Latin American Policy最新文献

{"title":"Co‐optation without representation: The relationship between the Bolivian state and the indigenous organization CONAMAQ","authors":"Pavlína Springerová, Barbora Vališková","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12286","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64404931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The deepening of the Pacific Alliance's commercial agenda: The role of policy networks in regulatory governance","authors":"Julissa Castro-Silva","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12281","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lamp.12281","url":null,"abstract":"<p>From a complementary perspective to intergovernmental approaches, this article emphasizes the seldom explored role of policy networks in regional regulatory governance to explain the factors that have enhanced or limited the deepening of the Pacific Alliance's trade agenda 10 years after its launch. Within a context of a proliferation of trade agreements in Latin America, but with limited knowledge about their regulation since there are no developed countries in the agreement, it is argued that the horizontal dynamics of interaction established by trans-governmental and transnational networks, as well as the greater articulation among them, have facilitated the deepening of a mutual working scheme. By contrast, the vertical interaction dynamics associated with a North–South economic pattern between Mexico and the other members of the bloc have placed limits on the model of deep integration designed by the group. This article is based on a multiple case study that uses process tracing to consider a process observed from the Global South, considering its particularities and overcoming state-centric visions. Desde una perspectiva complementaria a los enfoques intergubernamentales, este trabajo enfatiza el poco explorado papel de las redes políticas en la gobernanza regulatoria regional para explicar los factores que han potenciado o limitado la profundización de la agenda comercial de la Alianza del Pacífico a diez años de su lanzamiento. En un contexto de proliferación de acuerdos comerciales en América Latina, pero de limitado conocimiento sobre su regulación en ausencia de países desarrollados, se argumenta que las dinámicas horizontales de interacción establecidas por las redes transgubernamentales y transnacionales, así como la mayor articulación entre éstas, han facilitado la profundización de un esquema de trabajo propio. En cambio, las dinámicas verticales de interacción asociadas a un patrón económico Norte–Sur entre México y los demás miembros del bloque han puesto límites al modelo de integración profunda diseñado por el grupo. Este artículo se basa en un estudio de casos múltiples que utiliza el rastreo de procesos para abordar un proceso que es observado desde el Sur Global, atendiendo sus particularidades y superando visiones estado-céntricas.</p><p>本文从政府间方法的补充角度，强调了政策网络在区域监管治理中很少被探究的作用，以期解释一系列因素，后者加强或限制了太平洋联盟贸易议程启动 10 年后的深化过程。拉丁美洲贸易协定激增，但有关贸易协定的定义却有限，以此为背景，本文论证认为，由跨政府和跨国网络建立的横向互动动态，以及更清晰的动态诠释，促进了相互的工作计划深化。相比之下，与“墨西哥和太平洋联盟其他成员国之间的南北经济模式”相关的垂直互动动态，限制了该集团设计的深度一体化模式。本文基于一项多案例研究，后者使用过程追踪来考量南方国家的进程，同时考量其特殊性并克服以国家为中心的愿景。</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"91-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47311451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing artificial intelligence policy: Comparing design spaces in Latin America","authors":"Fernando Filgueiras","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12282","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lamp.12282","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Governments are designing policies for artificial intelligence to facilitate the digital transformation and respond to the diverse ethical and regulatory challenges that emerge with the penetration of this technology in society. This article aims to analyze the policy design dynamics focusing on national strategies for artificial intelligence in Latin America. It starts from the premise that different dynamics of political regimes and governance modes shape different design spaces, which create action situations that assign different dynamics of policy design. The article compares national strategies for artificial intelligence in Latin America, through a documentary analysis of the national strategies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Uruguay, to identify the characteristics and dynamics of the design spaces applied to Artificial Intelligence policies in Latin America. The research findings indicate that the dynamics between political regimes and governance modes in Latin American countries delimit different outcomes for Artificial Intelligence policy.</p><p>Los gobiernos están diseñando políticas de inteligencia artificial para facilitar la transformación digital y dar respuesta a los diversos retos éticos y normativos que surgen con la penetración de esta tecnología en la sociedad. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las dinámicas en la elaboración de estrategias nacionales sobre inteligencia artificial en América Latina. Se parte de la premisa de que los diferentes tipos de regímenes políticos y de modos de gobernanza configuran los espacios y dinámicas de diseño de políticas sobre inteligencia artificial. El artículo compara las estrategias nacionales de América Latina, abarcando los casos ilustrativos de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México y Uruguay. La investigación se basó en el análisis documental de dichas estrategias para identificar las características y dinámicas de los espacios de diseño aplicados a las políticas de inteligencia artificial en América Latina. Los resultados de la investigación indican que la dinámica entre los regímenes políticos y los modos de gobernanza en los países de América Latina delimitan diferentes resultados para la política de Inteligencia Artificial.