Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Nanomaterial-engineered fluids in cooling Systems: From preparation to performance–A comprehensive review","authors":"Fatemeh Sadat Mirsafi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Usama Zaheer ,&nbsp;Elham Chamanehpour ,&nbsp;Mustafa K. Ismael ,&nbsp;Nicolas Oliveira Decarli ,&nbsp;Gökhan Gurur Gökmen ,&nbsp;Tamer Akan ,&nbsp;Duygu Kisla ,&nbsp;Horst-Günter Rubahn ,&nbsp;Yogendra Kumar Mishra ,&nbsp;Till Leißner","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for efficient cooling systems in engines, electronics and industrial processes requires advanced and innovative solutions in thermal management. Traditional cooling methods suffer from several limitations, leading to reduced performance and damage of components. Modern cooling systems use nanofluids as coolants offering improved thermal conductivity and heat transfer efficiency. Nanofluids containing metals, metal oxides, carbides, carbon nanostructures (CNTs, Graphene, etc.) exhibit enhanced heat transfer properties with high stability. Nanofluids are developed by using several strategies and it all depends upon involved nanomaterial and fluidic components and also the adopted methodology. The synthesis methodology, key thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat capacity, density) of nanomaterials and of base fluid determine the final response of nanofluids. By selecting appropriate nanomaterials, the response of nanofluids can be effectively tailored for diverse applications, e.g., microprocessor cooling, automotive radiators, solar collectors, and advanced heat exchangers, etc. Engineered nanofluids could play a potential role in thermal energy harvesting and reuse but the nanoparticle agglomeration, increased viscosity, energy requirements, and environmental concerns, etc., are open challenges. This review presents the state-of-the-art research progress in the direction of smart nanomaterials based advanced nanofluids that could offer potential solutions as promising frontiers in future thermal management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116309"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redox-active covalent organic frameworks for supercapacitors: A molecular-level design and integration approach","authors":"Mahmoud Younis ,&nbsp;Ji.Wu Han ,&nbsp;Hongta Yang ,&nbsp;Ahmed F.M. EL-Mahdy ,&nbsp;Rong.Ho Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supercapacitors (SCs) represent critical electrochemical energy storage technologies, yet breakthrough performance requires revolutionary electrode materials with precise molecular engineering. Developing electrodes with high capacitance is a direct and efficient approach to enhance the energy storage capability of supercapacitors. Organic materials, whose molecular structures can be diversely designed to achieve high pseudocapacitance through redox-active units in their backbone, serve as promising electrode candidates for supercapacitors. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer unprecedented opportunities for atomic-level customization through structural tunability, exceptional porosity, and modular architecture. This review establishes the first systematic redox-center classification framework for COF-based SC materials, directly linking molecular structure to electrochemical performance. This review comprehensively categorize COF architectures based on redox-active centers: carbonyl/hydroxyl frameworks, heteroatom-engineered structures, and radical-stabilized systems. Subsequently, this review examines diverse COF-based electrodes including 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone, azodianiline, naphthalene, nitrogen-rich (pyridine, triazine, benzimidazole, triphenylamine), and thiol-based platforms. A distinctive contribution involves elucidating interfacial engineering strategies through systematic COF integration with carbon allotropes, metals, MXenes, and conductive polymers. This review establishes quantitative structure-performance relationships governing charge transfer mechanisms and capacitive behavior at engineered interfaces. Additionally, this review presents the first comprehensive analysis of COF carbonization pathways, revealing transformation mechanisms enabling tailored porosity and conductivity optimization. This work identifies critical technological challenges and presents innovative solutions for scalable synthesis, enhanced stability, and application-specific optimization. The molecular-level design framework and integration strategies establish a roadmap for next-generation COF-based energy storage systems, positioning these materials at the forefront of sustainable electrochemical technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116318"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A ternary framework for classifying and analyzing D-LCA across sectors: A systematic review","authors":"Minghui Liang,&nbsp;Yahong Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional life cycle assessment (LCA) typically relies on static data, which makes it difficult to capture the dynamic spatial and temporal variations inherent in real-world systems, leading to potential biases between assessment results and actual environmental impacts. Dynamic life cycle assessment (D-LCA) addresses this issue by integrating dynamic