Solar Energy最新文献

{"title":"Benchmarking deep learning methods for irradiance estimation from sky images with applications to video prediction-based irradiance nowcasting","authors":"Lorenzo F.C. Varaschin,&nbsp;Danilo Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the high levels of uncertainty associated with photovoltaic energy, an increasing number of studies focusing on short-term solar forecasting (i.e. nowcasting) have been published. Most of these studies use deep-learning-based models to directly forecast a solar irradiance or photovoltaic power value given an input sequence of sky images. Recently, however, advances in generative modeling have led to approaches that divide the nowcasting problem into two sub-problems: (1) future event prediction, i.e. generating future sky images; and (2) solar irradiance or photovoltaic power estimation, i.e. predicting the concurrent value from a single image. One such approach is the SkyGPT model, whose potential for improvement is shown to be much larger in the estimation component than in the generative component. Thus, in this paper, we focus on the solar irradiance estimation problem and conduct an extensive benchmark of deep learning architectures across the widely-used Folsom, SIRTA and NREL datasets. Moreover, we perform ablation experiments on different training configurations and data processing techniques, including the choice of the target variable used for training and adjustments of the timestamp alignment between images and irradiance measurements. In particular, we draw attention to a potential error associated with the sky image timestamps in the Folsom dataset and suggest a possible fix. By leveraging the three datasets, we demonstrate that our findings are consistent across different solar stations. Finally, we combine our best irradiance estimation model with a video prediction model and obtain state-of-the-art results on the SIRTA dataset.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114000"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photovoltaic cooling systems review integrating technical, economic, and environmental dimensions encompassing life cycle assessment","authors":"Razan El Kassar ,&nbsp;Ahmad Al Takash ,&nbsp;Elissa El Rassy ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hammoud ,&nbsp;Xavier Py","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The switch to renewable energies is of key importance for both reducing global CO₂ <!-->emissions and offering long-term energy security. In both regards, photovoltaic systems occupy the central position in this paradigm shift.<!--> <!-->However, heating usually reduces the efficiency of a photovoltaic system hence making cooling measures<!--> <!-->paramount. This paper reviews the recent developments in cooling techniques used with solar panels within the last five years, necessarily focused on economic and environmental studies included in an entire life cycle assessment (LCA). The<!--> <!-->cooling techniques have been reviewed: air-based, liquid-based, phase-change material (PCM), radiative sky cooling, thermoelectric generators, Peltier effect evaporative cooling, and hybrid systems. This article, unlike prior studies, investigates all known studies, integrating the life cycle approach. It<!--> <!-->goes beyond benefits in thermal performance to consider the economic and environmental implications of each cooling strategy. For instance, the<!--> <!-->combined thermoelectric generators with PCM increased electrical power generation by 20 to 30 % in sunny conditions. A more interesting development is that hybrid<!--> <!-->techniques using PCM in conjunction with water-cooling techniques, have achieved an overall improvement of 22.8 % in electrical<!--> <!-->efficiency. The evaporative cooling systems had the potential to drop temperature by<!--> <!-->22.7 % and increase the generated output power by 16.3 W for a polycrystalline 50 W module in a<!--> <!-->dry region. The nanofluid cooling techniques decreased the PV surface temperature by 23.14 %, increasing their efficiency to 20.2 %. However, there<!--> <!-->still<!--> <!-->significant gaps in thorough economic, environmental, and LCA assessments<!--> <!-->necessitating further investigation into<!--> <!-->feasibility and long-term impacts of<!--> <!-->cooling systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114010"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transparent conductive oxides in flexible perovskite solar cells – material properties and device performance review","authors":"Adamu Ahmed Goje ,&nbsp;Norasikin Ahmad Ludin ,&nbsp;Suhaila Sepeai ,&nbsp;Mohd Sukor Su’ait ,&nbsp;Ubaidah Syafiq ,&nbsp;Puvaneswaran Chelvanathan","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) are promising alternatives to conventional solar cells, particularly for wearable and portable electronic applications that require flexible and lightweight energy sources. The integration of a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer is essential to achieve both conductivity and transparency. However, this requirement poses significant