Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews最新文献

{"title":"A critical review on the development stages of biorefinery systems for sugarcane processing wastes","authors":"Dongdong Wang ,&nbsp;Surendra Sarsaiya ,&nbsp;Jiatong Zheng ,&nbsp;Jonathan W.C. Wong ,&nbsp;Jun Zhou ,&nbsp;Jisen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sugarcane processing is a globally significant industrial endeavour that generates an astoundingly large quantity of lignocellulosic waste. Annually, approximately 1.8 billion tons of bagasse alone is produced, representing a substantial by-product of the sugarcane industry. However, current disposal practices, such as landfilling without proper methane capture systems or incineration using outdated technologies, exacerbate the environmental burden. Landfills release methane, a greenhouse gas with over 25 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 100 - year period, whereas sub-standard incineration emits harmful pollutants such as particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. An in-depth review is presented, examining diverse biorefinery pathways for the conversion of these wastes. Bagasse conversion into bioenergy, such as ethanol via enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of cellulose and hemicellulose, and biogas via anaerobic digestion, is a promising approach. Biochemical production from sugarcane waste feedstocks, such as citric acid via microbial fermentation and polylactic acid (PLA), presents considerable potential. Benchmarking apple pomace valorization reveals sugarcane waste's unique utilization potential. Three systemic barriers persist: poor integration (resource inefficiency), economic fragility (feedstock price volatility and high costs), and inadequate life-cycle assessments. AI-driven modular platforms for optimization, dynamic techno-economic models, and region-specific sustainability metrics. These findings position sugarcane waste as a cornerstone of the circular bioeconomy, particularly in sugarcane-growing nations of the Global South.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116316"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concentrated solar power (CSP) driven desalination systems: A techno-economic review","authors":"M. Imran Khan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Reshaeel ,&nbsp;Faisal Asfand ,&nbsp;Sami G. Al-Ghamdi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Farooq ,&nbsp;Mushtaq Khan ,&nbsp;Furqan Tahir ,&nbsp;Yusuf Bicer ,&nbsp;Muhammad Asif ,&nbsp;Mohammad Rehan ,&nbsp;Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising global demand for freshwater, coupled with the urgency to transition away from fossil fuel-based energy systems, has intensified research into sustainable desalination solutions. However, conventional desalination methods reliant on fossil fuels are highly energy-intensive, presenting substantial obstacles to achieving a low-carbon energy transition. Concentrated solar power (CSP) presents a compelling alternative, particularly for arid regions with high direct normal irradiation (DNI). This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in CSP-driven desalination technologies, with a particular focus on key methods such as multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED), membrane distillation (MD), and innovative hybrid systems. It systematically categorizes solar desalination technologies based on their functional components, economic feasibility, and research progress, highlighting advancements in hybrid system designs, thermal performance optimization, and economic evaluations. Although CSP desalination has experienced significant growth over the past five years, challenges remain in developing cost-competitive solutions, particularly in addressing parasitic losses during integration with conventional power systems. This review identifies potential strategies to overcome these challenges, including optimized system configurations, the integration of thermal energy storage, the adoption of advanced power cycles, and the hybridization of MED-RO systems. Realizing the full potential of CSP for sustainable freshwater production will require advances in materials, system integration, and hybrid configurations. A multidisciplinary approach—combining thermal sciences, desalination engineering, power systems, and techno-economic analysis, alongside supportive policies—is key to establishing CSP desalination as a viable solution for high-DNI, water-scarce regions. This review provides a timely and comprehensive overview of current progress and future directions, offering practical insights for advancing sustainable desalination technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116311"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of nanoparticle aggregation on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids: A comprehensive review based on multiscale methods","authors":"Qingsheng Yu,&nbsp;Yulong Song,&nbsp;Ce Cui,&nbsp;Feng Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanofluids, enhanced by the addition of nanoparticles, have attracted significant interest for their superior thermal conductivity, making them ideal for applications in thermal management and energy storage. However, nanoparticle aggregation within the base fluid remains a critical challenge, as it disrupts uniform dispersion and alters heat conduction pathways, thereby changing overall thermodynamic characteristics. This comprehensive review examines the impact of nanoparticle aggregation on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids through theoretical models, experimental studies, and multi-scale simulations. It explores the primary models used to predict thermal conductivity, compares