Latin American Policy最新文献

{"title":"Examining the Reform of Sao Paulo's Transportation Policy: The Rebirth of Detran.SP","authors":"Maria Clara Oliveira,&nbsp;Fernanda Lima-Silva","doi":"10.1111/lamp.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent decades, states have gone to great lengths to modernize and improve the efficiency and quality of government action. Yet, these endeavors are often only partially implemented and can be challenging, particularly at the local level. This article examines the magnitude and effects of the recent administrative reform of a subnational agency, the Transportation Department of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Drawing on the analysis of documents and interviews with stakeholders engaged in the reform and on a framework to analyze policy changes, the article compares the pre- and post-reform periods, identifying the different sorts of alterations introduced to the transportation policy. Such changes have resulted in the internal reorganization of the department and a reconfiguration of the delivery of policies and of the interaction between the agency and citizens. The article advances theoretical debates by applying Howlett and Cashore's framework to the study of a process of policy reform involving multiple and simultaneous alterations to the state of Sao Paulo's transportation policy, contributing to a deeper understanding of reform processes in Brazil, notably at the state level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Dollarization to Bitcoinization: El Salvador's Monetary Experiment","authors":"Benjamin Kurylo","doi":"10.1111/lamp.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>萨尔瓦多通过实施雄心勃勃的政策, 例如在2001年采用美元和在2021年采用比特币, 已成为拉丁美洲的先驱。本研究分析了这些货币的采用对萨尔瓦多经济的影响。研究探讨了促使实施这两项措施的根本因素, 探究了它们的相似性和相互关联性, 并评估了它们对国民经济的影响。本文得出结论:事实证明, 政策不足以改变萨尔瓦多的经济, 也无法促进可持续增长和进步。单靠货币改革不足以充分解决萨尔瓦多面临的结构性经济困难。因此, 必须考虑采取替代性战略和综合措施来克服这些挑战, 并刺激该国的长期经济发展。</p><p>El Salvador se ha consolidado como un país pionero en América Latina al implementar políticas ambiciosas como la adopción del dólar estadounidense en 2001 y del bitcoin en 2021. Esta investigación analiza las implicaciones que estas adopciones monetarias conllevan para la economía salvadoreña. Profundiza en los factores subyacentes que impulsaron la implementación de ambas medidas, explora sus similitudes e interconexiones, y evalúa sus efectos en la economía nacional. El artículo concluye que ninguna de estas políticas ha sido suficiente para transformar la economía salvadoreña ni para fomentar el crecimiento y el progreso sostenible. Los cambios monetarios por sí solos no pueden abordar adecuadamente las dificultades económicas estructurales que enfrenta El Salvador. Por lo tanto, es necesario considerar estrategias alternativas y enfoques integrales para superar estos desafíos e impulsar el desarrollo económico a largo plazo en el país.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Non-Hegemonic Order: A View From Latin America","authors":"Roberto Russell,&nbsp;Juan Gabriel Tokatlian","doi":"10.1111/lamp.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.70016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neoliberalism and the Contradictions of Centralized State Planning in Colombia: Development, Democracy, Peace, and Rural Transformations","authors":"Alberto Lioy,&nbsp;Felipe Jaramillo Ruiz","doi":"10.1111/lamp.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the academic literature and reports on Colombia's National Development Plans over the past 50 years. It aims to identify the central debates regarding Colombia's development model, addressing a series of contradictions, path-dependent outcomes, salient variations, and issue framing. This work is based on a comprehensive web search of internet repositories of academic journals (mainly LatIndex and Google Scholar) to retrieve materials discussing Colombia's National Development Plans. The 60 articles and reports analyzed date from 1975 until 2023 and include the most relevant materials regarding the proposed topic. As in all interpretative research processes, the main arguments of this article emerged gradually, first by reading the articles as separate pieces of data and then by trying to identify connecting dots in the most recurrent arguments and themes. This study identifies four salient and interrelated debates that emerge continuously regarding Colombia's National Development Plans—the historical prevalence of the neoliberal development model, the continuation of a democratic deficit in the conception of development, the abandonment of the rural areas in development strategies, and the relationship between the development model and armed conflict. This research shows how these debates are interwoven and have as a common denominator the historical circumstances underlying the incorporation of the neoliberal model in Colombia's National Development Plans. It creates connections between different materials and corrects existing fallacies and false beliefs concerning the planning processes and development.