changes. However, the inconsistent definitions and various dynamic characteristics in different sectors have hindered its applications. This study proposes a novel ternary conceptual framework comprising independent, intermediate, and dependent variables, designed to systematically classify and elucidate dynamic characteristics and their influence mechanisms across various sectors. Through a descriptive statistics of 256 D-LCA publications, this study synthesizes applications of this framework across six key sectors: construction, manufacturing, energy, agriculture and forestry, transportation, and water and waste services. The results reveal an imbalanced focus across sectors, with 74 studies concentrated in the construction sector. Most studies focused on temporal rather than spatial dynamics, with electricity mix being the most common intermediate variable. Furthermore, in the absence of a widely accepted definition of D-LCA, the classification of research types remains ambiguous. The proposed ternary framework offers valuable insights into interpreting dynamic characteristics across sectors. This study also elucidates dynamic characteristics, offering critical direction for future investigations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116329"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in bio-hydrogen production for sustainable energy and chemical production","authors":"Dillon Openshaw,&nbsp;Giuseppe Bagnato","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To combat global warming, the decarbonisation of energy systems is essential. Hydrogen (H₂) is an established chemical feedstock in many industries (fertiliser production, steel manufacturing etc.) and has emerged as a promising clean energy carrier due to its high energy density and carbon-free usage. However, most H₂ is currently produced from fossil fuels, undermining its sustainability. Biomass offers a renewable, carbon-neutral feedstock for H₂ production, potentially reducing its environmental impact. This review examines thermochemical, biological, and electrochemical methods of bio-H₂ generation.</div><div>Thermochemical processes - including gasification, fast pyrolysis, and steam reforming - are the most technologically advanced, offering high H₂ yields. However, challenges such as catalyst deactivation, tar formation, and pre- and post-processing limit efficiency. Advanced strategies like chemical looping, sorption enhancement, and membrane reactors are being developed to address these issues.</div><div>Biological methods, including dark and photo fermentation, operate under mild conditions and can process diverse waste feedstocks. Despite their potential, low H₂ yields and difficulties in microbial inhibitors hinder scalability. Ensuring that microbial populations remain stable through the use of additives and optimising the bioreactors hydraulic retention rate also remain a challenge Combined fermentation systems and valorising by-products could enhance performance and commercial viability.</div><div>Electrochemical reforming of biomass-derived compounds is an emerging method that may enhance water electrolysis by co-producing value-added by-products. However, current studies focus on biomass-derived compounds rather than complex biomass feedstocks, limiting commercial relevance. Future research should focus on feedstock complexity, electrocatalyst development, and system scaling.</div><div>A technology readiness comparison shows that thermochemical methods are the most commercially mature, followed by biological and electrochemical approaches. Each method holds promise within specific niches, warranting continued innovation and interdisciplinary development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116307"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing the hydrogen economy: Economic, technological, and policy perspectives for a sustainable energy transition","authors":"Mostafa Delpisheh ,&nbsp;Iraj Moradpoor ,&nbsp;AmirHossein Souhankar ,&nbsp;Diamantis Koutsandreas ,&nbsp;Nilay Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines the pivotal role of hydrogen in transitioning to a low-carbon energy future. It provides an in-depth review of the hydrogen supply chain, encompassing production, storage, transportation, and end-use distribution, and offers a data-driven assessment of the economic, technological, and policy-related challenges. Key discussions include economic and operational challenges, risk assessments, and policy frameworks necessary to establish a robust hydrogen economy. The study emphasizes the cost dynamics across various production methods, infrastructure needs for efficient storage and distribution, and the environmental implications of hydrogen technologies. It also evaluates global and regional policy strategies, including financial incentives and regulatory mechanisms, to scale hydrogen adoption. By integrating supply and demand-side measures, this analysis offers comprehensive insights into the socioeconomic impacts and potential pathways to mitigate risks, supporting the development of a sustainable and economically viable hydrogen ecosystem. Through a statistical review of recent international reports and journal papers, the study identifies strategic instruments such as contracts for difference (CfDs), power purchase agreements (PPAs), regulated asset base (RAB) models, and