K). Through the positive feedback mechanism formed by the plasma resonance effect of Gr and the phase change transmittance of PW, the efficiency of the light-heat conversion is improved by 22.9 %. Through the xenon lamp light source simulation test, FSPCM in 500 W/m² irradiation heating rate of 0.87 °C/min, phase transition time shortened by 10 %, compared with the traditional homogeneous material Gr dosage reduced by 60 %, cost reduction of 22 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114049"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of floating photovoltaic stations on the spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a in lakes","authors":"Li Guoqing ,&nbsp;Xiang Hongyan ,&nbsp;Wang Zhenzong ,&nbsp;Liu Zhe ,&nbsp;Dong Xiaodong ,&nbsp;Yu Luwei","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To assess the impact of FPV stations on chla concentrations in lake water bodies on a global scale, we selected 150 FPV installations across three climatic zones worldwide. Using a total of 5,458 scenes of Landsat imagery from 2000 to 2022, we simulated chla concentrations before and after the installation of FPVs. Hotspot analysis was then applied to compare the effects of FPV installations on the spatial clustering of chla concentrations in lake water. The results revealed that: (1) In tropical and temperate zones, the concentration of chla in the lake water where FPVs are located has decreased; in cold zones, the decline rate of chla concentration in the lake water of FPVs has slowed down.(2) FPVs alter the spatial clustering of chla. In tropical zones, low-value clustering increases while high-value clustering decreases. In cold zones, both high-value and low-value clustering increase. In temperate zones, both high-value and low-value clustering decrease. (3) The coverage of FPVs is not the determinant factor influencing chla concentrations. In fact, larger lake surface areas generally corresponded to lower chla concentrations.(4) Compared with the significant influence of TSI on chla concentration, the impact of FPVs on chla concentration is relatively weak. Although path analysis reveals that the TSI has a significant and strong positive causal effect on chla, our results based on remote sensing imagery and spatial clustering analysis primarily reflect correlations rather than strict causality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114076"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A deep learning based framework for solar panel segmentation and fault classification enhanced with explainable AI","authors":"Asif Ur Rahman Adib ,&nbsp;Mainul Islam ,&nbsp;Md. Shadman Abid ,&nbsp;Razzaqul Ahshan","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems worldwide, efficient monitoring and fault detection have become essential to ensure optimal performance and longevity. Traditional PV panel inspection methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and lack precision. To address these challenges, this study presents a deep learning-based framework for solar panel segmentation along with faults and abnormalities classification enhanced with Lime based Explainable AI (XAI). The proposed approach employs a hybrid segmentation model that combines the strengths of U-Net and RefineNet, leveraging DenseNet as the backbone. The segmentation module is designed to perform binary segmentation to ensure the precise localization of solar panels before the fault classification stage. For fault classification, the MobileNetV3Small-based transfer learning model has been utilized, which can classify diverse real-world solar panel fault and abnormality conditions, including physical and electrical damage, dust, bird droppings, and snow cover. Furthermore, LIME-based XAI has been incorporated to improve interpretability, providing insight into the decision-making process of the model. The segmentation model achieved an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 93.63% and 91.24% for two publicly available datasets. The classification model attained 97.53% accuracy. The proposed method outperforms existing approaches in both segmentation and classification while maintaining computational efficiency. By combining segmentation and fault classification as a sequential model, this framework enables automated solar panel monitoring with high reliability and transparency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114058"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melting of phase change materials in thermal storage unit with uniform and non-uniform distribution of fins","authors":"Nabeel S. Dhaidan ,&nbsp;Fadhel N. Al-Mousawi ,&nbsp;Hayder A. Al-Salami ,&nbsp;Raad Z. Homod","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Utilizing solar energy to provide sustainable and clean energy requires a thermal energy storage (TES) system as a bridge between an energy source and energy demand. The phase change materials (PCM) are effective TES mediums. Inserting the fins within the PCM system is considered an effective thermal augmentation technique. In the current investigation, the influence of uniform and non-uniform distributions of four longitudinal fins in the bottom portion of the shell and tube TES cavity on the PCM charging is examined experimentally and numerically. An agreement of more than 91.2% is shown between the computational and experimental outcomes of the melt fraction. Inserting the fins decreases the fluctuation and produces more stabilization