challenges related to flexibility, durability, and cost-effectiveness, thereby impeding commercialisation. This study aims to critically assess the limitations of commonly employed TCOs, including aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium tin oxide (ITO), and gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), focusing on their performance in FPSCs. To address the primary challenges of scalability, material costs, environmental degradation, and mechanical integrity, this review synthesises the evaluations of TCO material properties from the existing literature. These findings indicate that indium tin oxide (ITO) remains the most prevalent TCO in the field, owing to its superior optical transparency and electrical conductivity. In contrast, materials such as gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) offer enhanced flexibility, but at the cost of reduced conductivity. Furthermore, challenges related to the uniformity of large-area films, deposition technique methodologies, and uniformity of interfaces between TCOs and charge-transporting layers further complicate the fabrication of FPSCs. Our research identifies critical areas for further investigation and development, including low-temperature deposition techniques, improved encapsulation strategies, and evaluation of alternative TCO materials to enhance the performance and viability of FPSCs. These findings have significant policy implications and underscore the need for additional research and funding in the solar energy sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 113964"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the energy storage potential of NaNO3 aided by alumina nanoparticles using discharge kinetics","authors":"Hari Suthan V.,&nbsp;Vikraman H.,&nbsp;Suganthi K.S.,&nbsp;Rajan K.S.","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) is a phase change material (PCM) with high melting temperature and latent heat but has a relatively lower thermal conductivity. Alumina (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles were added to NaNO₃ using ball milling to prepare Al₂O₃-NaNO₃ nanocomposite. The effect of alumina nanoparticle concentration (up to 2 wt%) on phase change transition characteristics and thermal conductivity was investigated. Experiments on the discharge of stored latent heat were performed for NaNO₃ and Al₂O₃-NaNO₃ nanocomposite with well-agitated Therminol-55 and air under forced convection as the two heat transfer fluids. Enhancements in thermal conductivity and specific heat were observed with Al₂O₃ nanoparticles’ addition. The loss in latent heat was attributed to the solid nanoparticles present in the nanocomposite. The Al₂O₃-NaNO₃ nanocomposite containing Al₂O₃ at the concentration of 1 wt% resulted in a 15 % reduction in solidification time, 11.9 % &amp; 25.1 % enhancements in the PCM side heat transfer coefficient for latent heat recovery using Therminol-55 and air as the coolants, respectively. The corresponding enhancements in the PCM side heat transfer coefficient for solid phase sensible heat recovery using Therminol-55 and air as the coolants were 21.4 % &amp; 198 %, respectively. These results indicate that Al₂O₃-NaNO₃ nanocomposite can offer significant improvement in the heat transfer performance for about 500 cycles before the latent heat loss becomes significant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114020"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional PANI-LDH nanocomposites: from efficient cango red mineralization to high-yield solar hydrogen generation","authors":"Pritam Hait ,&nbsp;Rajeev Mehta ,&nbsp;Soumen Basu","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a binary nanocomposite comprising polyaniline (PANI) and nickel–aluminum layered double hydroxide (Ni–Al LDH) was synthesized via an oxidative polymerization method, with varying LDH loadings (2, 5, and 7 wt%). Comprehensive physicochemical characterization—including UV–Vis DRS, photoluminescence (PL), XRD, XPS, BET, and EDS—was employed to investigate the optical, structural, compositional, and textural attributes of the materials. From FESEM the porous morphology of PANI and the hierarchical, flower-like morphology of LDH were observed. The photocatalytic performance of the composite was evaluated for Congo red (CR) dye degradation and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation. After 120 min, the system achieved 98 % dye removal and approximately 50 % mineralization, as confirmed by total organic carbon analysis. Kinetic studies indicated pseudo-first-order behaviour, with the rate constant exceeding those of pristine PANI, LDH, and TiO₂-P25 by factors of 6, 8, and 9, respectively, evidencing a pronounced synergistic interaction. Operational parameters such as pH, catalyst loading, illumination area, and the presence of scavengers significantly influenced activity. The composite maintained ∼ 70 % catalytic efficiency over six consecutive cycles. HRMS enabled identification of intermediate and final degradation products. Under methanol-assisted conditions, the composite exhibited a hydrogen