The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium最新文献

{"title":"Images of Emperors and Emirs in Early Islamic Egypt","authors":"P. Booth","doi":"10.1515/9783110725612-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110725612-019","url":null,"abstract":"At some point in the seventh century, an artist in Egypt sat down to decorate a Sahidic Coptic manuscript containing books of the Old Testament.1 At the conclusion to the Book of Job, on the blank half page beneath, and under the bold Coptic title ‘Job the Just’ (written in the same hand as the preceding text), this artist decided to depict the eponymous hero alongside his three daughters – Hemera, Kasia, and Amalthaias. The subsequent sketches, all frontal and standing in a row, are striking. On the left Job himself, tall and nimbate, appears with a short, circular beard, and with curled hair protruding beneath an ornate diadem topped with a cross; he wears a paludamentum fastened at his shoulder with a brooch, a knee-length belted tunic beneath a cuirass, and short boots; and he bears in his right hand a staff or sceptre, and in his left a globe. To the right, the three daughters all wear full-length tunics with ornate girdles, all have earrings, and the two older, central, women have their hair in a snood; the other wears a crown.2 It has long been recognised that the group is presented in Roman imperial dress,3 and indeed this is appropriate, given that the preceding Coptic text, based upon the Septuagint, includes a final chapter calling Job the king of Edom (Jb 42:17d).4 The dating of the manuscript on palaeographical grounds, and thus also of the drawing which seems original to it, has ranged from the fifth to ninth centuries, but the imperial inspiration for the figures is suggestive of a date before, or soon after, the Arab conquest (640–642), when access to imperial portraiture of various kinds was far easier. Indeed, it seems that the artist has based his depiction of Job on a particular emperor: Heraclius (610–641).5 Prior to his predecessor Phocas (602–610), emperors are depicted beardless, and Heraclius, on his coins up to 629,","PeriodicalId":423918,"journal":{"name":"The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127279406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finding a Common Cause: Fourth-Century Greek Discourses on Rulership","authors":"Hartmut Leppin","doi":"10.1515/9783110725612-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110725612-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":423918,"journal":{"name":"The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124523105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction: Expanding the Discourse on Good Christian Rulership","authors":"Philip Michael Forness, Alexandra Hasse-Ungeheuer, Hartmut Leppin","doi":"10.1515/9783110725612-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110725612-002","url":null,"abstract":"of Prince I š xananun Sewaday (born c. 910) can be discerned from the History of the Albanians by Movs ē s Dasxuranc ʽ i (or Ka ł ankatuac ʽ i) and the correspondence with the ecclesiastical writer Tiranun (tenth/eleventh centuries). These kings ruled over a fragmented and often changing territory. Dorfmann-Lazarev focuses on the Armenian-Albanian marchlands stretching along the right bank of the middle Kur River and discusses the implication of the geographical position of the kings ’ territory and their interactions with Muslim rulers. The biblical tradition played an important role in the understanding of rulership: Adam, as the first human being, served as an image of and model for a new Christian king. Throughout his study, Dorfmann-Lazarev demonstrates how the sources on these little-known rulers touch on concepts of good rulership found throughout the essays in this volume, including legal aspects of kingship, the justification for rule and territory based on patterns of inheritance, and the adoption and adaptation of royal titulature.","PeriodicalId":423918,"journal":{"name":"The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130223553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Faithful Rulers and Theological Deviance: Ephrem the Syrian and Jacob of Serugh on the Roman Emperor","authors":"Philip Michael Forness","doi":"10.1515/9783110725612-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110725612-007","url":null,"abstract":"The involvement of Roman Emperors in theological controversies brought both praise and resentment. The sudden entry of Constantine I (r. 306 – 337) and his successors into ecclesiastical affairs inspired starkly different responses.1 The efforts of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527 – 565) and Empress Theodora (c. 497 – 548) to reconcile proand anti-Chalcedonian parties proved similarly divisive.2 The complex development of Christian political thought in late antiquity has become a major area of scholarly interest,3 and the perspectives of Syriac authors on this topic have recently","PeriodicalId":423918,"journal":{"name":"The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122726357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Good