Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Advances and challenges in deep eutectic solvents pretreatment technologies for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: A comprehensive review","authors":"Novia Novia ,&nbsp;Asyeni Miftahul Jannah ,&nbsp;Elda Melwita ,&nbsp;Ahmad Fudholi ,&nbsp;Vishnu K. Pareek","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for sustainable, renewable energy sources is the primary driver of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). In this context, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) have emerged as a novel, eco-friendly alternative, offering low toxicity, biodegradability, adjustable properties, and a significant lignin solubilization capability compared to traditional pretreatment methods. Therefore, this article thoroughly reviews recent developments in DES pretreatment technologies, including design and formulation, biomass fractionation mechanisms, and impacts on enzymatic hydrolysis, including fermentation efficiency. Several choline chloride-based and natural DES types have considerably enhanced cellulose accessibility and bioethanol production. However, significant challenges persist, such as the need for economical DES synthesis, effective solvent recovery, and scalable processes for industrial applications. The interaction of these solvents with enzymes and microbial systems necessitates further investigation to optimize integrated bioprocesses. Overcoming these challenges through innovative research and process optimization would facilitate the widespread implementation of DES pretreatment. As a result, this enhanced bioethanol production's sustainability, efficiency, and economic viability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 116752"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue energy evolution: A full-spectrum review of wave harvesting technologies for unmanned ocean vehicles","authors":"C. Thangavel,&nbsp;A. Arockia Selvakumar,&nbsp;K. Karunamurthy","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for sustainable and long durability power solutions of Unmanned Ocean Vehicles (UOVs) such as Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs), gliders, drifting buoys, and profiling floats has propelled the research into wave energy harvesting (WEH) methods. This review projects the evolution of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) from their initial mechanical designs to the latest hybrid systems that integrate various methods of energy harvesting. It assesses past milestones, current technological architectures, and upcoming innovations for oceanic autonomous platforms, highlighting design aspects such as miniaturization, hydrodynamics, durability, energy storage and adaptive control. Critical issues including variable oceanic conditions, attachment of barnacles, biofouling, corrosion, low energy density and scalability hurdles are discussed alongside mitigation strategies. Future developments point to hybrid multi source energy harvesting, AI enabled power management, bioinspired designs, and offshore micro-grid docking systems to achieve maintenance free ocean operations. This review places WEH as a transformative enabler for future generation UOVs, unlocking extended autonomy and supporting global efforts for sustainable ocean observation, resource exploration, and marine security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 116782"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on improved neural network algorithms for battery state of energy estimation in smart grids","authors":"Shunli Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Fu ,&nbsp;Wenxia Zhang ,&nbsp;Carlos Fernandez ,&nbsp;Frede Blaabjerg","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient and accurate state of energy (SOE) estimation is essential for the efficient operation and optimal management of smart grid energy storage systems (ESS). As lithium-ion batteries become the mainstream energy storage technology, their complex and nonlinear behavior under different operating conditions poses significant challenges for SOE estimation. This paper analyzes the promising application prospects of feedforward neural networks (FNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and their variants (long short-term memory networks (LSTMs), gated recurrent units (GRUs)), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and hybrid models. It simultaneously explores data acquisition and preprocessing techniques, performance evaluation metrics, and practical application scenarios, identifying core challenges such as data sparsity, model interpretability, and computational efficiency. Future research directions are proposed, including advanced hybrid modeling, online adaptation, and edge computing integration. Although numerous existing reviews have validated the effectiveness of various neural network algorithms in SOE estimation, most studies focus primarily on algorithm types. Therefore, this paper systematically examines the adaptability and limitations of various algorithms. Based on a comprehensive analysis of specific smart grid scenarios with diverse requirements, this paper explores how to evaluate, select, and optimize neural network algorithms to achieve the optimal balance between estimation accuracy, efficiency, and robustness. Furthermore, through a holistic analysis of existing research, this paper bridges the gap between technical principles and practical applications, providing researchers with more targeted decision-making references.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 116797"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A benchmark model for power system restoration studies: Review and application","authors":"T. Skrjanc ,&nbsp;L. Herman ,&nbsp;D. Virginillo ,&nbsp;A. Derviškadić ,&nbsp;G. Torresan ,&nbsp;R. Mihalic ,&nbsp;U. Rudez","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent widespread blackouts in Europe (e.g., the Iberian Peninsula) and worldwide (e.g., Chile) have highlighted the critical importance of robust restoration processes. Traditionally, restoration has relied on synchronous generators and predefined strategies, which have been only partially tested in practice and mainly evaluated with simulators capturing basic system dynamics. The changing grid environment raises question of how these strategies can be further improved. The increasing dominance of inverter-based resources introduces reduced inertia, new dynamic interactions, and greater uncertainty from variable renewable generation. This motivates a re-evaluation and new study of existing restoration approaches. International efforts have proposed updated restoration guidelines and explored advanced technologies such as battery energy storage systems, grid-forming