Sensors and Actuators Reports最新文献

{"title":"Detection of bacterial signatures from culture supernatants using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and machine learning","authors":"Amit Kumar ,&nbsp;Nishtha Chauhan ,&nbsp;Harsimran Kaur Kapoor ,&nbsp;Abhinav Mishra ,&nbsp;Hemant K. Naikare ,&nbsp;Binu T. Velayudhan ,&nbsp;Yiping Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bacterial growth inherently modifies the surrounding culture medium through the secretion and accumulation of metabolites and biomolecular byproducts, yet these extracellular components are typically treated as background in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)–based bacterial analyses. Here, we demonstrate that cell-free bacterial culture supernatants themselves constitute robust and information-rich SERS fingerprints that enable reliable bacterial identification when coupled with machine-learning analysis. Using reproducible silver nanorod substrates fabricated by oblique-angle deposition, we systematically analyzed culture supernatants from multiple foodborne pathogens (<em>E. coli</em> O103, O111, O121, O157, and <em>Salmonella</em> STNR) and animal-associated <em>Leptospira</em> serovars (Pomona, Bratislava, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, and Icterohaemorrhagiae), alongside matched sterile growth-media controls (TSB and EMJH). Spectral analysis reveals reproducible bacterial-induced peak shifts, intensity redistribution, and the emergence of phosphate-, nucleic-acid-, and protein-associated vibrational features relative to sterile media, confirming that extracellular bacterial biomarkers are retained within the supernatants. Unsupervised principal component analysis reveals intrinsic clustering of bacterial supernatants, while supervised support vector machine classification achieves 99.29 ± 0.43% accuracy for foodborne pathogens, 96.61 ± 1.82% accuracy for <em>Leptospira</em> serovars, and 97.83 ± 0.94% accuracy for a combined multi-group dataset acquired across independent laboratories. By establishing bacterial culture supernatants as a reproducible and diagnostically informative SERS target rather than a confounding background, this work introduces a simplified cell-free strategy for bacterial identification that reduces direct handling of intact bacterial cells during the SERS measurement step and expands the practical scope of SERS-based biosensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100480"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and development of an electrochemical sensor for real-time lithium monitoring: Safer and smarter patient care","authors":"Maria del Mar Lopez Guerrero ,&nbsp;Laura Vazquez-Palomo ,&nbsp;Jose Gonzalez-Rodriguez ,&nbsp;Elisa I. Vereda Alonso ,&nbsp;Rebeca Jiménez-Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium is a first-line treatment for bipolar disorder, but its narrow therapeutic window requires constant monitoring to avoid both deficiency and overdose, which may lead to severe adverse effects. Rapid, simple, and minimally invasive detection methods are therefore essential for real-time lithium monitoring and for reducing patient discomfort associated with conventional invasive procedures. In this work, a lithium sensor based on <span><math><mrow><mtext>LiM</mtext><msub><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></mrow></math></span> spinel, graphene oxide (GO) and pyrrol (Py) electrochemically deposited on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) for lithium analysis in biological fluids was developed. The LGOPy film was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical techniques. Linear scan voltammetry revealed two lithiation-related peaks, with the first lithiation step enabling amperometric detection of lithium at −0.25 V. In buffered aqueous solution, the sensor achieved a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.076 µM. In urine, saliva, and whole blood, lithium LoDs ranged from 0.141 to 0.162 µM, values well below the therapeutic lithium range. These results demonstrate that LGOPy-modified SPCEs provide a fast, sensitive, robust, and cost-effective platform for real-time lithium quantification in biological fluids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100413"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon paper/copper metal-organic framework sensor for detection of the European Union watch list substance metformin: electroanalysis and computational mechanistic insights","authors":"Miguel Tavares ,&nbsp;Lucas Lima Bezerra ,&nbsp;Cristina Delerue-Matos ,&nbsp;Adriana Nunes Correia ,&nbsp;Norberto de Kássio Vieira Monteiro ,&nbsp;Álvaro Torrinha ,&nbsp;Simone Morais","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel electrochemical sensor of carbon paper (CP) modified with a copper-trimesic acid metal-organic framework (Cu-BTC) was developed for determination of metformin (MET) in complex environmental matrices. MET is one of the most prescribed pharmaceuticals worldwide, posing a potential environmental risk being thus marked by the European Union as a priority contaminant for monitoring. The CP modification was performed through an environmentally friendly layer-by-layer method, and the CP/Cu-BTC sensor was characterized morphologically and structurally. Voltametric analysis revealed a well-defined and irreversible oxidation peak at 0.92 V in contrast with no peak when a bare CP was used, which highlights the importance of Cu-BTC in the detection process. This was confirmed by