Sinful Ruler: Ambrose of Milan and Theodosius I","authors":"Boytsov Mikhail","doi":"10.1515/9783110725612-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110725612-004","url":null,"abstract":"The first major innovation in imperial representation inspired by Christianity surfaced more than half a century after the death of Constantine.1 The actions of two prominent figures from this time jointly led to this change. Ambrose (c. 339–397) – the bishop of the imperial residence Milan – was certainly the initiator of this influential political development.2 However, Theodosius I’s (347–395) own role in establishing this new element of imperial representation should not be underestimated.3 The emperor’s act of repentance which he had to perform publicly in 390 or 391","PeriodicalId":423918,"journal":{"name":"The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127347865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vakhtang I Gorgasali (r. 447–522) as a Christian Monarch in Georgia: His Depiction in the Life of Kartli","authors":"Udo Reinhold Jeck","doi":"10.1515/9783110725612-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110725612-011","url":null,"abstract":"In antiquity, the Caucasus was located between two empires with long-lasting conflicts of interest: Rome and Persia.1 In the view of some late Roman emperors, the Persians barred the path to the East and threatened the eastern part of the empire by their westward expansion.2 From a Persian perspective, the Romans blocked the path to expansion and resurgence of their old empire.3 This complicated and enduring conflict dragged on over the course of several centuries into late antiquity.4 It included military confrontation with alternating victories and defeats.5 As the Persians and Romans fiercely battled over hegemony in the eastern Mediterranean, the Caucasus attained strategic importance as one of the frontiers between these two empires. The major powers of late antiquity both wanted to secure their own spheres of influence in the region, relying in part on expansive political power and partly on the persuasive force of their respective religious traditions.6","PeriodicalId":423918,"journal":{"name":"The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130112962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pious and Impious Christian Rulers According to Egyptian Historiography and Hagiography: A First Survey of the Evidence","authors":"Alberto Camplani","doi":"10.1515/9783110725612-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110725612-006","url":null,"abstract":"An effective way to study the evolving attitude of the Alexandrian patriarchate towards the political power is to trace the image of the good Christian emperor in the multiplicity of its historical representations. In this regard, wide-ranging research is needed on how the see of Alexandria presents itself on the religious and political level over the centuries in the histories and the hagiographical texts produced within the bishopric or in the circles close to it, deeply connected to the institutional and collective dimension of the church.1 In this context the process should be highlighted that leads from the archival activity of the patriarchate to the production of tales, traditions, stories, which are based on the documentation preserved in the archives,2 but are also provided with their own life, their own images, their own grammar. The patriarchate produced historiographical works conceived of as a sequence of documents and polemical narratives, here and there provided with short anecdotes. It also created histories of martyrs and saints, normally connected to this same documentation, but marked by a more pronounced tendency to relate episodes or to express a historical assessment through images and symbols. The permanence and the reworking of the same motifs and images through the ages served the function of emphasizing the sense of continuity and eternal orthodoxy of Alexandria.3 The texts selected in the present contribution are the expression not simply of an individual author, but rather of a network of church relations, in which multiple voices try to emerge – the voices of different groups defending their interests, their traditions, and their contribution to the life of the Egyptian church, such as the clergy, the monks, and engaged laity. I recently investigated4 the changing role of historical","PeriodicalId":423918,"journal":{"name":"The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126515631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concerning Four Kings From the Land of ‘Deep Ravines, Dense Forests and Dark Thickets’","authors":"igor dorfmann-Lazarev","doi":"10.1515/9783110725612-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110725612-013","url":null,"abstract":"Between the end of the eighth and the end of the tenth century four princely houses, of both Armenian and Georgian origin, rose on the territory of the ancient kingdom of Caucasian (or Caspian) Albania, or adjacent thereto, all pretending to the title of the lords of Albania. The four kings of whom we shall