inverters, and high-voltage direct current systems. Yet, despite the growing importance of managing dynamics in the delicate restoration phase, field testing remains limited. This highlights the need for a benchmark restoration model. As a first step toward such a model, this paper reviews existing restoration processes, identifies technical challenges, and develops a simulation framework including key network components typically available during restoration. The model enables scenario-based testing of both conventional and advanced strategies, supporting a better understanding of dynamic behaviour and system stability. The proposed model has been implemented for EMT and RMS simulations using both commercial tools (PowerFactory, PSCAD) and non-commercial tools under development. By providing a flexible platform, it bridges the gap between research and practice, supporting system operators, researchers, and policymakers in designing more resilient and adaptive restoration strategies for future power systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 116787"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing microalgae from wastewater for biocrude via hydrothermal Liquefaction: A sustainable pathway to biofuels and biochemicals","authors":"Ramachandran Sivaramakrishnan ,&nbsp;Sandeep Kumar ,&nbsp;Hemen Hosseinzadeh ,&nbsp;Venkatesh Balan","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The search for renewable alternatives has turned attention to microalgae, which grow rapidly, achieve high biomass productivity, and accumulate substantial lipids. Unlike terrestrial feedstocks such as corn or sugarcane, microalgae can be cultivated on non-arable land using saline or wastewater streams, avoiding competition with food supplies. Wastewater cultivation is particularly compelling because municipal and agricultural effluents supply nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon, while algal growth removes excess nutrients that would otherwise drive eutrophication; reported removal efficiencies often exceed 90 % under optimized conditions. Algal–bacterial consortia further enhance performance by generating oxygen through photosynthesis and capturing CO₂, thereby lowering aeration costs. The major challenge lies not in cultivation but in conversion. Drying biomass is energy-intensive, whereas hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) transforms wet algal slurries directly into biocrude at 250–350 °C and 10–20 MPa. Typical yields range from 30 to 50 % of dry weight, with an energy density of 38–41 MJ/kg, along with nutrient-rich aqueous fractions, gases, and char that can be recycled. Key barriers remain in lowering oxygen and nitrogen content, scaling reactors, and reducing upgrading costs. This review evaluates the integration of wastewater-based algal cultivation with HTL for renewable fuel production, examining wastewater characteristics, cultivation strategies, biomass yields, HTL fundamentals and process advances, product upgrading, and techno-economic and environmental aspects. By linking wastewater remediation with biofuel production, the review highlights opportunities for nutrient recycling, greenhouse gas mitigation, and circular-economy applications, while identifying the technical gaps that must be addressed for practical deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 116759"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on mitigation strategies for heat load induced by wearing personal protective clothing in high-temperature and high-humidity environments","authors":"Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Fen Yuan ,&nbsp;Wanxiang Yao ,&nbsp;Guoqing Yang ,&nbsp;Lilu Zhang ,&nbsp;Changyuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With global warming, the impact of high-temperature and high-humidity environments on human heat load has become increasingly significant, particularly in working scenarios requiring personal protective clothing. This study aims to review heat load issues induced by protective clothing and to explore various mitigation strategies along with recent research advancements, providing a scientific foundation for relevant fields. By systematically reviewing and analyzing pertinent literature, this paper proposes a multidimensional mitigation model for protective clothing heat load and develops a comparative framework for various mitigation strategies. The research encompasses multiple aspects, including optimization of protective clothing fabrics and structural designs, the application of microclimate cooling systems, and other auxiliary mitigation measures, comprehensively addressing the characteristics of different approaches, application contexts, and diverse human thermal comfort requirements. The findings indicate that optimizing the fabrics and structural designs of protective clothing, developing efficient microclimate cooling systems, and incorporating auxiliary measures significantly enhance the internal microenvironment of protective clothing, reduce heat load, and improve thermal comfort. Nevertheless, current solutions present limitations such as high material costs, limited cooling effectiveness, and heavy equipment weight. This study provides systematic theoretical support and practical guidelines for mitigating heat load in protective clothing. Future research should concentrate on intelligent fabrics and adaptive controls, unidirectional moisture transfer technologies, and localized heat and humidity management. Such efforts will contribute to the development of more efficient, comfortable, and cost-effective protective equipment, ultimately providing superior protection for workers operating in extreme environments and thereby enhancing their work efficiency and quality of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 116761"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart power distribution systems: A holistic review of core pillars","authors":"Ehab El-Saadany ,&nbsp;Moataz Mohamed ,&nbsp;Hany Farag ,&nbsp;Abdullah Al-Obaidi ,&nbsp;Hatem Zeineldin","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smart Power Distribution Systems (SPDS) represent a transformative shift in the design and operation of modern distribution power networks, enabling enhanced intelligence, flexibility, and resilience. These systems integrate a wide array of technologies and components that must function in a coordinated manner to meet the growing demands for sustainability, reliability, and efficiency. This review paper presents a comprehensive analysis of five foundational pillars that define the structure and functionality of SPDS: distributed energy resources (DERs), transportation electrification, microgrids, energy management systems (EMS), and cyber-physical security. Each pillar is examined through a qualitative