computational studies that revealed that MET interacts spontaneously with Cu-BTC through hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The electroanalytical conditions (electrolyte pH (8), technique parameters and analyte pre-concentration, +0.4 V and 150 s) were optimized to maximize sensitivity and selectivity. The sensor showed two linear detection ranges (0.11–1.5 and 1.5–10 µM) with high sensitivities (207.6±2.1 and 170.2±4.1 μA µM⁻¹ cm⁻²) and low detection limits (0.037 and 0.52 µM), resulting in a quantification limit (0.11 µM) that is significantly below the established threshold by the European Commission Implementing Decision 2025/439. CP/Cu-BTC exhibited excellent reproducibility, selectivity, and accuracy (80.0–91.3 %) in wastewater, river water and fish samples with minimum extraction steps. Overall, it offers a competitive, cost-effective, and relevant method for monitoring MET in aquatic ecosystems, with potential to compete with the currently applied techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100426"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmonic nanostructure-based optical nano-sensing for ultrasensitive detection of environmental pollutants","authors":"Lixiang Fan ,&nbsp;Dongxin Xu ,&nbsp;Fei Lin ,&nbsp;Mingkun Yuan ,&nbsp;Yishui Lin ,&nbsp;Zaijin Li ,&nbsp;Zhibin Zhao ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Yi Qu ,&nbsp;Guojun Liu ,&nbsp;Lin li","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), owing to its ultrahigh sensitivity, rapid response, and molecular fingerprint recognition capability, has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for trace environmental pollutant detection. However, the performance of SERS is largely determined by the plasmonic properties of the substrate, and thus the development of nanostructured substrates with simultaneously high enhancement factors, excellent signal uniformity, and reliable batch-to-batch reproducibility remains a critical challenge. In this work, we constructed a composite SERS sensing platform based on noble-metal heterostructures. A 100 nm-thick gold film was first deposited onto a periodically ordered nanoporous sapphire array via electron-beam evaporation (Au/porous sapphire). Subsequently, chemically reduced silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were mixed with the analyte solution and self-assembled onto the Au/porous sapphire surface. Finite element simulations revealed that the Ag NP/Au film heterostructure could generate a larger number of electromagnetic “hotspots” compared with single-metal counterparts. Using rhodamine 6 G (R6G), malachite green (MG), melamine, and methylene blue (MB) as probe molecules, the platform exhibited outstanding detection sensitivity, excellent spectral reproducibility, and uniform signal distribution. Furthermore, the substrate enabled ultrasensitive detection of common microplastics (PE, PET, PP, and PS) as well as trace formaldehyde, with the latter facilitated by a 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP)-mediated capture strategy. Collectively, this work establishes a stable and reproducible SERS sensing platform, offering a promising pathway for trace pollutant monitoring and environmental safety assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100424"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time MoS2-silicon photoelectrochemical biosensor for tracking mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction in metastatic cancers","authors":"Tsung-Hsien Chen ,&nbsp;Chun-Liang Lai ,&nbsp;Zhi-Hao Jiang ,&nbsp;Ding-Fong Lin ,&nbsp;Chu-Kuang Chou ,&nbsp;Michael W.Y. Chan ,&nbsp;Yao-Tung Wang ,&nbsp;Jung-Sheng Chen ,&nbsp;Min-Tsung Wang ,&nbsp;Hsiang-Chen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulated redox signaling are critical drivers of cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, yet current methods lack sufficient temporal resolution to monitor mitochondrial function in living cells in real time. Here, we report a molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂)-enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor integrated with a silicon solar cell to dynamic tracking of mitochondrial redox activity. Incorporation of MoS₂ substantially improved photogenerated charge separation and interfacial electron transfer, yielding a 57.7% increase in PEC signal intensity compared with unmodified electrodes. The biosensor distinguished metastatic from non-metastatic gastric cancer phenotypes: MKN45 and NCI-N87 cells exhibited 2.42-fold and 1.41-fold higher photocurrents, respectively, relative to AGS cells. Photocurrent output correlated strongly with cell number (R² &gt; 0.986), enabling quantitative metabolic profiling. Sequential treatment with mitochondrial modulators—oligomycin, FCCP, and rotenone/antimycin A—produced bidirectional photocurrent changes reflective of oxidative phosphorylation flux and electron transport chain inhibition, demonstrating real-time bioenergetic tracking. These results establish that PEC output as a sensitive surrogate for mitochondrial redox dynamics. The MoS₂-based PEC platform thus provides a rapid, label-free approach for functional mitochondrial analysis, with translational potential for cancer diagnostics, metabolic stratification, and therapeutic response evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100436"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autonomous stretchable sensor array with low-power wireless readout for spatial pH mapping","authors":"Yingqi