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lamp.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Emergency Measures: Assessing Preexisting Social Policy and Labor Program Expansion in Latin America During COVID-19","authors":"Luis Vargas-Faulbaum,&nbsp;Juan Jacobo Velasco,&nbsp;Gibrán Cruz-Martínez","doi":"10.1111/lamp.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on preexisting cash transfers and labor programs across Latin America, analyzing their temporal expansion and identifying the determinants of changes in their generosity and coverage, with a particular focus on the inclusion of informal workers. The research employed two main analytical approaches, (1) inferential statistics (<i>t</i>-tests) to examine program expansion and its temporality across 17 Latin American countries, and (2) pooled time-series cross-section regression analysis with panel-corrected standard errors to investigate determinants of program transformations. The study focuses on two types of social assistance programs—conditional cash transfers and labor and productive inclusion programs. Data was collected for the period 2019–2022 period. Results show the region experienced an expansion in preexisting cash transfer programs, in addition to the previously documented growth in emergency cash transfer programs. No significant expansion was observed in labor and productive inclusion programs. Policy legacies emerged as the primary determinant for social policy transformations. While conditional cash transfer programs expanded, labor programs remained largely unchanged. The findings underscore the critical role of policy legacies in shaping the evolution of social assistance programs during the pandemic, particularly in their expansion to include informal workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lamp.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internationalization and Trust From the Perspective of Mexican Entrepreneurs: Policy Implications for Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Developing Countries","authors":"Edgar Demetrio Tovar-García,&nbsp;Felipe De Anda","doi":"10.1111/lamp.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article examines the associations between trust—institutional and personal—and entrepreneurial internationalization by surveying to collect data from entrepreneurs (owners or chief executive officers). The survey involved a representative sample of 103 respondents who are members of the Employers Confederation of the Mexican Republic (Coparmex), Jalisco delegation. The survey process facilitated a comprehensive diagnosis, identifying trust levels among domestic and internationalized entrepreneurs. Based on <i>t-</i>tests for mean comparisons, correlation, and regression analyses, the trust levels reported by entrepreneurs do not differentiate between those with exported sales and those with only local businesses. It suggests, all else being equal, that the trust of foreign partners should explain the possibilities for the internationalization of Mexican entrepreneurs. These findings have policy implications to support international networking and transparency by providing training in global business practices based on building trust with foreign partners and strengthening diplomatic relations and access to market information.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking the Mold: Brazil's Foreign Policy Insights","authors":"Diego S. Crescentino","doi":"10.1111/lamp.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brazilian foreign policy studies have traditionally focused on the institutional role of Itamaraty, often overlooking the influence of academia in shaping diplomatic debates. While the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has historically led policy formulation, academic actors have contributed with intellectual frameworks that shape diplomatic strategies. This article examines how the relationship between these two spheres has evolved and identifies key moments of engagement and conflict. The study employs a qualitative, historical analysis based on process tracing, examining four critical periods of Brazilian foreign policy through academic literature, policy discussions, and interviews with diplomats and scholars. The findings suggest that academic contributions have reinforced official foreign policy narratives in moments of alignment, whereas in periods of divergence, they have challenged state-led frameworks and informed changes in Brazil's international positioning. This study highlights the complex interplay between intellectual production and diplomatic practice, offering a more nuanced understanding of the forces shaping Brazil's global strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/lamp.