{"title":"Challenges of RF and mixed signal design under process variability","authors":"G. Panagopoulos, P. Riess, P. Baumgartner","doi":"10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604095","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. The continuous device shrinking, towards nano-scaled technology nodes, has been resulted in yield and reliability challenges due to technology process variations for active FEOL devices and passives in the BEOL. These effects have been modelled extensively in terms of global and local variations. However, a lot of challenges remain to capture the medium range mismatch of these devices. This presentation will give some examples of RF and mixed signal circuits such as LNAs, PAs and VCOs where their performance is degraded due to this additional variability.","PeriodicalId":423175,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 19th International On-Line Testing Symposium (IOLTS)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129907647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Karakonstantis, David Atienza Alonso, Andy Burg
{"title":"Exploiting application resiliency for energy-efficient and adequately-reliable operation","authors":"G. Karakonstantis, David Atienza Alonso, Andy Burg","doi":"10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604093","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. Currently, manufacturers go to great lengths for mitigating the effects of parametric variations and scaled supply voltages by adopting conservative layout rules and by introducing several mechanisms providing redundancy on various layers of design abstraction. Such measures may have accomplished to hide any inaccurate behavior of nanometer circuits from the application layers and maintain acceptable yield levels, but unfortunately the large energy, performance, and area overheads that they incur limit their viability, especially as we move beyond the 45nm node. Such a reality has urged us to rethink the current design flows and question if such considerable overhead is really required given that many modern signal-processing workloads such as in multimedia, communications, or biomedical systems are inherently complexity/energy-scalable and can even tolerate a degree of imprecision in their computations and stored data. By taking advantage of this inherent resilience of many applications and trading off output precision and quality of service we could reduce energy usage and reliability costs, since by allowing some computations to be approximate we can alleviate the burden of correctness overhead imposed by the traditional design paradigm. In this paper, we discuss methods that could reveal and exploit the resilience and certain characteristics of biomedical and communication applications for achieving adequately-reliable and energy efficient operation, while limiting or even avoiding the penalties required by traditional approaches.","PeriodicalId":423175,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 19th International On-Line Testing Symposium (IOLTS)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121086181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accelerating post silicon debug of deep electrical faults","authors":"Bao Le, D. Sengupta, A. Veneris, Zissis Poulos","doi":"10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604052","url":null,"abstract":"With the growing complexity of current designs and shrinking time-to-market, traditional ATPG methods fail to detect all electrical faults in the design. Debug teams have to spend considerable amount of time and effort to identify these faults during post silicon debug. This work proposes off-chip analysis to speed-up the effort of identifying hard-to-find electrical faults that are not detected using conventional test methods, but cause the chip to crash during functional testing or silicon-bring-up. With the goal of reducing the search space for reconstructing the failure trace path, formal methodology is used to analyze the reachable states along the path. Isolating the root cause of failure is also accelerated. Moreover, we propose a forward traversal technique on selected few possible faults to generate a complete failure trace starting from the initial state to the crash state. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can lead to a 44% reduction in actual silicon run with a commensurate reduction in off-chip debug time.","PeriodicalId":423175,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 19th International On-Line Testing Symposium (IOLTS)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126503041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluating a low cost robustness improvement in SRAM-based FPGAs","authors":"M. Jrad, R. Leveugle","doi":"10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604072","url":null,"abstract":"Soft errors in the configuration memory of SRAM-based FPGAs cause significant application disturbances. We demonstrate on Xilinx and Altera FPGAs the feasibility of a very low cost and automated mitigation approach and we evaluate its efficiency.","PeriodicalId":423175,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 19th International On-Line Testing Symposium (IOLTS)","volume":"130 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124951911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"State-aware single event analysis for sequential logic","authors":"D. Alexandrescu, Enrico Costenaro, A. Evans","doi":"10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604067","url":null,"abstract":"Single Event Effects in sequential logic cells represent the current target for analysis and improvement efforts in both industry and academia. We propose a state-aware analysis methodology that improves the accuracy of Soft Error Rate data for individual sequential instances based on the circuit and application. Furthermore, we exploit the intrinsic imbalance between the SEU susceptibility of different flip-flop states to implement a low-cost SER improvement strategy. Careful, per-state SEE analysis of sequential cells also highlights SET phenomena in flip-flops. We apply de-rating techniques to accurately evaluate their contribution to the overall flip-flop SEE sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":423175,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 19th International On-Line Testing Symposium (IOLTS)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132391183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On-line testing for differential fault attacks in cryptographic circuits","authors":"Debdeep Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604084","url":null,"abstract":"Faults have been found to be catastrophic for the security of ciphers. Random faults inside a cipher implementation, trigger intentionally or accidentally, can be shown to reduce the key space of ciphers drastically. Even world-wide standard ciphers, like the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) can be shown to be cryptanalyzed when the faulty ciphertexts are exposed to the outside world. Our recent findings show that fluctuations of the operating conditions of a circuit introduces circuit marginalities, which are manifested as exploitable multiple byte faults. The paper subsequently deals with a natural follow up question, how to test these faults? Can we adopt classical fault tolerance methods to detect these malicious faults? We show that while classical fault tolerance assumes uniform distribution of faults, the fault attacker introduces biased faults. On the other hand, while classical fault tolerance attempts to target all faults, most of the attacks exploit a small subspace of the entire fault space. This hiatus implies the necessity of the emergence of novel on-line methodologies for fault detection. The paper concludes with the requirement of proofs for 100% fault coverage of the attack-exploitable space, vs the simulation based approaches of classical fault tolerance.","PeriodicalId":423175,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 19th International On-Line Testing Symposium (IOLTS)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131838177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean DaRolt, G. D. Natale, M. Flottes, B. Rouzeyre
