Solar Energy最新文献

{"title":"Degradation rate analysis of offshore PV module applications considering climatic stresses and salinity effects","authors":"Aidha Muhammad Ajmal,&nbsp;Yongheng Yang,&nbsp;Yinxiao Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing in population density has led to increased demand and competition for land space. Therefore, floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems have emerged to exploit water surfaces instead of relying on land space. FPV modules in marine settings lose their performance quickly because they are exposed to high relative humidity (RH), temperature differences, wind speed, salinity, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Thus, it has become necessary to take measures to facilitate the prediction of the life of PV modules to help investors and decision-makers adopt the construction of FPV stations. This paper presents physical degradation models based on atmospheric data inputs to compare the degradation rates of offshore PV modules with those on land. To analyze the impact of climate stresses on offshore PV modules, degradation models applied to land-based PV modules are used. Moreover, to improve the accuracy of the degradation rate, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to evaluate the parameters of degradation models. The results confirm the validity of the adopted models by reducing the error between the actual and predicted values ​​by ± 0.5 %. In addition, this study addresses the energy degradation rates due to the effect of salts and estimates the parameters that affect the service life expectations of PV modules. The results demonstrate that salt accumulation on offshore PV modules accelerates the degradation rate by 0.05 % and 0.13 % under salinity effect, thus reducing the lifetime of the modules from two to 3 to 5 years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113522"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An investigation on surface dust removal via continuous droplets impacting for PV application","authors":"Wuzhi Yuan,&nbsp;Huaming Li,&nbsp;Jiechao Chen,&nbsp;Ya Ge,&nbsp;Liehui Xiao,&nbsp;Si-Min Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar energy offers a promising and sustainable alternative to traditional energy. However, surface soiling can reduce the efficiency of PV panels dramatically. In this paper, we investigate the continuous droplets impacting on dusty surfaces to achieve surface cleaning. The effects of surface wettability, dust types, water volume, and surfactants on the dynamic behavior and macroscopic efficacy of droplet dust removal are analyzed. For distilled water, the superhydrophilic surface achieves the best dust removal with transmittance recovering to 96 % of a clean surface, while the hydrophilic surface is worst. Notable water channels are observed on the hydrophilic surface, which results in a significant contrast in surface transmittance between the interior and exterior of these channels, 90 % and 73 %, respectively. The overall dust-removal performance on the surface is rather poor, and a large amount of water resources are wasted. Interestingly, surfactants solution can disrupt the water channels on the hydrophilic surface relying on sequential sliding and bouncing, thus enhancing the dust removal efficiency. It is found that anionic surfactant (AS) solution demonstrates the optimal performance. The relative dust removal mass is just 48 % using 5 ml water, while it increases to 84 % for AS0.5. This is attributed to the repulsive forces between the negatively charged dust and molecules of anionic surfactant. This finding helps to the self-cleaning applications of water droplet impacting for PV modules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113556"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approach to determine wind loads on small heliostats","authors":"Andreas Pfahl","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to changing boundary conditions like reduced controller cost and the need for higher flux densities, smaller heliostats have become more and more important in recent decades. The methods for determining heliostat wind loads were initially developed for the larger heliostats common at the time. For smaller heliostats, it is important to choose suitable methods for the individual steps of wind load determination and, if necessary, to adapt them to the lower height. These steps involve determining the maximum wind speeds, the turbulence spectra, the pressure distribution time series, the dynamic amplification, and the wind load spectra.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113551"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concept and feasibility of solar indirect heating plant in batch-wise processing for thermochemical CO2 splitting via tubular furnace experiment and reacting heat transfer simulation","authors":"Yoshiko Koyama ,&nbsp;Kosuke Sasaki ,&nbsp;Mitsuho Nakakura ,&nbsp;Kent J. Warren ,&nbsp;Alan W. Weimer ,&nbsp;Tucker Farrell ,&nbsp;Tatsunori Asaoka ,&nbsp;Koji Matsubara","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines feasibility of a solar indirect heating plant for CO₂ splitting with enhanced performance. The conceptual plant comprises a solar receiver, a reactor and a heat storage unit connected thermally with a heat transfer fluid. Such a configuration of the system enables a larger amount of metal oxide as reactive material than direct irradiation technology, and is suitably applicable to regenerating exhaust heat incurred by a temperature swing between two levels of reduction and oxidation temperatures. A ceria foam device is tested experimentally in an externally heated tube reactor, similar to the indirect heating plant. The experiment indicated that the externally heated reactor could produce a comparable volume of product gas to the direct irradiation method with various amounts of reactive material mass and the temperatures for reduction and oxidation. A numerical simulation was used to solve the one-dimensional unsteady process for solar heating and reduction. The simulation demonstrated that the solar to fuel