Latin American Policy最新文献

{"title":"The challenges of Latin American democracy: Coexistence, inclusion, and diversity","authors":"Pablo de la Peña Sánchez","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12371","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This special issue of <i>Latin American Policy</i> features selected academic articles from our First Latin American Congress on Social Sciences and Government, sponsored by three of the most prestigious universities in Latin America Universidad Católica de Chile; Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia; and Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico. The congress, focused on The Challenges of Latin American Democracy: Coexistence, Inclusion, and Diversity, gathered more than 50 scholars who shared their insight on events that have shaped democracy in our region and on the emerging challenges to the democratic consolidation of our institutions.</p><p>Our conclusions highlight the need for new forms of coexistence and dialog among political actors and underscore the importance of recognizing the diversity that defines our society. We also believe our political systems must enhance representation and find ways to ensure inclusion in political life for all social groups.</p><p>The 8 articles explore a wide range of themes from the unique perspectives of their authors, inviting us to reexamine the concept of democracy in Latin America and the challenges to achieving prosperous governments and societies.</p><p>This article reflects on the importance of intersectionality in strengthening democracy, especially in contexts like the Mexican one. The central idea is that for democracy to be truly inclusive, affirmative action must not only focus on the political participation of women but also address the needs of other historically marginalized groups, particularly those in vulnerable situations.</p><p>Intersectionality, which originated in Afro-descendant feminism, reminds us that experiences of discrimination are not one-dimensional. People can face multiple, interconnected forms of oppression, which highlights the need for a more pluralistic and comprehensive approach to public policy design. This perspective not only enriches democracy but also allows previously excluded voices to be heard and considered in decision-making processes.</p><p>The article highlights how affirmative action in Mexico has evolved from a women-centered approach to a broader inclusion that encompasses various vulnerable communities, a significant step toward a more representative and unbiased democracy.</p><p>This study indicates a need to rethink how we understand and apply democracy. By integrating intersectionality into affirmative actions, greater equity is promoted, and the social fabric is strengthened by empowering all citizens to participate actively in building a more inclusive future, regardless of identity or situation.</p><p>Carlos Cerda Dueñas invites us to examine the interconnection between democracy and the rule of law as fundamental concepts that ensure social justice. The idea that democracy and the rule of law are intrinsically linked emphasizes the importance of strong and fair institutions that guarantee rights for all citizens. The establishment of the Sust","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"15 4","pages":"573-577"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lamp.12371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mexico under the universal human rights system: The case of the committee on the protection of the rights of all migrant workers and members of their families","authors":"Daniela González Iza","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12369","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The relationship between Mexico and human rights treaty bodies has been paradigmatic due to the adoption of a foreign policy based on an openness to international scrutiny that is not reflected in the internal situation of human rights. An example of this contradiction is the case of the rights of migrants in Mexico. The objective of this article is to analyze the effects of mechanisms of the United Nations System of Human Rights, specifically the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families in Mexico, to determine the scope of the impact of civil society on the guarantee of human rights of migrants despite the lack of international consensus regarding the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.</p><p>墨西哥与人权条约机构的关系一直是典型的，因为墨西哥采取了以接受国际审查为基础的外交政策，而国际审查并没有反映在国内人权状况中。这种矛盾的一个例子就是该国移民的权利。本文旨在分析联合国人权系统机制的影响，特别是墨西哥的“保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利”委员会的影响，以确定公民社会对“保障移民人权”的影响范围，尽管国际社会在保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利之国际公约方面缺乏共识。</p><p>La relación de México con los órganos de tratados de derechos humanos ha sido paradigmática debido a la adopción de una política exterior basada en una apertura al escrutinio internacional que no se refleja en la situación interna de los derechos humanos. Un ejemplo de esta contradicción es el caso de los derechos de los migrantes en el país. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los efectos de los mecanismos del Sistema de las Naciones Unidas de Derechos Humanos, específicamente del Comité de Protección de los Derechos de Todos los Trabajadores Migratorios y de sus Familiares en México, para determinar el alcance de la incidencia de la sociedad civil en la garantía de los derechos humanos de los migrantes a pesar de la falta de consenso internacional en torno a la Convención Internacional sobre la Protección de los Derechos de Todos los Trabajadores Migratorios y de sus Familiares.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"15 4","pages":"666-680"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143244129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommendations to strengthen hybrid mental health policy in primary care services in Chile","authors":"Fabiola Cortez-Monroy Muñoz,&nbsp;Claudia Cerfogli Flores,&nbsp;Mauricio Soto Durán,&nbsp;Pilar Monsalve Castillo,&nbsp;Patricia Basualto Alfaro,&nbsp;Rodrigo Quiroz Saavedra,&nbsp;Irina Betti Cortés,&nbsp;Mónica Molina Garzón,&nbsp;Marcela Aracena Álvarez","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12367","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article presents the main results of a qualitative study proposing guidelines for a hybrid public policy on mental health at the primary care level that faces the challenge of improving access under conditions of quality. The empirical evidence was constructed from semistructured interviews with users, decision makers, and professionals from Chile's central, regional, and local healthcare levels and a review of specialized literature. The study shows that strengthening a hybrid telehealth policy at the primary care level is an outstanding strategy to contribute to reduce accessibility, acceptability, and availability barriers. Yet, to be effective, it is necessary to take on some guidelines in terms of remote care management in Primary Healthcare centers, training of professionals, and skill building of civil servants in the use of technology, regulatory framework, infrastructure and technology; financing; inclusion of the user's perspective; and clinical guidelines and technical standards for hybrid care. The leadership of the Ministry of Health is fundamental to promote relevant regulation and the coordination and active participation of different stakeholders.