From binary to quaternary copper chalcogenide compounds in solar cells technology: Recent progress and perspectives

Copper chalcogenides (CuCh, where Ch = O, S, Se, Te) are promising semiconductor materials for various electronic applications, including solar cells. Among these compounds, CuInGaSe₂ (CIGS) is an excellent candidate for achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in solar cell applications. CuCh-based thin film solar cells offer a cost-effective and stable alternative to traditional Si-based solar cells with comparable efficiencies. Due to their outstanding semiconducting and optoelectronic properties, certain CuCh compounds have been utilized in perovskite and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). However, several other CuCh compounds with excellent potential for solar cell use remain underexplored. This review article provides an overview of the current state of CuCh-based solar cells, covering the fundamental concepts, fabrication methods, and technologies involved in their production. The review scope extends beyond well-established CuCh photovoltaic materials to include lesser-developed compounds that remain largely unexplored for solar cell technology. The article also describes the plausible strategies to enhance the feasibility of CuCh-based solar cells in society, as well as addresses key challenges associated with the commercialization and marketability of this material, its potential use in future consumer products, and considerations for solar cell waste management.