Solar Energy最新文献

{"title":"Machine learning-based prediction of optimal tilt angles for monofacial and bifacial PV systems","authors":"Hanadi Haroun,&nbsp;Jimmy S. Issa,&nbsp;Pierre Rahme","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel machine learning-based framework to predict optimal tilt angles for monofacial and bifacial photovoltaic systems, using six years of high-resolution (5 min interval) satellite irradiance data from 184 U.S. locations. Unlike previous work, it combines fine temporal data, wide geographic coverage, and a comparative evaluation of thirteen machine learning models to optimize tilt angles under three adjustment strategies: yearly, seasonal, and monthly. The irradiance on tilted surfaces was estimated using the isotropic sky model, to efficiently simulate the front- and rear-side exposure across a wide range of albedo values varying from 0 to 1 with 0.1 increments. The resulting tilt angles served as simulated optimal angles for training thirteen machine learning (ML) models using location coordinates and albedo as input features. Model accuracy was validated at 15 independent U.S. cities. For yearly prediction, Support Vector Machine with Gaussian Kernel (SVMG) and k-Nearest Neighbors Regression (KNN) emerged as the top-performing models for monofacial and bifacial systems, respectively, yielding angular prediction absolute errors below 1.0°for monofacial and 1.7°for bifacial, and negligible irradiation discrepancies (less than 0.01% for monofacial and 0.02% for bifacial). Further analysis showed that the amount of energy gained by bifacial panels is strongly dependent on the reflectivity of the ground (albedo), reaching more than 80%, and that the best panel orientation varies in subtle ways depending on the location’s latitude. The proposed ML framework offers an accurate, scalable, and computationally efficient solution for PV tilt optimization in both fixed and periodically adjustable systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 113924"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the impact of high-flux irradiation in accelerated aging testing of solar absorber coatings","authors":"Sahar Hosseini ,&nbsp;Mahdiar Taheri ,&nbsp;Shuang Wang ,&nbsp;Inmaculada Cañadas ,&nbsp;Aránzazu Fernández-García ,&nbsp;Kaoru Tsuda ,&nbsp;Florian Sutter ,&nbsp;Simon Caron ,&nbsp;Antonio Tricoli ,&nbsp;Wojciech Lipiński ,&nbsp;Juan F. Torres ,&nbsp;Joe Coventry","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar absorber coatings play a critical role in concentrating solar thermal (CST) plants by impacting receiver efficiency. To study the lifetime of coatings, they are typically subjected to accelerated aging tests using various methods. In this study, thermal cycling tests designed to simulate the effects of cloud passage were conducted using three methods: (1) a furnace method using a vertical split tube furnace; (2) an on-sun flux method using a solar furnace; (3) and a simulated flux method using a high-flux solar simulator. The simplest of these three methods, cycling heating in a programmable furnace, avoids the requirement for a concentrated radiation source. The main aim of the testing was to compare these methods and understand if high-flux irradiation impacts the optical degradation rate. After 500 cycles (around 62 h of total testing time) using the simulated flux method and 300 cycles (around 40 h of total testing time) using the on-sun flux method, the maximum difference in solar absorptance between these two high-flux methods and the furnace test method was less than 0.3 %, a result consistent for both coating types tested in this study, Pyromark and a coral-structured coating. We suggest the effects of UV radiation or operating with higher flux gradients across samples may not be important to aging characteristics of coatings, and that the simpler furnace test method may be sufficient for many applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 113978"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of indium doped ZnO with PANI hybrid nanocomposite for efficient photoanode in DSSC","authors":"Muhammad Musharaf ,&nbsp;Naeem Ahmed ,&nbsp;Ahmed Shuja ,&nbsp;Abdul Majid ,&nbsp;Javed Iqbal ,&nbsp;Khalid Javed","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For solar cells, researchers these days have found Zinc Oxide (ZnO) as a potential candidate gaining great attention due to its combined connection with polymer and dopants like indium (In) simultaneously. This associative stance provides not only better electronic transport as compared to undoped and pristine ZnO but also helps to improve the efficiency of the solar cell device by reducing the recombination rate with holes. Firstly, Polyaniline (PANI) has been prepared by In-situ polymerization. To optimize the functionality of photoanode as a simple metal oxide, this present study investigates a novel nanocomposite (NC) consisting (PANI) with In-doped ZnO nanoparticles, which have been synthesized via a single-step co-precipitation method. The synthesized NC was subsequently evaluated for its structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties in the context of solar cell device application. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful formation of In-doped ZnO/10 % PANI NC with a hexagonal structure. The porous morphology of the NC was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) validated the elemental composition corresponding to at% and wt%. For DSSC device, notably chronoamperometry (CA) has shown better charge accumulation and its decay process with time for In-doped NC based dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). A sequence of 20 cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans was conducted to test electrochemical stability, with stable redox peaks observed across cycles. (EIS) Analysis revealed that the charge transfer resistance (R_ct) decreased from 23 Ω (undoped ZnO/PANI) to 19 Ω (In-doped ZnO/PANI), with an associated increase in electron lifetime (τ_e) to 1.3 ms, indicating improved interfacial charge transport. To conduct the efficiency test i.e. power conversion efficiency PCE, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) has been utilized for DSSC under ambient conditions from where fill factor (FF) of 0.69 against short circuit current density (J_sc) of 8.96 mA and open circuit voltage (V_oc) of 0.89 V declared a PCE of 5.1 % which indicates that this doped NC will be suitable for practical solar cell applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 113957"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selecting effective NWP integration approaches for PV power forecasting with deep learning","authors":"Dayin Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaodan Shi ,&nbsp;Mingkun Jiang ,&nbsp;Shibo Zhu ,&nbsp;Haoran Zhang ,&nbsp;Dongxiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuntian Chen ,&nbsp;Jinyue Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate forecasting of photovoltaic (PV) power is crucial for reliable energy scheduling and system operation. While deep learning models have demonstrated strong capabilities in this domain, effectively integrating numerical weather prediction (NWP) data into such models remains a challenging problem. In this study, we propose and systematically evaluate five distinct NWP integration strategies — referred to as Method 1 through Method 5 — for enhancing PV forecasting performance. These methods are tested across 14 representative models and four forecasting horizons (4, 24, 72, and 144 steps), covering short-, mid-, and long-term scenarios. Experimental results reveal that the effectiveness of each integration method depends on the model architecture and forecasting horizon. In particular, Method 5 shows strong compatibility with recurrent models such as LSTM in short-term forecasting, while Method 4 performs best with Transformer-based models in long-term settings. Additionally, Method 1 and Method 2 demonstrate consistently reliable performance across various models and tasks. These findings provide practical insights into selecting suitable NWP integration strategies for PV power forecasting applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 113939"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modelling of back-pass triangular solar air heaters and its experimental validation. Comparison against different geometries","authors":"J.P. Hernández-Jerónimo ,&nbsp;R. Pérez-Espinosa ,&nbsp;O. García-Valladares","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113941","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113941","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A numerical model was developed to predict the instantaneous thermal efficiency, the incident angle modifier curves, and airflow humidity and temperature in the Solar Air Heaters (SAHs) with triangular ducts. The model applies the control volume method with discretization along both axial and longitudinal directions, incorporating empirical correlations to solve the resulting system of algebraic equations. Validation was performed using 24 instantaneous thermal efficiency data points specifically collected for this purpose, yielding an average error of ± 1.63 % between experimental and simulated results. Additionally, a weighted least-squares regression was conducted to compare experimental and numerical thermal efficiency values. These analyses demonstrate that the proposed model is a reliable tool for the design and optimization of back-pass SAHs with triangular duct geometries.