</p><p>各国政府正在设计人工智能政策，以促进数字化转型，并响应随着这项技术在社会中的渗透而出现的各种伦理挑战和监管挑战。本文旨在分析政策设计动态，聚焦于拉丁美洲国家人工智能战略。本文从一个前提出发，即政治体制和治理模式的不同动态会影响不同的设计空间，这些设计空间创造了用于分配不同政策设计动态的行动情境。本文比较了拉丁美洲在人工智能方面的国家战略，涵盖了阿根廷、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、墨西哥和乌拉圭的说明性案例。本研究基于对这些国家战略的文献分析，以识别拉丁美洲人工智能政策的设计空间的特征和动态。研究结果表明，拉丁美洲国家政治体制和治理模式之间的动态决定了人工智能政策的不同结果。</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"5-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44447954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Russia's many wars and their effects on Latin America","authors":"Armando Chaguaceda Noriega,&nbsp;Vladimir Rouvinski","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12290","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lamp.12290","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"14 1","pages":"204-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43969188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change adaptation in Central America: A review of the national policy efforts","authors":"Luis D. Segura,&nbsp;Annemarie van Zeijl-Rozema,&nbsp;Pim Martens","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12277","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lamp.12277","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The latest comparative studies of climate policies reinforce the fundamental importance of employing adaptation planning alongside national development strategies. While these studies are necessary to document and share the knowledge of the practices and experiences undertaken at the national level, documents are still scarce on regions of interest such as Central America. This article scrutinizes the state of adaptation planning through an exhaustive investigation of adaptation policy documents, consisting of National Adaptation Strategies, National Climate Legislation, and National Adaptation Action Plans, which are common in all six Central American countries. The findings reveal a region with an intricate yet progressive trend toward adaptation policies, with each country showing different speeds and qualities of adoption. An increasing learning curve has allowed for the emergence of two generations of adaptation policies with several improved features, including horizontal and vertical coordination, monitoring systems, and the inclusion of heterogeneous instruments to implement these systems. Yet, institutional challenges outside the adaptation realm could hinder the progress attained, due to factors such as political and economic crisis and institutional fragility. Further research into the broader political and governance landscape is needed, focusing on if and how climate policies should address political instability and institutional fragility as vulnerability stressors.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"13 2","pages":"276-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lamp.12277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64404851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pacific Alliance: Trade implications on member countries and other regional trade agreements","authors":"Alan Fairlie,&nbsp;Erika Collantes","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12270","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lamp.12270","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Pacific Alliance, born as an alternative to “postliberal regionalism,” aimed at reinforcing the liberalization and openness strategies as well as the North–South agreements previously subscribed by its members. It sought to enhance intraregional trade, promote value chains, and reach out to the Asia-Pacific region. Ten years after the creation of the Pacific Alliance, it is relevant to assess its effect on trade flows among its members and with other regional trade agreements like the Andean Community and the Southern Common Market. We use an augmented gravity model and the panel data methodology to provide evidence that the Pacific Alliance has not affected trade flows significantly among its members or with other South American regional trade agreements.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"13 2","pages":"217-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45586208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governancing development in the Andes: From wicked problem to clumsy solutions via messy institutions","authors":"Pablo Garcés-Velástegui","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12266","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lamp.12266","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent protests in Colombia, Ecuador, and Chile, as well as tense elections in Peru, Ecuador, and Chile, suggest strong polarization. At their heart lies a dispute for the development model. The plurality of factions and vindications underscore the plurality of development notions, rendering the situation a wicked problem. Grid group cultural theory makes sense of such complexity, identifying four irreducible cultures and their respective development models—illustrated by neoliberalism, the developmental state, multiple alternatives such as <i>Sumak Kawsay</i>, and a chimera. To address this problem effectively and legitimately, all models must be engaged to produce clumsy solutions. Further, each culture has its own pathway to harness this plurality. These are messy institutions whose shape, as well as that of clumsy development models, will depend on the relative power of each culture and the context in which they are located. It could be beneficial to incorporate these insights into research on and the practice of development governance in the Andean Region.