end-user obligations as key levers for de-risking investment and accelerating hydrogen market growth. Green hydrogen costs are decreasing, with projections showing a drop from 5.3 €/kg in 2020 to as low as 2.7 €/kg by 2050. In cost breakdowns for electrolyzers, the average share of the balance of plant and stack components is 55 % and 45 %, respectively. Underground hydrogen storage is cost-effective but geographically limited, whereas compressed and liquid hydrogen incurs higher energy and equipment costs. Key findings emphasize the need for substantial investments in infrastructure, innovative financial mechanisms, and harmonized global certification systems to support sustainable hydrogen adoption. The study also supports targeted policy interventions, such as contractual frameworks to mitigate cost volatility, subsidies for green hydrogen production, and public-private partnerships to share investment risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116238"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress and perspectives in source-sink matching for CCUS: A critical review","authors":"Keyao Lin ,&nbsp;Ning Wei ,&nbsp;Dalin Jiang ,&nbsp;Yao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an essential technology for significant emission reductions, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) rely critically on source-sink matching. This fundamental element plays a vital role by connecting CO₂ emission points (sources) to appropriate geological storage sites (sinks) efficiently and cost-effectively. Such matching is indispensable for realizing CCUS's potential in widespread deployment and environmental benefits. Although the matching technology framework is relatively mature, comprehensive reviews specifically addressing source-sink matching remain limited. This paper systematically reviews the current advancements in CCUS source-sink matching research, focusing on the three core dimensions of “source-sink-matching,” and synthesizes key elements, including the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of global CO₂ emission sources, geological capacity assessment, and potential distribution, as well as transportation modes connecting sources and sinks. Through in-depth analysis, this paper identifies four systemic challenges: disconnects in technology-economy-policy systems; discrepancies in data accuracy and scale between sources and sinks; inflexible transport optimization methods and insufficient cluster collaboration; and algorithm-physical mechanism disconnections lacking dynamic evolution characterization. Building on a thorough examination of current challenges and developments, this study proposes strategic recommendations for enhancing CCUS source-sink matching frameworks. These recommendations aim to accelerate global CCUS deployment planning and advance international carbon neutrality goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116313"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in hydrogel-based materials for improving building energy efficiency","authors":"Wuwei Zou ,&nbsp;Wei Wu ,&nbsp;Jinhan Mo ,&nbsp;Zhuo Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogels have emerged as highly promising materials for building applications, owing to their tunable physicochemical properties, exceptional hydrophilicity, and robust mechanical strength. Despite significant advances in hydrogel material design, their integration into practical applications and performance improvement in building envelopes and indoor environments remain limited. Herein, we present a comprehensive summary of recent progress in hydrogel-integrated building components with a focus on their roles in smart windows for modulating sunlight dynamically, sorption-based dehumidification systems for effective humidity regulation, and passive thermal management on building surfaces. Hydrogel-based smart windows leveraging thermochromic and electrochromic mechanisms have now achieved up to ∼90 % solar modulation from 20 to 35 °C while maintaining a luminous transmittance of 95 % at 20 °C, and evolved towards multifunctionality. Hygroscopic hydrogels for humidity control and surface cooling have demonstrated a moisture sorption capacity from 0.7 to 2.65 g g⁻¹ at 30 % RH and achieved a temperature drop of 12–25 °C on the rooftop compared to the reference surface without gel covered under 1000 W m⁻² solar radiation for 3 h. Furthermore, we discuss the optimization of heat and mass transfer mechanisms within hydrogels for enhanced sorption and desorption kinetics. Finally, the limitations of current hydrogel materials—including limited interfacial area, poor controllability in parameter regulation, and performance degradation—are highlighted, and perspectives for future composite design are proposed. This review offers in-depth insights, design principles, and optimization strategies for leveraging hydrogels in building envelopes and environments, supporting the transition toward high-performance and low-carbon buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116303"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer in metal hydride hydrogen storage systems: A comprehensive review","authors":"Muhammad Hasnain ,&nbsp;Hayri Sezer ,&nbsp;Jerry Hunter Mason","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal hydrides (MHs) are among the most promising materials for