of the PCM temperature. Compared to the unfinned TES cavity, the charging duration declines by 78.1% and 60.4% by using a TES unit with non-uniform and uniform fin distributions, respectively. Additionally, the HTF temperature has a critical influence on melting duration. Raising the HTF temperature from 60 to 80 °C lowers the melting duration by 44.2%, 47.3%, and 49.1% unfinned, uniformly finned, and non-uniformly finned TES units, respectively. Moreover, utilizing a non-uniform fin distribution increased the stored thermal energy within the TES compared to the unfinned TES and the TES with a uniform fin distribution. Overall, the non-uniform fin distribution demonstrated superior performance compared to the uniform distribution. Therefore, future research can be conducted to investigate the impact of non-uniform fin distribution configurations, layouts, arrangements, and combinations with other PCM thermal conductivity enhancement techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114073"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust and efficient multihorizon photovoltaic power forecasting with a dilated multi-scale Transformer","authors":"Yingying Liu,&nbsp;Zhongping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and reliable multi-horizon photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting is essential for seamless grid integration, economic dispatch, and power system stability. However, the inherent variability of solar irradiance and complex nonlinear dynamics pose significant challenges. To address these issues, this study proposes WinFlashDilated-former, a model specifically designed for efficient LSTF in the PV domain.Built upon an encoder-decoder architecture, the model introduces three key innovations to overcome the limitations of existing methods:(1) a precise multi-scale window self-attention mechanism deeply optimized with FlashAttention-3, which captures multi-scale dependencies, from short-term fluctuations to long-term trends, without loss of information while achieving excellent computational efficiency;(2) a dilated convolutional feed-forward network in the encoder, which expands the receptive field to enhance modeling of long-range contextual information; and (3) a time-enhanced windowed autoregressive generation strategy in the decoder, which strengthens the perception of periodic patterns by leveraging future temporal attributes.Extensive experiments were conducted on real-world datasets provided by DKASC, covering multiple PV technologies and multi-year operational records. The results demonstrate that WinFlashDilated-former consistently outperforms both traditional time-series models and several SOTA LSTF approaches across all forecasting horizons from 5-min to 12-h. In the 5-min horizon, the model achieved MAE(0.0009), RMSE(0.0146), and R²(0.9972). In the 12-h horizon, compared to the baseline method, MAE and RMSE were reduced by 13.2% and 12.03%, respectively, while maintaining strong robustness.Ablation studies further confirm the critical contributions of the multi-scale attention mechanism and dilated convolutional feed-forward network. Moreover, WinFlashDilated-former achieves an excellent balance between accuracy and efficiency, demonstrating competitive inference speed and GPU memory utilization. The code and data are publicly available at: <span><span>https://github.com/YingyingLiu2002/winflashdilated-former</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114077"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing long-term effectiveness of passive cooling strategies in the built environment under climate change","authors":"Ioannis Kousis,&nbsp;Mat Santamouris","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban overheating exacerbates energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions, thermal discomfort, heat-related mortality and morbidity and other severe physical and mental issues. Passive heat mitigation strategies, such as cool and green roofs, cool pavements, and urban greenery, have proven effective under current climatic conditions by reducing surface temperature of the built environment and urban air temperatures, improving thermal comfort, and decreasing energy demand for cooling. However, their long-term effectiveness is uncertain under future climate scenarios characterized by higher global temperatures, changing climatic patterns, and increased trapping of longwave radiation. This review systematically assesses 18 peer-reviewed studies that evaluated passive mitigation strategies under projected climate change. The results show that under high-emission scenarios such as RCP8.5, urban overheating levels may remain critically high even with large-scale implementation of passive cooling measures. In terms of building performance, cooling energy savings vary by climate and by scale of investigation, with the performance of cool roofs and green roofs declining by up to 60% and 25%, respectively. By highlighting the limitations of existing passive cooling solutions, this article underscores the need for novel, resilient designs and policies to ensure sustainable urban cooling in evolving climatic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114038"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and airflow analysis of new solar chimney design with multiple openings for building ventilation","authors":"Prince Adolphus Juah ,&nbsp;Mohamed Emam ,&nbsp;Sameh Nada ,&nbsp;Hamdy