efficiency for the proposed system increased with an increasing load of the material and could exceed that of the direct irradiation plant when recovering the exhaust heat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113498"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loop-wise control valves application in molten salt parabolic trough solar fields","authors":"Tim Kotzab ,&nbsp;Sebastian Müllner ,&nbsp;Jana Stengler ,&nbsp;Bijan Nouri ,&nbsp;Luis Fernando Zarzalejo ,&nbsp;Mark Schmitz ,&nbsp;Tobias Hirsch","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parabolic trough power plants use collectors to concentrate direct sunlight onto an absorber tube containing a heat transfer fluid (HTF). The thermal energy is used to generate electricity in a steam cycle power plant. In almost all commercial power plant designs, the HTF is distributed homogeneously to all loops with a fixed opening for the manual loop inlet valves. This work presents an approach with individually controlled mass flow distribution to all loops. The objective is to achieve a more stable outlet temperature in the event of non-homogeneous irradiation. The control concept includes a controller for the total mass flow at the HTF pump, the focus rate of each collector and the opening of the individual loop inlet valves.</div><div>The suggested control concept is tested using the Virtual Solar Field (VSF) dynamic simulation tool for a 38-loop molten salt parabolic trough field. This simulation tool uses highly discretized irradiance data to reproduce realistic irradiance boundary conditions. A total data set of 940 days of operation recorded at CIEMAT’s Plataforma Solar de Almería are used. Furthermore, different artificial soiling scenarios are implemented to test the concept under non-homogenous heat input. The new control concept is compared with the state-of-the-art control schemes based on loop inlet valves with fixed opening. For normal soiling conditions, the simulation results show an average increase of 0.85 % in the net electrical energy produced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113526"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring europium-doped CuBi2O4 nanorods for enhanced solar steam generation and desalination","authors":"Jawad Ali ,&nbsp;Hajra noor ,&nbsp;Jianjun Liu ,&nbsp;Muneerah Alomar ,&nbsp;Javed Khan ,&nbsp;Xue Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater scarcity is a growing global challenge, and solar-driven steam generation offers a promising, eco-friendly solution for desalination and water purification. However, its efficiency is often hindered by poor light absorption, high charge carrier recombination, and thermal losses. To address these limitations, we synthesized europium-doped copper bismuth oxide (Eu-CuBi₂O₄) nanorods using a hydrothermal method, enhancing photothermal conversion efficiency. By integrating these nanorods into a 2D evaporation structure where they were coated onto cotton gauze and insulated with polystyrene foam for better thermal confinement we achieved a highly efficient solar steam generator. Under 1 kW/m² solar illumination, our system demonstrated an outstanding evaporation rate of 2.33 kg/m²⋅h, with an impressive solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency of 96 %, ensuring rapid and effective water evaporation. The system remained stable over 20 continuous cycles, maintaining efficiency without salt accumulation or performance loss. Thermal imaging confirmed that the material retained heat efficiently, reaching surface temperatures of 75.5 °C, further boosting evaporation rates. More importantly, this solar evaporator effectively removed over 95 % of dissolved salts (Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) and organic contaminants like Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B, even when processing high-salinity water up to 20 wt% brine. These results highlight Eu-CuBi₂O₄ nanorods as a powerful and sustainable photothermal material, paving the way for scalable, low-cost solar desalination and water purification technologies to meet the growing demand for clean water worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113527"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocrystal-assisted defect control in hybrid perovskite solar cells for improved photovoltaic performance","authors":"Xuefeng Xia,&nbsp;Xiaohua Ding,&nbsp;Yu Lan,&nbsp;Wenhua Zhang,&nbsp;Lihua Cao,&nbsp;Yang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organometallic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as leading candidates for new-generation photovoltaics due to their exceptional power conversion efficiency (PCE) and superior optoelectronic properties, including long carrier lifetimes, extended diffusion lengths, and high absorption ability. However, defects at grain boundaries and surfaces act as non-radiative recombination centres, severely degrading device performance and stability. In this study, we introduce a quantum dot (QD)-assisted anti-solvent engineering strategy (AES) to regulate perovskite crystallization and minimize defect states. By incorporating various ratios (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mg/mL) of CdSe/ZnS core–shell QDs with green (g-QDs) and red (r-QDs) emission into the anti-solvent process, we achieve a compact, pinhole-free perovskite morphology with reduced trap-assisted recombination. As a result, r-QD-incorporated double-cation PSCs achieve a breakthrough PCE exceeding 21 %, outperforming the control devices (18.3 %). Furthermore, QD-passivated PSCs exhibit remarkable operational stability, retaining over 90 % of their initial performance over 600 h of light exposure under maximum power point tracking (MPPT) conditions. The obtained findings highlight the potential of QD-assisted passivation in mitigating critical limitations in PSC technology, paving the way for enhanced stability and long-term performance through advanced anti-solvent engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113540"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar light-based photocatalysis for organic pollutant