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"13 2","pages":"258-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47647003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The growing divide: Preferences, interests, and the shadow of the future in Argentina–Brazil relations","authors":"Federico Merke,&nbsp;Gisela Pereyra Doval","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12278","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lamp.12278","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent decades, the relationship between Argentina and Brazil was understood as an alliance sustained by common interests and shared values. We argue that this assumption no longer holds, and that the relationship is going through a growing divide. In this article, we examine the evolution of Argentina–Brazil relations and carry out a plausibility probe to test three explanations of their rise and decline. To do so, we look at the shifting patterns of preferences (i.e., domestic coalitions and the electoral cycle), interests (i.e., business actors and trade patterns), and the shadow of the future (i.e., prospects for future interactions). We find that each of the three explanations contributes significantly to our understanding of the relationship's development and the challenges that lie ahead.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"13 2","pages":"405-431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44202718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editor's letter","authors":"Isidro Morales","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12279","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Our last issue for this year of Latin American Policy (LAP) opens with an article written by Alain Fairlie and Erika Collantes assessing the commercial repercussions of the Pacific Alliance, considering other regional trade agreements like the Andean Community and the Southern Common Market. The authors conclude that the Alliance has not significantly affected trade flows among its members or with other South American regional trade agreements. Pablo Garcés Velástegui then explores four irreducible cultures and their respective development models that currently prevail in South America, to consider the issues inherent to development theories. Charles G. Ripley explores the importance of South–South alliances in aiding the establishment of relations between Colombia and Venezuela (2008–2010), in handling Argentina's financial crisis (2003–2007), and in ending over 50 years of civil war in Colombia (1964–2016).</p><p>Luis Diego Segura R., Annemarie van Zeijl-Rozema, and Pim Martens offer a complex study of climate-change adaptation policies in Central America, considering if and how much they have been implemented. On a related environmental topic, Jennapher Lunde Seefeldt explores the growing contention between local communities and mining companies over water use for extracting lithium resources in Chile. The author concludes that activism and company and government responses can facilitate improved negotiations between stakeholders and allow for access to lithium while protecting more the environment and the peoples that survive in the desert. Finally, Nicolas Didier assesses the effectiveness of the Chilean training system, focusing on how it can improve wages.</p><p>LAP has also invited two distinguished Brazilian scholars, Monica Herz and Leticia Pinheiro, to prepare a special issue on Bolosnaro's foreign policy and the departure from previous Brazilian commitments in both multilateral fora and regional associations. The product is an excellent collection of eight research articles—also blind-reviewed by anonymous referees—that contributes to a thorough understanding of major policy changes affecting this key country in the Latin American region. We hope our readers may also benefit from this special issue.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"13 2","pages":"216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lamp.12279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72191710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A conservative foreign policy for Brazil","authors":"Monica Herz","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12271","DOIUrl":"10.1111/lamp.12271","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this article, we put forward an interpretation of Jair Bolsonaro's foreign policy based on its attachment to a conservative authoritarian worldview. We look at how a conservative authoritarian movement and leadership interact with foreign policy in three different ways—by redefining the place of foreign policy in the wider social and political project of the government; by redesigning how the government prioritizes international relations with different countries; and, most importantly, by alienating the country's foreign policy from its longstanding support for multilateral institutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"13 2","pages":"376-388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42632873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}