</div><div>Additionally, an experimental comparison between SAHs with triangular and rectangular ducts constructed from the same materials revealed that triangular configurations are, on average, 3.73 % more efficient than rectangular ones. The comparison of instantaneous thermal efficiency curves of triangular SAHs with two distinct opening angles (60° and 90°) indicated that a 60° angle yields, on average, 9.35 % higher efficiency, and with an incident angle of 50°, the 60° configuration is approximately 3 % more efficient than the 90° angle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 113941"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced photoelectric conversion performance of photovoltaic cells based on superhydrophobic sunlight-reflective film","authors":"Rongzhang Qiu ,&nbsp;Zi Wang ,&nbsp;Jiale Li ,&nbsp;Qiang Fu ,&nbsp;Yang Cao ,&nbsp;Si Wu ,&nbsp;Youyi Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new superhydrophobic sunlight-reflective film is designed and prepared for improving power generation of photovoltaic cells. The film is composed of n-octyltriethoxysilane modified silicon (OTS@SiO₂) top layer, TiO₂ doping epoxy resin (TiO₂/EP) intermediate layer and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate film. These provide superhydrophobicity, sunlight-reflection and mechanical stability, respectively. As a result, it can simultaneously obtain good superhydrophobicity (water contact angle &gt;150°) and high sunlight reflectivity (&gt;80 %). Furthermore, the effect of superhydrophobicity and sunlight reflectivity on power generation of photovoltaic cells is investigated and evaluated. It is found that the power generation of photovoltaic cells can be improved to more than 5.0 % in the presence of superhydrophobic sunlight-reflective film. The work provides a promising and facile strategy to enhance power generation of photovoltaic cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 113953"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-scale solar-to-hydrogen system design: An open-source modeling framework","authors":"Cristina Teixeira ,&nbsp;Miguel Alexandre ,&nbsp;Leonardo Rodrigues ,&nbsp;António T. Vicente ,&nbsp;Ana S. Reis-Machado ,&nbsp;Cristina B. Correia ,&nbsp;Cristiano P. Ramos ,&nbsp;Adélio Mendes ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Martins ,&nbsp;Manuel J. Mendes","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen produced from renewable energy holds significant potential in providing sustainable solutions to achieve Net-Positive goals. However, one technical challenge hindering its widespread adoption is the absence of open-source precise modeling tools for sizing and simulating integrated system components under real-world conditions. In this work, we developed an adaptable, user-friendly and open-source Python® model that simulates grid-connected battery-assisted photovoltaic-electrolyzer systems for green hydrogen production and conversion into high-value chemicals and fuels. The code is publicly available on GitHub, enabling users to predict solar hydrogen system performance across various sizes and locations. The model was applied to three locations with distinct climatic patterns – Sines (Portugal), Edmonton (Canada), and Crystal Brook (Australia) – using commercial photovoltaic and electrolyzer systems, and empirical data from different meteorological databases. Sines emerged as the most productive site, with an annual photovoltaic energy yield 39 % higher than Edmonton and 9 % higher than Crystal Brook. When considering an electrolyzer load with 0.5<!--> <!-->W^EC/W_p^PV capacity solely powered by the photovoltaic park, the solar-to-hydrogen system in Sines can reach an annual green hydrogen production of 27 <!--> <!-->g/W_p^PV and export 283<!--> <!-->Wh/W_p^PV of surplus electricity to the grid. Continuous 24/7 electrolyzer operation increased the annual hydrogen output to 33 <!--> <!-->g/W_p^PV, with a reduced Levelized Cost of Hydrogen of €6.42/kg_H2. Overall, this work aims to advance green hydrogen production scale-up, fostering a more sustainable global economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 113910"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CNN-based photovoltaic fault diagnosis using normalized I–V curves with Explainability analysis","authors":"Woogyun Shin,&nbsp;Jin Seok Lee,&nbsp;Young Chul Ju,&nbsp;Hye Mi Hwang,&nbsp;Sukwhan Ko","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Countries worldwide are expanding the adoption of renewable energy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Among the renewable sources, solar energy has experienced the fastest growth and largest deployment. As the number of photovoltaic (PV) plants increases, the operation and maintenance market expands, along with fault-diagnosis technologies that integrate traditional methods with artificial intelligence. This study proposes a fault-diagnosis technique that utilizes normalized current–voltage (I–V) curves of PV strings and a convolutional neural network (CNN). Measured I–V curves were normalized using a simulation model considering irradiance, module temperature, and degradation rate. The normalized