Kong ,&nbsp;Jingli Luo ,&nbsp;Yijia Zhu ,&nbsp;Yujia Li ,&nbsp;Jingle Huang ,&nbsp;Yixuan Li ,&nbsp;Xinzhong Li ,&nbsp;Lizhou Xu ,&nbsp;Danyang Li ,&nbsp;Buddha Deka Boruah ,&nbsp;Bing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spatial pH mapping on soft and deformable surfaces is important for applications such as wound healing assessment and food freshness mapping. However, conventional rigid pH sensors have limited use in these fields due to poor mechanical compliance, inadequate spatial resolution, and the need for wired power supplies. Here, we present an autonomous stretchable sensor array based on iridium oxide (IrO_x), powered by a low-power wireless multiplexed readout and a flexible zinc-ion battery, for 4 × 4 spatial pH sensing. These microstructurally optimised IrO_x sensors exhibit a narrow super-Nernstian sensitivity of 71.25–72.69 mV/pH, with a drift below 0.01 pH/hour and robust performance after 100 stretchable cycles. The bespoke circuit employs a gain-optimised, low-noise analogue front-end with 16-channel acquisition, achieving near full-scale Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) utilisation (1 mV resolution) and sensitivity deviations below 1% when operated in ultra-low-power mode for wireless readout. The flexible zinc-ion battery integrates seamlessly with the circuits, providing sufficient operating time for the intended applications, and offering higher safety and biocompatibility than conventional lithium-based systems. This platform was validated on chicken and fish tissues at different stages of degradation and under mechanical strain, demonstrating strain-induced deviations below 0.02 pH. The proposed platform offers a reliable, mechanically compatible and fully integrated solution for real-time conformal biochemical mapping in clinical, environmental and food quality applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100446"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steerable thin-film electrode array for cochlear implantation: design and development for future atraumatic insertion","authors":"Ahmad Itawi ,&nbsp;Bacem Zribi ,&nbsp;Prabhakar Sidambaram ,&nbsp;Thanh Hang Tran ,&nbsp;Guillaume Tourrel ,&nbsp;Renato Torres ,&nbsp;Sofiane Ghenna ,&nbsp;Sébastien Grondel ,&nbsp;Yann Nguyen ,&nbsp;Cédric Plesse ,&nbsp;Eric Cattan","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During cochlear implant surgery, standard electrode arrays are inserted into the scala tympani to stimulate the spiral ganglion cells and rehabilitate hearing in deaf patients. However, conventional electrode arrays' stiffness and passive nature lead to potential trauma or incomplete insertion during the procedure. To overcome these limitations, an original steerable thin film electrode array (TFEA) has been developed. First, the twenty gold electrodes, distributed over a 25 mm length, with an average surface area of 0.16 mm², are significantly larger than those of existing TFEAs. These larger electrode surface areas enable safe neural stimulation within charge density limits below the Shannon threshold. By adjusting the material thicknesses, the proposed TFEA offers tunable stiffness, enabling safer and more flexible insertion. The microfabrication process, using SU-8 negative photoresist thin films, is both cost-effective and straightforward. In addition, the ability to dynamically adjust the curvature of the TFEA during insertion into a 3D printed cochlea model using low voltage conducting polymer based micro-actuator has been demonstrated. This marks the first instance of electrode array insertion with adaptive curvature, minimizing contact with cochlear walls. Successful insertion was achieved, with a curvature angle close to 360° This active TFEA has the potential to improve insertion control and reduce the risk of trauma during cochlear implantation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100447"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Label-free and simultaneous detection of vitamins K1 and D3 by a dual-channel fiber optic LSPR-based on MSM Concave Tip","authors":"Mohammad-Mahdi Babakhani-Fard,&nbsp;Mohammad Ismail Zibaii,&nbsp;Soroush Rostami,&nbsp;Hamid Latifi","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research reports a dual-channel fiber optic LSPR biosensor utilizing a multimode-single mode-multimode (MSM) concave tip fiber for the label-free and simultaneous detection of Vitamin K₁ (VK₁) and 25(OH)Vitamin D₃ (VD₃) levels. The concave structure, fabricated by HF etching of the MSM fiber tip, functions as a microlens that enhances the evanescent field (EF) intensity to excite LSPR modes efficiently. The sensor was developed by exploiting two distinct LSPR modes associated with Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) on Channel 1 (Ch₁) and Au@Ag core-shell NPs (CSNPs) on Channel 2 (Ch₂). The selectivity of Ch₁ for VK₁ and Ch₂ for VD₃ is realized by coating a multi-walled carbon nanotube-chitosan (MWCNT-Chit) nanohybrid on the AuNPs-functionalized Ch₁ surface, and a MWCNT-polypyrrole/VD₃ molecularly imprinted polymer (MWCNT-PPy/VD₃ MIP) matrix on the CSNPs-functionalized Ch₂ surface, respectively. This selectivity results from increased dielectric functions of the nanohybrid and MIP matrix, due to selective redox reactions between MWCNT-Chit and VK₁ molecules, as well as the trapping of VD₃ molecules in the active imprinted cavities of MWCNT-PPy/VD₃ MIP. The obtained limit of detection of the sensor was <span><math><mrow><mtext>LO</mtext><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>V</mi><msub><mi>K</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></msub><mo>∼</mo><mn>7.8</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow><mo>/</mo><mi>l</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mtext>LO</mtext><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>V</mi><msub><mi>D</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></msub><mo>∼</mo><mn>3.6</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow><mo>/</mo><mi>l</mi></mrow></math></span> in the range of 0-10⁻³ g/l. The proposed sensor was checked for the detection of VK₁ and VD₃ in standard mixed samples and the human serum samples. The results demonstrate the applicability of the designed sensor for label-free, simultaneous detection of VK₁ and VD₃, exhibiting high selectivity, repeatability, and stability. Moreover, the sensor supports miniaturization, making it suitable for in vivo and in vitro clinical sensing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100408"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical oxygen sensor based on luminescence quenching for dissolved oxygen (DO) detection: Metalloporphyrin embedded in fluorinated acrylate nanospheres and their biological application","authors":"Honglin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang Sun ,&nbsp;Wei Zhao ,&nbsp;Guanjie Li ,&nbsp;Ke Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiupeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Yao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical oxygen sensors based on the luminescence quenching mechanism were developed by encapsulating platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) into fluoropolymer nanospheres of Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (Poly(MMA-co-TFEMA)) and Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-trifluoroethyl methacrylate-co‑butyl acrylate) (Poly(MMA-co-TFEMA-co-BA)) via miniemulsion polymerization for dissolved oxygen (DO) detection. The luminescence intensity of the oxygen-sensing nanospheres decreases significantly with increasing DO concentration, with maximum quenching ratios (<em>I</em>₀/<em>I</em>₁₀₀) estimated to be 6.19±0.15, and 8.92±0.26 for Poly(MMA-co-TFEMA) and Poly(MMA-co-TFEMA-co-BA) nanospheres, respectively. The response times to DO were 28 s and 24 s for Poly(MMA-co-TFEMA) and Poly(MMA-co-TFEMA-co-BA) nanospheres. After 1 h of continuous light irradiation, the decay ratios of luminescence intensity for both remained below 0.1%. Experimental results demonstrate that both nanosphere-based oxygen sensors exhibit high sensitivity and accuracy, fast response time, and excellent photostability. Finally, PtOEP@Poly(MMA-co-TFEMA-co-BA) nanospheres were used as a photosensitizer, and their photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy was evaluated in human A431 cells. <em>In vitro</em> studies indicate that cancer cells are effectively destroyed at a low dose of PtOEP@Poly(MMA-co-TFEMA-co-BA) nanospheres under light irradiation, suggesting the potential of these oxygen-sensing nanospheres for photodynamic therapy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100449"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148183641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triple-amplification-assisted visual miRNA sensing for portable identification of medicinal plants and productions","authors":"Haoyue Ma ,&nbsp;Ying Liang ,&nbsp;Jiangnan Wang ,&nbsp;Wanjuan Lin ,&nbsp;Yang Pan ,&nbsp;Peng Cao ,&nbsp;Yue Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2025.100432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of colorimetric biosensors offers a promising tool for on-site visual analysis of medicinal plants and related products in market regulation. However, compared to fluorescent or electrochemical sensing strategies, colorimetric sensors often suffer from weak signals and limited sensitivity, making it challenging to detect low-abundance RNA targets in commercial samples. In response to this issue, here we design a triple signal amplification strategy to achieve ultrasensitive colorimetric signal output for visible microRNA (miRNA) detection in medicinal plants and products, and the smartphone-based imaging enabled portable quantitative analysis for on-site market regulation. The specifically expressed miRNA in ginseng is chosen as the target strand to initiate the first amplification (hybridization chain reaction) for DNAzyme activation, catalyzing the successive cleavage of substrate strands for the liberation of trigger strands that drive rolling circle amplification. This process produces a high abundance of repetitive G-quadruplex motifs, which function as catalytic scaffolds to accelerate a colorimetric reaction, ultimately enabling sensitive and reliable detection by the naked eye. Combining three amplification approaches into a unified cascade, this strategy generates distinguishable colorimetric signals with naked eyes, and the quantitative analysis could be achieved using a smartphone software, offering a wide dynamic range (1–10⁵ pM) and a low detection limit of 651 fM. Successful application in medicinal plant ginseng and related products demonstrates the practicality for real sample analysis. The modular amplification design holds broad potential for detecting other molecular targets, underscoring its promise for portable biosensing and on-site regulatory applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100432"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}