Hassan","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar energy continues to play a vital role in reducing energy consumption in the buildings sector. One such application is the solar chimney, which uses solar energy to enhance natural ventilation by inducing air into the building. In this study, the performance, heat transfer, and airflow characteristics of a newly designed solar chimney were analyzed using commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. The Renormalization Group (RNG) k-epsilon turbulence model was used to predict the chimney’s volumetric airflow rate. The study aimed to: a) evaluate the ventilation performance of the chimney under varying wind speeds with a fixed heat flux of 500 W/m2, and b) investigate how different glass tilt angles affect the airflow rate. Results showed that both base and reverse outlet blade arrangements achieved a maximum flow rate of 4.4 kg/s. The highest recorded flow rate was 4.8 kg/s with a 75° blade angle and five openings, making it the most effective setup at low wind speeds. This flow rate surpasses those reported in earlier studies (0.04–0.13 kg/s). The system provides a sustainable alternative to mechanical ventilation, resulting in lower energy consumption in buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114048"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of reflectance of interest from limited state-of-the-art solar reflector field soiling measurements","authors":"Johannes Wette ,&nbsp;Florian Sutter ,&nbsp;Teresa Diamantino ,&nbsp;Marco Montecchi ,&nbsp;Gregor Bern ,&nbsp;Aránzazu Fernández-García","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In concentrated solar thermal technologies, plant operators usually monitor the soiling of their solar field with handheld reflectometers. These measurements can be used for yield calculations and to adapt cleaning strategies: if the reflectometer reading falls below an empirically established threshold, the solar field should be cleaned. There are several commercial reflectometers available for this purpose, but all of them measure at different combinations of wavelength, acceptance angle or incidence angle. It is the purpose of this study to bring the readings from all main commercial reflectometers to the same representative value, enabling their comparison with one another and the translation of these readings into a meaningful reflectance parameter. Thus, different handheld reflectometers are correlated with a laboratory reflectometer, capable of measuring in the whole solar spectral region, covering a wide range of incidence and acceptance angles. The most significant parameter is the near-specular solar-weighted reflectance, measured at the typical incidence and acceptance angles for a given plant, as it is the most precise parameter to describe the reflected energy from the solar field. The correlations for all included reflectometers, show highly linear correlations over a wide range of soiling levels with low deviations. Consequently, the correlations presented herein enable the plant operators at the studied site to compute the near-specular solar-weighted reflectance from their reflectometer readings. and, with that, increase the significance of the measurements without collecting any additional data. The work also establishes a detailed procedure to derive this type of correlations at any site of interest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114057"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TiN supported 3D directional tubular skeleton encapsulating phase change materials for efficient solar-thermal energy conversion and storage","authors":"Wei Zhao ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Haifeng Jiang ,&nbsp;Miao Li ,&nbsp;Rong Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Gao ,&nbsp;Xiaodan Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change materials (PCMs) have problems of melt leakage, weak sunlight absorption, and low photothermal conversion efficiency, which greatly limit their applications in efficient solar energy utilization and latent heat storage. In this study, a novel TiN-based composite PCMs was prepared by encapsulating polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the photothermal conversion capable CNF/PVA/TiN (C-CPT) carbon aerogel skeleton composed of cellulose nanofibers (CNF)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/titanium nitride (TiN). The unique three-dimensional (3D) directional tubular porous structure of C-CPT aerogel not only effectively inhibited PEG leakage, but also created directional heat transfer pathways to improve the thermal conductivity. Meanwhile, the incorporation of TiN significantly improved broadband light absorption capacity across the UV–vis-NIR spectrum. Leveraging the synergistic effect of TiN and graphitized C-CPT aerogel, the C-CPT/PEG-15 % exhibited high latent heat capacity of 174.1 J/g, excellent energy storage efficiency of 99.87 %, and remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency of 94.2 %. After 100 thermal cycles, the C-CPT/PEG composite PCMs demonstrated excellent thermal cyclic stability and structural stability. The C-CPT/PEG composite PCMs with superior energy storage performance, photothermal conversion efficiency, and shape stability will provide innovative insights for the development of novel plasmonic photothermal PCMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114071"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}