speak here all belong to a single Armenian house. In Armenian, the rulers of the renewed Albanian polities were designated with the terms that in the Arsacid kingdom of Armenia (66 bce–428 ce) had denoted dynastic rulers and the heads of noble patriarchal families. The claim to the Albanian throne indicates the enduring prestige enjoyed by that Christian kingdom,which had disappeared since c. 510 ce, across the linguistic and the confessional frontiers of the South Caucasus. The name Albania (and its corresponding Armenian and Georgian toponyms) acquired a new meaning in the course of the tenth century to which our story mainly pertains: indeed, since the middle of the ninth century, the Islamic colonisation of the valley of the river Kur had hampered every prospect of joining both its banks under the sceptre of a Christian prince and of thereby restoring the Albanian kingdom within its former boundaries. The new lords of Albania could only pretend to control small portions of its territory split up by the Kur’s broad course; consequently, each faced the necessity of creating new military and economical axes for his domain. The tenth-century Armenian author of the History of the Albanians assumes this fragmentation of the region by narrating twice of the ‘renovation’ of a kingdom in Albania, first on the left bank of the Kur (in 893/4), then on its right bank (c. 968). This renovation, however, had also, according to this author, an antecedent in the person of Sahl Sǝmbatean who in 837/8 had received princely authority from the Caliph’s hands, in recognition of his military feats, to rule over both banks of the Kur ‘in a kingly manner.’ The heroic figure of this prince who – as the History of the Albanians maintains – had once succeeded in reuniting both banks of the main river","PeriodicalId":423918,"journal":{"name":"The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114671372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaping the Good Christian King under Muslim Rule: Constantine and the Torah in the Melkite Arabic Chronicle of Agapius of Mabbug (Tenth Century)","authors":"Maria Conterno","doi":"10.1515/9783110725612-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110725612-020","url":null,"abstract":"The word ‘Melkite’ comes from the Semitic root m-l-k, which gives the word for ‘king’ in Syriac (malkō) and Arabic (malik). The expression ‘Melkite Christians,’ therefore, means literally ‘the Christians of the King.’ It was coined in the late eighth–early ninth century to indicate those Christians living under Muslim rule – mostly in Egypt, Palestine and Syria – who shared the Chalcedonian, dyothelete faith of the Byzantine emperor. First attested in East Syrian (Nestorian) and Syrian Orthodox (Jacobite) sources,1 the term ‘Melkites’ was clearly born with a disparaging connotation, pointing at a supposed political loyalty to the emperor of Constantinople as well as at the acceptance of a creed that had been not only sanctioned, but forged by polit-","PeriodicalId":423918,"journal":{"name":"The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131563646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Goodness and Cruelty: The Image of the Ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire in the Period of Christianisation (Ninth Century)","authors":"Daniel Ziemann","doi":"10.1515/9783110725612-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110725612-016","url":null,"abstract":"As in other medieval societies that converted to Christianity during the early Middle Ages, the image of the good Christian ruler in the First Bulgarian Tsardom was closely linked to the process of Christianisation, which took place in the ninth and early tenth centuries. The main virtues of the Christian ruler were naturally derived from the Byzantine world, where the process of (re‐)Christianisation started.While during the short period between 866 and 870 Western and mainly papal influences played a significant role, the main role model of the Christian ruler in Bulgaria was the Byzantine emperor. The Bulgarian ruler aimed at imitating and, as in the case of Symeon the Great (893–927), even surpassing the image of his great neighbour.1 Despite dependence on the Constantinopolitan model in terms of Christian virtues, however, the image of the good Christian ruler in Bulgaria developed in a specific and particular way that served as a role model for later centuries. Especially after the decline and fall of the First Bulgarian Tsardom in 1018 and its renaissance at the end of the twelfth century, the first Christian rulers were taken as good examples of Christian rulership in order to create political continuity and stability.2 The Christian ruler was, in fact, not much different from his pagan predecessor. The successful ruler justified his rule through military victories, though the role of the Roman Emperor changed after the adoption of Christianity from emphasizing","PeriodicalId":423918,"journal":{"name":"The Good Christian Ruler in the First Millennium","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116156310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}