degradation: Mechanistic understanding of double Z-scheme dynamics in ZnO/Fe2O3-doped NiCo2O4","authors":"Mawra Kokab ,&nbsp;Ismat Bibi ,&nbsp;Farzana Majid ,&nbsp;Shagufta Kamal ,&nbsp;Babar Taj ,&nbsp;Gul Fatima ,&nbsp;Qasim Raza ,&nbsp;Sooman Lim ,&nbsp;Fatimah M. Alzahrani ,&nbsp;Arif Nazir ,&nbsp;Munawar Iqbal","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The double Z-scheme photocatalysts provide an effective strategy for enhancing the separation and transfer of photo-induced charge carriers. In this study, pure NiCo₂O₄ (NC) and ZnO/Fe₂O₃-doped NiCo₂O₄ (ZNFC1-3) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The impact of doping on the structural and photocatalytic properties was thoroughly investigated. The NPs were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and UV–Visible analysis. XRD confirmed that the ZNFC NPs possess a face-centered cubic structure, with particle sizes ranging from 19 to 29 nm. FTIR analysis identified metal–oxygen bonds, validating the successful incorporation of dopants. The optical bandgap of the NPs decreased from 2.68 eV (undoped) to 1.64 eV (highly doped), demonstrating enhanced light absorption. Photoluminescence (PL) intensity decreased with increasing dopant concentrations, indicating improved inhibition of charge carrier recombination. The photocatalytic performance of the pure and doped ZNFC3 NPs was evaluated for the degradation of Crystal Violet (CV) dye and salicylic acid (SA) under visible light irradiation. The ZNFC3 photocatalyst exhibited superior degradation efficiency, achieving 91% removal of CV and 90% of SA under optimized conditions, including pH, pollutant concentration, and catalyst dosage. Trapping experiments confirmed that hydroxyl radicals (OH^•) were the primary reactive species responsible for pollutant degradation, followed by photo-induced holes and electrons. Recyclability tests over multiple cycles demonstrated the excellent stability and reusability of the ZNFC3 photocatalyst, making it a promising candidate for removing organic pollutants from wastewater effluents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113519"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"srlife: a software tool for estimating the life of high temperature concentrating solar receivers. Part I – metallic receivers","authors":"Mark C. Messner,&nbsp;Bipul Barua","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces <em>srlife</em>, a tool for estimating the structural service life of concentrating solar power (CSP) receivers operating at high temperatures. Supporting both metallic and ceramic receiver designs, <em>srlife</em> is available as open-source software at <span><span>https://github.com/applied-material-modeling/srlife</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> and can be installed via the PyPi package manager (<span><span>https://pypi.org</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>). Given basic receiver geometry and incident heat flux, the tool performs thermohydraulic and structural analysis and estimates the life of a receiver. Designed for easy integration into a software stack, including solar field and levelized cost analysis, the tool can be utilized for optimizing receiver designs to meet service life and economic targets. This paper is Part I in a two-part series. Part I discusses the analysis process used to estimate the life of metallic receivers, along with a description of the required input data. Additionally, several heuristics applied within <em>srlife</em> can reduce analysis time significantly while maintaining accurate life estimations for metallic receivers when compared to full analyses. Several examples demonstrating the utility of <em>srlife</em> in receiver design are also discussed. Part II focuses on the life estimation of ceramic receivers, using time-dependent reliability analysis and various ceramic failure models implemented in <em>srlife</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113518"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An artificial intelligence approach to predict energy parameters in a photovoltaic-thermal system within a greenhouse","authors":"Shojapour Pour ,&nbsp;Ali Motevali ,&nbsp;Seyed Hashem Samadi ,&nbsp;Ranjbar-Nedamani Nedamani ,&nbsp;Pourya Biparva ,&nbsp;Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ever-increasing energy demands in various agricultural sectors, especially in greenhouse facilities, require exploring feasible solutions. Utilizing renewable energy sources, along with implementing artificial intelligence (AI) to predict and analyze energy consumption data, offers a promising approach to tackle this challenge. In this research, various machine learning models are used to predict energy parameters (such as output power, electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency, and total efficiency) of a photovoltaic-thermal system based on nanofluids (Al₂O₃, SiO₂, Al₂O₃-SiO₂) both inside and outside a greenhouse environment. The modeling is carried out using time-delay neural networks (TDNN), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and nonlinear autoregression (NARX) methods, incorporating a logarithmic activation function. The results of the modeling for predicting different energy parameters indicate that the NARX network achieves the highest accuracy, with average statistical indicators of R² = 0.9979 and RMSE = 0.1062. In contrast, the MLP network shows the lowest accuracy, with average statistical indicators of R² = −0.1657 and RMSE = 3.4482. Furthermore, a comparison of the energy parameter modeling results shows that simulations conducted outside the greenhouse have better statistical indicators, with an average R² = 0.7038 and RMSE = 0.9358, compared to simulations conducted inside the greenhouse, which yielded an average R² = 0.5162 and RMSE = 1.5267. Additionally, an analysis of the convergence times for the different networks reveals that the MLP, TDNN, and NARX networks require average times of 0.4057 h, 37.3864 h, and 103.5006 h, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 113544"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}