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cuban Autocratic Regime: Between Resilience and Challenges","authors":"Armando Chaguaceda","doi":"10.1111/lamp.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Cuban political regime, the only autocracy belonging to the Soviet model in the western hemisphere, shows a greater duration and stability to the rest of regional authoritarianisms. Transiting a totalitarian stage to a post-technical model, it has combined elements such as charismatic leadership and bureaucracy, military and civil power, coercion, and propaganda. But in the last years, it faces a growing social discontent and a huge increase in migration, derived from its inability to provide goods and services, of the exhaustion of its legitimacy, everything that puts in question the survival of the regime and the elite that governs it.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mercosur and Post-Neoliberal Regionalism: Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, and the Challenges of Relaunching the Bloc","authors":"Tiago Soares Nogara","doi":"10.1111/lamp.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article examines the redefinition of the Common Southern Market during the rise of Latin America's pink tide, focusing on how debates over Venezuela's accession intersect with the broader context of post-neoliberal regionalism. Drawing on literature reviews and primary sources, the study highlights the differing approaches of Brazil, Venezuela, and Argentina to reshaping Latin American regionalism. These divergent strategies influenced Mercosur's institutional reforms and underscored the challenges of reconciling key differences among leftist governments regarding broader regional objectives. Ultimately, the article concludes that conflicts surrounding Venezuela's entry were pivotal in determining Mercosur's trajectory, revealing both the potential and the limits of post-neoliberal integration at that time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Realpolitik: Norms and Identities in Taiwan–Paraguay Relations","authors":"Mitchell Gallagher","doi":"10.1111/lamp.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>在地缘政治竞争的激流中, 哪些观念力量为国家间关系注入了活力？在台湾外交日益受到中国强制性修正主义围攻的时代, 台湾与巴拉圭的坚定伙伴关系是一个值得审视的异常现象。受“台湾盟友纷纷倒戈北京势力”的推动, 本文探讨了如何通过“以规范、身份和主体间性为中心的建构主义”来阐明台湾与巴拉圭的外交关系, 这种关系是一种不太可能的、超越物质激励的亲密关系。通过采用一项定性案例研究方法和解释性分析, 本研究分析了支撑这种亲密关系的观念基础。研究结果揭示, 台湾和巴拉圭的忠诚关系源于对自由民主、自决和人权理想的坚定承诺。他们的关系通过一系列体现互信和同理心的社会文化交流而培育了认知融合。台湾与之相呼应的民主认同感对志同道合的观念假设产生了磁性的“软实力”吸引力。巴拉圭拒绝北京方面的强制性收复主义反映了其对颂扬主权平等和多元国际秩序的规范的内化。台湾-巴拉圭关系凸显了建构主义在解读令人惊讶的国家亲密关系方面的理论效力。通过本研究, 我们全面了解了一系列编排全球秩序的力量——其中, 能力通过规范、身份和跨国社会化过程得以体现。</p><p>¿Qué fuerzas conceptuales dan vida a las relaciones entre estados en medio de las corrientes cargadas de rivalidad geopolítica? En una era donde la existencia diplomática de Taiwán se ve cada vez más asediada por el revisionismo coercitivo de China, su firme asociación con Paraguay se presenta como una anomalía que merece escrutinio. Impulsado por las monumentales defecciones de los aliados de Taiwán hacia la órbita de Beijing, este artículo interroga: ¿cómo puede el vínculo diplomático Taiwán-Paraguay, una afinidad improbable que trasciende los incentivos materiales, ser elucidado a través de un constructivismo centrado en normas, identidades e intersubjetividades? Adoptando una metodología de estudio de caso cualitativo y análisis interpretativo, la investigación excava las subestructuras conceptuales que sostienen este parentesco. Los hallazgos develan la fidelidad de Taiwán y Paraguay que emana de un compromiso fundamental con los ideales de la democracia liberal, la autodeterminación y los derechos humanos. Su relación nutre la convergencia cognitiva a través de intercambios socioculturales que manifiestan confianza y empatía mutuas. La resonante identidad democrática de Taiwán ejerce una atracción magnética de “poder blando” sobre una Asunción afín. El rechazo de Paraguay al irredentismo coercitivo de Beijing refleja una internalización de normas que celebran la igualdad soberana y un orden internacional pluralista. Los vínculos Taiwán-Paraguay destacan la potencia teórica del constructivismo para decodificar afinidades estatales sorprendentes. De esta investigación, obtenemos una comprensión holística de las fuerzas que coreografían el orden global—donde las capacidades se refractan a través de normas, identidades y procesos de socialización transnacional.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}