evolution AQE of 20 %, with AQEs of 18 %, 21 %, and 16 % in acidic, basic, and neutral media, respectively. These results underscore the composite’s bifunctionality for environmental remediation and solar-driven energy conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114012"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, fabrication and testing of a multifaceted adaptive-optics, variable-focal-length heliostat","authors":"K. Milidonis,&nbsp;I. Loghmari,&nbsp;M. Kontopyrgos,&nbsp;W. Lipiński","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The heliostat field is the critical component of concentrating solar thermal (CST) tower systems for collection of solar radiation. Traditional heliostat designs used in commercial and research CST tower systems can be classified as single-facet heliostats, which employ a single continuous mirror to direct sunlight, and multifaceted heliostats, which use at least two optically aligned (canted) mirror facets to redirect solar radiation onto a receiver. However, these designs face limitations in maintaining optical performance throughout the day, primarily due to astigmatic aberration losses. These losses directly impact CST tower system efficiency. Furthermore, the heliostat field accounts for a significant portion of overall system cost, largely due to the absence of a standardized heliostat design. Without such standardization, each heliostat must be individually canted with high precision based on its field position to accurately aim at the receiver, significantly increasing complexity and cost. This paper explores the engineering design, development and testing of a multifaceted adaptive-optics heliostat, which, on top of the sun tracking capability, allows each facet to independently adjust its orientation to modify its focal length and correct aberration errors. To maintain cost efficiency, the design leverages advances in the broader Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, including low-cost microcontrollers, sensors, and actuators/drives, along with inexpensive drives and polymer-based component manufacturing. The testing of the heliostat demonstrated effective astigmatic aberration correction, whereas a detailed cost analysis indicated the potential for such heliostat designs to offer a viable and cost-effective solution for next generation CST tower systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 113950"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fault analysis for simultaneous AC-DC power transmission in distribution system integrated with distributed PV generation","authors":"Jiahao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zitao Liao ,&nbsp;Youzhuo Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiao Zhong ,&nbsp;Hua Bao ,&nbsp;Song Bao ,&nbsp;Fozildjon Abidovich Hoshimov ,&nbsp;Qiuqin Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of simultaneous AC-DC power transmission can not only increase line capacity, but also alleviate the shortage of power supply in existing distribution system. Moreover, renewable energy is used efficiently by cancelling the energy conversion equipment. Simultaneous AC-DC power transmission in distribution system integrated with distributed photovoltaic generation has a great prospect of application. However, due to the special structure of simultaneous AC-DC power systems, their fault characteristics are very complex, which may render traditional protection strategies ineffective, and existing research on fault analysis for such systems is limited. Unlike existing studies that mainly focus on fault analysis of individual AC and DC systems or VSC-based hybrid AC/DC systems, a comprehensive fault analysis for simultaneous AC-DC power system is presented in this paper, which is essential to relay protection design. Firstly, the structure of system is introduced. Secondly, two types of common faults, i.e., single line-to-ground (SLG) and three-phase-ground (TPG) faults, are analyzed. The fault process is divided into several stages, each stage describing the fault circuit and main equations. The simulation model is built to prove the correctness of the analysis. Then, the factors affecting fault characteristics, including grounding resistance, DC-link capacitance, and initial phase angle of the fault are discussed. Finally, the fault characteristic is studied with various DC injection modes. Furthermore, a method for suppressing overvoltage in DC system under SLG fault is proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 113999"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural, optical, and electrophysical properties of Sb2(SxSe1-x)3 films for solar cells","authors":"T.M. Razykov ,&nbsp;К.M. Kuchkarov ,&nbsp;D.Z. Isakov ,&nbsp;B.A. Ergashev ,&nbsp;R.R. Khurramov ,&nbsp;M.A. Makhmudov ,&nbsp;L. Schmidt-Mende ,&nbsp;Tim Mayer","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new method was developed for fabricating high-quality Sb₂(S_xSe_1-x)₃ solid solution thin films using chemical molecular beam deposition from Sb₂Se₃ and Sb₂S₃ compounds. Structural analysis showed that increasing sulfur