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"15 4","pages":"681-693"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143244130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special mechanism for monitoring recommendations in security institutions in Mexico","authors":"Sara María Gómez Cossio","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12363","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since their inception, security institutions in Mexico have undergone significant transformations in their structure, organization, and responsibilities, which has influenced their role in ensuring public safety in the country. The configuration of the institution responsible for providing security in Mexico under military leadership not only deviates from the constitutional precepts to which it should adhere but also undermines the legal security of citizens regarding the enjoyment and full exercise of their human rights, due to acts prone to rights violations by such corporations, especially in the absence of a social proximity formation. This article focuses on the international perspective of human rights organizations about the security institutions in Mexico, considering the jurisprudence, recommendation, and cases in the Inter-American Human Rights System. Multiple international organizations conclude that these security institutions have indicated a regression in human rights and require oversight by a regional international entity to ensure compliance with recommendations and the guarantee of a rule of law.</p><p>自成立以来，墨西哥的安全机构在结构、组织和职责方面经历了重大变革，这影响了它们在确保国家公共安全方面的作用。在军事领导下，墨西哥安全机构的配置不仅偏离了其应遵守的宪法准则，而且还破坏了公民享有和充分行使人权的法律保障，因为这些公司的行为容易侵犯权利，特别是在缺乏社会邻近性的情况下。本文聚焦于从国际人权组织的角度看待墨西哥的安全机构，并考虑了美洲人权系统中的法理、建议和案例。多个国际组织的结论认为，这些安全机构的人权状况有所倒退，需要一个区域国际实体的监督，以确保遵守建议并保障法治。</p><p>Desde su creación, las instituciones de seguridad en México han experimentado transformaciones significativas en su estructura, organización y responsabilidades, lo que ha influido en su papel para garantizar la seguridad pública en el país. La configuración de la institución encargada de brindar seguridad en México bajo el liderazgo militar no sólo se aparta de los preceptos constitucionales a los que debe sujetarse, sino que además atenta contra la seguridad jurídica de los ciudadanos respecto del goce y ejercicio pleno de sus derechos humanos, debido a actos proclives a violaciones de derechos por parte de dichas corporaciones, sobre todo en ausencia de una formación de proximidad social. Este artículo se centra en la perspectiva internacional de las organizaciones de derechos humanos sobre las instituciones de seguridad en México, considerando la jurisprudencia, recomendaciones y casos en el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. Múltiples organismos internacionales concluyen que estas instituciones de seguridad han mostrado un retroceso en materia de derechos humanos y requieren de la supervisión de un ente internacional regional para asegurar el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones y la garantía de un Estado de derecho.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"15 4","pages":"612-628"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143253567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public innovation and policy change in the security policy in Nuevo León","authors":"Juan Carlos Montero Bagatella","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12362","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article explores the dynamics of policy change and innovation in the context of the security crises in Nuevo León, Mexico, drawing insight from past experiences and ongoing challenges. From 2003 to 2023, with an emphasis on 2006–2011, the article examines the role of the state government and civil participation in shaping innovative policy responses. Key findings highlight the importance of collaboration between government, civil society, and the private sector in developing effective and sustainable solutions. While successful initiatives like the establishment of Fuerza Civil demonstrate the potential of public innovation, challenges such as funding uncertainties and changes in political leadership underscore the need for institutionalized mechanisms for collaboration and evaluation. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of transparency, accountability, and inclusivity in policymaking processes; and advocating for continued civil engagement to address security challenges and foster a safer and more resilient future.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"15 4","pages":"629-647"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143253336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview and progress in promoting the rule of law at the Latin America and Caribbean level","authors":"Carlos Cerda Dueñas","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12370","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2015, heads of state and government, and high representatives adopted the post-2015 development agenda, known today as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Target 16.3 promotes the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensures equal access to justice for all. This article focuses on the inclusion of the rule of law in the sustainable development goals in Latin America. The central theme is the absence of an indicator to measure progress and the analysis of possible reasons for having omitted the tools that have already been developed for this purpose.