{"title":"A smart test controller for scan chains in secure circuits","authors":"Jean DaRolt, G. D. Natale, M. Flottes, B. Rouzeyre","doi":"10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604085","url":null,"abstract":"Structural testing is one important step in the production of integrated circuits. The most common DIT technique is the insertion of scan-chains, which increases the observability and the controllability of the circuit's internal nodes. Nevertheless, malicious users can use the scan chains to observe confidential data stored in devices implementing cryptographic primitives. Therefore, scan chains inserted in secure ICs can be considered as a source of information leakage. Several countermeasures exist to cope with this type of problem. However, they either introduce high area overheads or they require modifications to the original design or the test protocol. In this paper we present a smart test controller that is able to prevent all known scan attacks. The controller does not require any additional signals, it is transparent to the designer and it does not require any modifications of the test protocol and procedure. Moreover, it introduces a very small area overhead.","PeriodicalId":423175,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 19th International On-Line Testing Symposium (IOLTS)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127941076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Foutris, D. Gizopoulos, J. Kalamatianos, Vilas Sridharan
{"title":"Measuring the performance impact of permanent faults in modern microprocessor architectures","authors":"N. Foutris, D. Gizopoulos, J. Kalamatianos, Vilas Sridharan","doi":"10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604075","url":null,"abstract":"Large silicon parts of modern microprocessors are dedicated to components that increase performance but don't determine functional correctness. Permanent hardware faults in such components lead to performance fluctuation (not necessarily degradation) but do not produce functional errors. This fact has been identified previously but neither an accurate classification of the behavior of permanent faults in these components over a set of CPU benchmarks nor detailed measurements of the magnitude of their performance impact has been reported. Depending on such measurements the performance-related components of microprocessors can be disabled in fine or coarse granularities, salvaging the microprocessor functionality although at different performance levels. In this paper, we describe a comprehensive framework for the analysis of the impact of permanent faults in the arrays and the control logic of key performance components. We apply a statistically safe, fault injection campaign to the performance components on a modified version of the cycle accurate x86-based architectural simulator PTLsim running the SPEC2006 benchmarks suite. Our evaluation reveals the differences in the effect of faults and their performance impact across the components as well as within each component. We summarize the fault effect classification and further analyze the performance impact (IPC) of faults in their arrays and control parts.","PeriodicalId":423175,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 19th International On-Line Testing Symposium (IOLTS)","volume":"266 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114530338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reducing DUE-FIT of caches by exploiting acoustic wave detectors for error recovery","authors":"Gaurang Upasani, X. Vera, Antonio González","doi":"10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604056","url":null,"abstract":"Cosmic radiation induced soft errors have emerged as a key challenge in computer system design. The exponential increase in the transistor count will drive the per chip fault rate sky high. New techniques for detecting errors in the logic and memories that allow meeting the desired failures in-time (FIT) budget in future chip multiprocessors (CMPs) are essential. Among the two major contributors towards soft error rate, silent data corruption (SDC) and detected unrecoverable error (DUE), DUE is the largest. Moreover, processors can experience a super-linear increase in DUE when the size of the write-back cache is doubled. This paper targets the DUE problem in write-back data caches. We analyze the cost of protection against single bit and multi-bit upsets into caches. Our results show that the proposed mechanism can reduce the DUE to “0” with minimum area, power and performance overheads.","PeriodicalId":423175,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 19th International On-Line Testing Symposium (IOLTS)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126405283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julian J. H. Pontes, Ney Laert Vilar Calazans, P. Vivet
{"title":"Parity check for m-of-n delay insensitive codes","authors":"Julian J. H. Pontes, Ney Laert Vilar Calazans, P. Vivet","doi":"10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IOLTS.2013.6604068","url":null,"abstract":"The advance in deep submicron technologies brings new constraints to circuit design such as variability and sensitivity to soft errors. Asynchronous networks on chip can help coping with some of these constraints due to the timing robustness of design paradigms such as the quasi delay insensitive one. A relevant problem of current fully asynchronous networks on chip is the lack of mechanisms to provide error detection and correction in asynchronous data communication. This work proposes a parity scheme applicable to m-of-n delay insensitive codes, which is capable to correct errors caused by single event effects in delay insensitive communication architectures. The proposed mechanism was evaluated in a 65nm technology where it is able to correct 98% of the errors caused by single event effects with a low overhead in terms of area, power and performance.","PeriodicalId":423175,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 19th International On-Line Testing Symposium (IOLTS)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130176053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}