curves were labeled as normal or as one of six fault types based on patterns and electrical parameters. A CNN trained with these data achieved training and validation accuracies of 99.34% and 99.39%, respectively. Layer-wise and occlusion sensitivity analyses were performed to interpret the classification process of CNN. Additionally, in a PV string where normal and faulty conditions were simulated, the trained CNN classified measured I–V curves with an average accuracy of 98.3%. When evaluated at an operational PV plant, the PVDF model prioritized the dominant I–V curve pattern for fault classification and successfully classified faults with subtle patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 113958"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoconstructing ZnWO4/sulfur-doped polyimide Z-scheme heterojunction with improved charges transfer for enhanced solar photocatalysis","authors":"Xuelian Li,&nbsp;Long Zhang,&nbsp;Weihao Jia,&nbsp;Chenghai Ma,&nbsp;Xinying Jia,&nbsp;Baotong Liu,&nbsp;Ying Chen,&nbsp;Xinyu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, ZnWO₄ nanorods were effectively anchored onto the surface of sulfur-doped π-conjugated polyimide (SPI) by an in situ crystallization growth method. Thus a Z-type heterostructure of ZnWO₄/SPI (ZWO/SPI) composite material was constructed as a solar photocatalyst. The obtained SPI, ZnWO₄, and ZWO/SPI composites were systematically characterized and analyzed by various techniques, such as XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, XPS, BET, DRS, UV–vis spectroscopy, Motschottky, PL, EIS, photocurrent, and ESR. It was found that ZnWO₄ nanorods with a diameter of about 30 nm and regular morphology grown on the surface of SPI. The photoelectrochemical analysis indicates that incorporating ZnWO₄ nanorods notably boosts the photocurrent of ZWO/SPI, thereby significantly enhancing the transport efficiency of photogenerated charge. The highest solar photocatalytic degradation of 78.54% for both orange methyl (MO) and 96.04% for methylene blue (MB) was achieved with 5ZWO/SPI. The enhancement of the activity is mainly attributed to ZnWO₄ nanorods as the conductor of photogenerated charges and the nano-construction of the Z-type heterojunction between ZWO and SPI. The obtained band positions and ESR signals of ·O₂^– and ·OH radicals displayed the charge mobility mechanism of the Z-Scheme across the heterojunction. This work presents a method for designing polymer photocatalysts enhanced by surface nanomodification for efficient degradation of organic contaminants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 113981"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum design and investigation of dibenzo[g,p]chrysene-based hole transport materials for efficient perovskite solar cells","authors":"Nabeel Shahzad ,&nbsp;Rida Fatima ,&nbsp;Hanane Etabti ,&nbsp;Shahzad Ali Shahid Chatha ,&nbsp;Javed Iqbal","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a series of novel hole-transporting materials (HTMs) based on a double helicene, dibenzo[g,p]chrysene (DBC) core, featuring side-arm diphenylamine (DPA) units, designed for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). For this, five new HTMs (<strong>DBC1-DBC5</strong>) were successfully designed by incorporating end-stage acceptor units via a thiophene spacer. The quantum calculations were performed using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) at 6-31G (d,p) basis set to scrutinize the tailored HTMs. The results confirmed that <strong>DBC1-DBC5</strong> have more stabilized HOMO energies (−5.24 eV to −4.69 eV), narrower energy gap (1.92 eV to 2.22 eV), and high absorption coefficient (534–645 nm in solvent) compared to model molecules <strong>DBC-OMeDPA</strong> and state-of-the-art <strong>Spiro-OMeTAD</strong>. Moreover, excitation analysis of <strong>DBC1-DBC5</strong> revealed that these materials have low charge coupling, stronger exciton dissociation, and high intrinsic charge transfer (up to 88 %), and minimal exciton binding energies (0.26 to 0.30 eV), facilitating efficient charge separation. While designed materials exhibit electron reorganization energies lower than their hole counterparts, their HOMO-LUMO energy alignment strongly supports hole transport behavior, as the LUMO levels are too high to accept electrons from the perovskite conduction band. Additionally, their smaller hole reorganization energies (0.1281 to 0.2147 eV) when compared to Spiro-OMeTAD suggest robust hole mobility, attributed to the optimized core functionality. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into HTMs for PSCs. Overall, this study highlights the vital role of DBC-based HTMs in advancing PSC technology through superior charge dynamics and optimized energy levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"301 ","pages":"Article 113980"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}