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"15 4","pages":"594-611"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143253338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A participatory democracy with an intersectional approach","authors":"Mireya Castañeda Hernández","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12366","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article inserts the concept of intersectionality contributed by Afro-descendant feminism to study whether affirmative action is open to other vulnerable groups besides gender in Mexico. An explanatory investigation of the concept of intersectionality correlated with multiple affirmative action is carried out, and a case study considers the decisions made by two electoral institutions in Mexico. Crenshaw's theories are confirmed, including a case study carried out in Mexico focused on decisions by electoral authorities that have promoted the establishment of multiple affirmative actions in electoral matters. A ruling by the Electoral Tribunal in which the discussion focused on the implementation of the intersectionality concept due to the application of multiple affirmative actions is also highlighted. Affirmative action must be understood in a broad vision open to different vulnerable groups, and the concept of intersectionality must be considered when there is more than one reason for vulnerability so that better protection can be provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"15 4","pages":"578-593"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143253337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cosmogony and rights of Rarámuri community in the face of forced migration","authors":"Luis Gerardo Ortiz Corona","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12368","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article addresses Rarámuri cosmogony and the causes of forced migration within this community. It is a descriptive essay that integrates ius-historical, documentary, and phenomenological techniques. The main arguments revolve around the threat posed by the destruction of the Rarámuri traditions and natural environment, which affects their sense of belonging and their right to self-determination. These factors, exacerbated by violence and forced displacement, result in the migration of the communities to nonindigenous territories. The research highlights the need to recognize and protect the rights of this community to prevent their cultural and territorial disappearance.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"15 4","pages":"694-709"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143253091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges to the future of democracy in Latin America","authors":"Isidro Morales","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12372","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Our last issue of the year of Latin American Policy (LAP) revolves around the current challenges to democratic institutions in the region, featuring Professor Pablo de la Peña as the guest editor. He has been a full-time professor for many years at Tecnológico de Monterrey, the leading Mexican university where LAP is housed. The volume is the product of the First Triad International Congress, held at the School of Government and Public Transformation in Monterrey, Mexico, in 2023. The congress was possible thanks to the participation of experts and professors affiliated with Chile's Pontifical Catholic University, Colombia's University of the Andes, and Tec de Monterrey. The congress gathered in Monterrey 53 speakers from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Mexico. From the best presentations we are eager to publish 8 that evolved into final articles that passed the rigor of the academic peer-review process.</p><p>This volume also includes an essay written by Vladimir Rouvinski and Juan Pablo Milanese on Venezuela's recent controversial presidential elections. We hope our readers will enjoy this last volume of our prestigious journal for the year 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"15 4","pages":"572"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lamp.12372","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143253013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing current trends in the region: Democracy, authoritarianism, migration, employment, climate change, and foreign policy","authors":"Isidro Morales","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12361","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Our current issue of Latin American Policy (LAP) contains six pieces of state-of-the-art research on trendy topics covering a myriad of riveting subjects. We also include four excellent essays in our Perspectives section dealing with the most pressing problems affecting key countries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jaroslav Bílek's article explores the relationship between electoral manipulation and postelection protests in Latin America. By reviewing 221 elections in the region between 1980 and 2020, he suggests that preelection manipulation does not increase the likelihood of postelection protests. Furthermore, contrary to findings from previous studies, he concludes that intimidation and vote buying have no effect.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ana Marcela Paredes Encalada's research offers the use of a new construct—the so-called Plebiscitary Electoral Democracy Index. To validate her index proposal, she conducts an empirical test focusing on the Andean Community countries over the past two decades, comparing the existing Electoral Democracy Index with the new proposed index from 2003 to 2022. The findings reveal that her proposed index reflects a consistently lower level of democracy than that measured by the Electoral Democracy Index across all Andean cases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Joana Castro Pereira and Eduardo Viola identify the factors that hindered the achievement of Brazil's climate goals from the early 2010s to 2022 and investigate how Lula's new mandate is reversing this situation. Brazil currently shows renewed pro-climate momentum, the authors say, especially in Amazon deforestation control. However, hurdles persist, including resistance from Congress, financial frailties, a focus on fossil fuels, and an uncertain foreign policy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Feliciano Sá Guimarães and Ivan Filipe Fernandes analyze the levels of discrimination against immigrants in Brazil, focusing on housing, health care, and job training policies for four groups—Haitians, Germans, Venezuelans, and internal migrants known as &lt;i&gt;nordestinos&lt;/i&gt;. Their results reveal a widespread negative perception of all groups across all scenarios, except the local group of migrants. The findings suggest that the Brazilian public's discrimination against foreigners is linked to a pervasive misperception of the social and economic threat immigrants allegedly pose to the nation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oscar A. Martínez-Martínez and Javier Reyes-Martínez's contribution shows that in the first 2 years of the Covid-19 pandemic in Mexico, and especially during the time of confinement, labor informality was not a means to maintain household income, as had happened in the country during other times of economic crisis. Likewise, important sectoral effects were found, with the most affected industries being nonessential ones. Their study also suggests that gender gaps widened, with women being the most affected in the formal and informal labor market due to pre-existing conditions that were aggravated by the pandemic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alejandro Monsiváis argues that López Obrador is a","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"15 3","pages":"360-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lamp.12361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142272994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}