Dynamic modeling and experimental validation of solar Geo-Aerovoltaic energy system

This paper presents a performance analysis of a novel Geo-Aerovoltaic energy system, which integrates a bifluid Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) collector with a geothermal well. The bifluid collector uses both air and water circuits to cool the PV module, enabling tri-generation of electricity, hot air, and hot water. A high-fidelity, one-dimensional dynamic model was developed using an equation-oriented approach in Pyomo and rigorously validated against experimental data from a full-scale prototype, achieving a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of less than 1 °C for key output temperatures. A comprehensive parametric study quantified the system’s performance under standard and geothermal-coupled operating modes. Results demonstrate a fundamental trade-off between the air and water thermal outputs, which can be modulated by flow rates. Most significantly, integrating a cold geothermal source transforms the collector into a highly effective ambient and solar heat harvester. This geothermal cooling mode dramatically boosts electrical efficiency by maintaining low cell temperatures and increases water thermal efficiency from a standard 12% to over 40%, providing a powerful mechanism for ground thermal regeneration. The study validates the Geo-Aerovoltaic concept as a versatile and synergistic technology for building decarbonization.