lens, identifying the latest technological advancements, persistent challenges, and emerging research trends. In addition to exploring each domain individually, the review emphasizes the critical interdependencies and synergies among them, which are often overlooked in existing literature. These interconnections play a pivotal role in shaping SPDS performance, interoperability, and overall grid intelligence. The paper synthesizes these insights to highlight the key enablers as well as the barriers hindering widespread SPDS deployment. Furthermore, the paper offers forward-looking perspectives and research directions necessary to address technical, regulatory, and operational gaps, paving the way for next-generation SPDS capable of supporting the global energy transition. Finally, the review aligns closely with multiple United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDGs 7, 9, 11, and 13, underscoring the vital role of SPDS in supporting the global transition toward clean, inclusive, and low-carbon energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 116788"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinforcement learning as a control layer for electric vehicle interaction with multi-energy systems: A comprehensive review","authors":"Anis ur Rehman","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The shift toward sustainable transport and renewable energy has transformed electric vehicles (EVs) from passive loads into active components within integrated energy systems. Their interaction with batteries, charging networks, renewables, and grid services introduces complex uncertainties that conventional methods struggle to manage. In response to these complex and uncertain dynamics, reinforcement learning (RL) is emerging as a powerful adaptive control approach, and this review surveys current peer-reviewed research on its applications within the evolving energy-mobility ecosystem. It systematically examines: (i) EV powertrains and on-board energy management, (ii) hybrid energy storage systems combining batteries and supercapacitors, (iii) charging infrastructure including fast-charging hubs and battery swapping stations, (iv) vehicle-to-grid operations, (v) fleet-level scheduling and mobility services, (vi) microgrids and distributed energy systems, (vii) renewable energy integration, and (viii) resilience and stability of coupled multi-energy systems. The review identifies persistent challenges, including the reliance on simplified models, limited hardware-in-the-loop or real-vehicle validation, the computational intensity of deep RL, the sensitivity to reward design, and the safety risks in real-world deployment. To address these gaps, the review outlines future research directions including physics-informed and degradation-aware RL, hybrid RL-optimization for scalable decision-making, federated and multi-agent learning for large-scale coordination, and uncertainty-aware, explainable policies. It also proposes cross-domain reward functions to capture battery degradation and thermal dynamics, and emphasizes the urgent need for hardware validation to bridge simulation and real-world application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 116733"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversifying power: Impact of political gender diversity on renewable energy supply chain vulnerability","authors":"Xiaohang Ren ,&nbsp;Ruofan Tan ,&nbsp;Miaomiao Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116737","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine the relationship between political gender diversity and the vulnerability of renewable energy supply chains. Using a country-product panel dataset covering 61 countries from 2000 to 2023, we document several new empirical insights. First, baseline estimations reveal that greater political gender diversity significantly reduces renewable energy supply chain vulnerability, with each one-unit increase associated with an average decline of 5.8 %. Second, this effect is moderated by women's educational attainment, female labor force participation, and the level of democracy. In countries where these factors are high, inclusive gender governance exhibits a markedly stronger mitigating effect. Finally, heterogeneity analyses indicate that the positive effect of political gender diversity is concentrated in high-income economies, whereas the association turns negative in low-income countries. Notably, in countries adopting voluntary or candidate quotas, political gender diversity contributes to reducing supply chain vulnerability, with the effect being stronger under voluntary quota systems. In contrast, in countries with reserved seat quotas, political gender diversity actually increases the vulnerability of renewable energy supply chains. These results underscore the broader role of inclusive political frameworks in enhancing energy security, providing policymakers with actionable insights as they navigate the challenges of a fragmented and volatile global energy landscape.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 116737"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generic wind turbine models for power system stability assessment based on IEC 61400-27: A review","authors":"Javier Jiménez-Ruiz ,&nbsp;Raquel Villena-Ruiz ,&nbsp;Andrés Honrubia-Escribano ,&nbsp;Jens Fortmann ,&nbsp;Emilio Gómez-Lázaro","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2026.116740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As wind energy has become increasingly integrated into electrical systems worldwide, several international working groups—most notably the International Electrotechnical Commission and the Western Electricity Coordinating Council have significantly contributed to the development of generic wind turbine models used for dynamic grid stability simulations. These models have been the subject of extensive discussion in recent years, as they are essential for grid operators in network planning, given that detailed manufacturer models are typically unavailable or impractical for such purposes. This article presents the work carried out by the International Electrotechnical Commission in this domain, highlighting the modifications introduced during the development of these models. It also includes a detailed description of the modules that constitute the generic wind turbine models. Furthermore, this work offers deeper insights than previous studies, providing a more comprehensive and updated understanding of these models. As such, the results presented here are highly valuable for grid operators, wind turbine manufacturers, and researchers focused on the integration of wind power into power systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 116740"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}