safe, compact, and reversible hydrogen storage, but their deployment is constrained by slow kinetics and thermal management challenges. Since MH performance is strongly governed by coupled heat and mass transfer processes, mathematical modeling has become essential for optimizing and designing storage systems. This review addresses a critical gap since the last comprehensive review in 2016 by synthesizing state-of-the-art mathematical modeling approaches for heat, mass, and momentum transfer in MH reactors. Starting from effective medium theory, we formulate macroscopic conservation equations and critically compare local thermal equilibrium (LTE) and non-equilibrium (LTNE) models. LTE models are computationally efficient but may underpredict wall heat fluxes, while LTNE models enhance accuracy at higher computational cost. We analyze empirical equilibrium pressure relations, reaction kinetics, reactor geometries, boundary conditions, and thermal management strategies, including phase change materials (PCMs) and heat transfer fluids (HTF). While metal foam integration can enhance charging rates by up to 65 %, phase change materials (PCMs) can reduce hydrogen absorption time by 60.2 % in metal hydride reactors. By consolidating theoretical and numerical perspectives, and comparing the trade-offs between various modeling approaches, this review identifies limitations and outlines future research directions to accelerate the design and deployment of efficient solid-state hydrogen storage technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116294"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The future of clean transportation: Hydrogen, batteries, ammonia, and green methane in perspective","authors":"D. Pukazhselvan ,&nbsp;K.S. Sandhya ,&nbsp;Duncan Paul Fagg ,&nbsp;Frede Blaabjerg","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid growing efforts to decarbonize the transport sector, this review examines portable energy solutions for clean mobility, focusing on hydrogen, batteries, ammonia, green methane, methanol, biodiesel, and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). We discuss the fundamentals, production routes, storage requirements, and application feasibility of each carrier, alongside recent advancements and persisting challenges. Ammonia, while valued for its favorable storage and carbon-free combustion, faces constraints such as toxicity, indirect carbon emissions, and ammonia slip, though emerging approaches like direct air capture offer promising mitigation pathways. Green methane, ethanol, biodiesel, and SAF are identified as complementary fuels suited for sector-specific deployment, whereas batteries and hydrogen show long-term promise. Cradle-to-Grave emission analyses indicate that battery technologies deliver the lowest overall greenhouse gas footprint among the cleaner energy options, while hydrogen and methanol–gasoline blends also demonstrate notably competitive performance. Cost-per-kilometer analysis indicates the lowest value for methane (0.029 $/km), followed by hydrogen fuel cells integrated with a hydrogen storage material, MgH₂ (0.05–0.055 $/km). Lithium-ion batteries, despite high efficiency, yield moderate cost benefits (0.058 $/km) under our 100 kg energy storage system model, though high-capacity batteries could improve real-world economics. Drawing on literature data and our own assessments, we underscore that the future of clean mobility will not hinge on a single technology, but on a synergistic, multi-fuel strategy integrating the strengths of diverse energy carriers to meet the evolving demands of sustainable transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116286"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging cellulose applications in the era of ecological transition","authors":"Nor Mas Mira Abd Rahman ,&nbsp;Fabrizio Olivito ,&nbsp;Thivya Selvam ,&nbsp;Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar ,&nbsp;Antonio Procopio ,&nbsp;Goldie Oza ,&nbsp;Monica Nardi","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing awareness of the environmental and economic consequences of fossil resource exploitation has intensified the search for renewable and sustainable alternatives. Among them, cellulose has emerged as a versatile and abundant biopolymer with applications in energy conversion, biofuels, batteries, optical devices, and advanced manufacturing technologies such as 3D and 4D printing. Although extensively studied, research on cellulose is rapidly evolving, focusing on challenges in processing, functionalization, and large-scale deployment. This review highlights recent advances in cellulose-based materials, emphasizing their mechanical, thermal, and optical properties, biodegradability, and contribution to the circular economy. Key challenges, including scalability, cost, and industrial feasibility, are critically assessed, alongside strategies to overcome them. The analysis suggests that cellulose can play a pivotal role in the transition to eco-friendly technologies, supporting sustainable development, climate action, and the replacement of petroleum-based materials. Finally, future research directions are outlined to enhance its integration into next-generation renewable and sustainable applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116317"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}