content (<em>x</em> = 0.1–0.35) reduced grain length and shifted XRD peaks to higher angles, indicating lattice contraction. Raman spectroscopy revealed a decrease in Sb–Se modes (110 and 151 cm⁻¹) and an increase in Sb–S modes (280 and 310 cm⁻¹). The optical bandgap expanded from 1.15 eV to 1.39 eV due to the smaller atomic radius and higher electronegativity of sulfur. The electrical conductivity (σ) dropped from 2.3 × 10⁻⁵ to 3.4 × 10⁻⁶ (Ω·cm)⁻¹ with increasing sulfur content. These variations are attributed to bandgap widening and composition-driven phase transitions in Sb₂(S_xSe_1-x)₃ thin films. Acceptor defects with activation energies of 89 meV and 107 meV were observed at lower sulfur ratios, while donor-type traps with energies of 308 meV and 450 meV dominated at higher <em>x</em>. These results demonstrate the tunable structural and electronic properties of Sb₂(S_xSe_1-x)₃ thin films for photovoltaic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114021"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transparency effects in agrivoltaics lettuce cultivation using uniform/non-uniform semitransparent photovoltaic modules in controlled environments","authors":"Uzair Jamil ,&nbsp;Md Motakabbir Rahman ,&nbsp;Koami Soulemane Hayibo ,&nbsp;Linda Alrayes ,&nbsp;Eric Fordjour ,&nbsp;Raymond Thomas ,&nbsp;Joshua M. Pearce","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agrivoltaic systems offer a dual-use solution to land constraints by integrating food and energy production, yet the influence of light distribution characteristics—particularly uniformity—on crop performance remains poorly understood. This study investigates the physiological and yield responses of lettuce under two contrasting agrivoltaic lighting strategies while maintaining comparable transparency: (1) uniform illumination from cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules and (2) non-uniform illumination from bifacial crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV modules with alternating cell and glass regions. Experiments were conducted using CdTe modules at 40 %, 50 %, and 70 % transparency and bifacial c-Si modules at 44 % and 69 % transparency. Key parameters measured include photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), gas exchange metrics (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂, transpiration), and morphological traits (plant height, leaf count, fresh weight). Results reveal that 69 % transparent c-Si modules not only preserved lettuce yield relative to open-field controls but achieved a 3.6 % enhancement. Conversely, CdTe modules of similar transparency caused a 6 % yield reduction, underscoring the importance of light non-uniformity in optimizing plant response. These findings demonstrate that spatial light heterogeneity – characteristic of c-Si systems – can enhance crop performance, presenting an opportunity for sustainable intensification. Scaling this technology across Canada’s lettuce-growing regions could generate 1,200 MW of solar power while boosting agricultural revenue by CAD $20 million annually, with an additional CAD $30 million from solar land leasing. This study supports the integration of non-uniform, semi-transparent PV modules as a viable pathway toward synergistic energy-agriculture systems for a sustainable future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114006"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of heated PV modules on soiling behavior and energy yield","authors":"Guido Willers ,&nbsp;Volker Naumann ,&nbsp;Said Elhamaoui ,&nbsp;Ralph Gottschalg ,&nbsp;Klemens Ilse","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.114013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soiling impairs the energy yield of photovoltaic systems, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The primary scientific focus is therefore on the development of efficient cleaning technologies. Complementarily, this work considers a strategy for mitigating soiling through smart heating of photovoltaic modules. The findings suggest that the combination of heated photovoltaic modules with favorable wind conditions can lead to a reduction in dust accumulation. This reduction has the maximum potential to generate an estimated solar energy gain of up to 0.064 kWh/m² per day. However, a comprehensive evaluation of laboratory tests and outdoor experiments conducted in Morocco reveals an overall negative energy balance of −0.24 kWh/m² per day. The heating system consumed more energy than it mitigated soiling-losses. The study demonstrated that low wind speeds of less than 2.7 m/s and unfavorable north wind directions are unsuitable for generating significant resuspension effects despite heating. Consequently, the economic viability of this technology remains uncertain under real-world conditions. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the limitations of the proposed mitigation strategy and identifies the reasons for the overall negative energy yield.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 114013"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}