their accuracy and applicability, and discusses advanced experimental techniques for controlling particle aggregation, such as surface modification, particle concentration adjustment, and dispersion optimization. Additionally, the review highlights simulation approaches at microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic scales that elucidate the mechanisms by which aggregation affects thermal properties. Through these analyses, the applicability of different models under various working conditions and application requirements was clarified, the intrinsic relationship between aggregation levels and thermal conductivity changes was revealed, and critical references and guidance were provided for future research and applications involving nanofluids. Despite significant advancements, challenges such as accurately predicting aggregation behavior in various fluid environments and enhancing dispersion stability persist. Future research directions include advancing experimental techniques for extreme conditions and cross-scale simulation to better understand and optimize the thermal performance of nanofluids, thereby facilitating their broader application in high-efficiency thermal systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116306"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications for PV module ecodesign from a life cycle perspective under the framework of the EU ecodesign sustainable products regulation","authors":"Ning Ding ,&nbsp;Zhan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianxin Yang ,&nbsp;Xinyu Li ,&nbsp;Shouliang Sun ,&nbsp;Siqi Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ecodesign of photovoltaic (PV) modules is essential for harmonizing energy conservation with emission reduction, thereby advancing green and circular development. Under the EU Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR), this study presents a comprehensive review of ecodesign tools and strategies. Aligned with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards, it analyzes life cycle assessment (LCA), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy efficiency. Using a process-based approach, the study evaluates environmental, resource, and energy impacts across the PV module life cycle. An ecodesign strategy inventory is established, followed by feasibility screening and assessment. Covering five key dimensions—reliability, power generation, decay rate, repairability, and recyclability—across 16 life cycle stages, 122 ecodesign strategies are identified. Results indicate that the cradle-to-gate production is highly energy-intensive, leading to significant electricity demand and associated environmental challenges. Therefore, ecodesign strategies should prioritize energy conservation and consumption reduction. Moreover, owing to advancements in design philosophies and innovation capabilities, along with smart tools, LCA alone showed insufficient for guiding PV ecodesign. The study advocates for expanding and innovating ecodesign tools, emphasizing critical emission stages to address the entire PV value chain. Reducing environmental emissions necessitates quantifying, monitoring, and optimizing across the life cycle. Furthermore, the study outlines an evolutionary path and conceptual advances for ecodesign, incorporating multidimensional tools and strategies. This highlights the need for contemporary PV ecodesign to address performance, intelligent tools, regional collaboration, and policy globalization. Finally, strengthened legal frameworks and regulatory oversight at national and local levels are essential for promoting sustainable development and life cycle management in PV industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116325"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of road mechanical energy harvesting technologies","authors":"Runzhou Luo,&nbsp;Xudong Zha,&nbsp;Hengwu Hu,&nbsp;Bingbing Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing prominence of energy shortages and environmental challenges has intensified global attention toward renewable energy utilization, with an urgent demand for energy transition in the transportation sector. Roads, as one of the important transportation infrastructures, contain a large amount of utilizable mechanical energy, and their energy harvesting technology is currently one of the hotspots in research.This study presents a comprehensive review of road mechanical energy harvesting technologies. First, three categories of road mechanical energy harvesting systems suitable for different application scenarios are summarized and analyzed, including speed bumps, flat-plate, embedded or integrated. Subsequently, from the four technical approaches of hydraulic/pneumatic, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, and TENGs, the principles, methodological frameworks, and research outcomes of various energy harvesting technologies are comprehensively reviewed. The key performance metric of energy output for these four technologies is compared and summarized, along with evaluations of their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the integration and development of road mechanical energy harvesting technologies with smart road systems are introduced. Finally, the key challenges currently hindering the real-world implementations of road mechanical energy harvesting technologies are discussed, including energy harvesting efficiency, material performance, cost and return, regulatory issues, among others. Predictions and recommendations for future development are proposed, aiming to provide assistance for further research and large-scale applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116332"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From theory to practice: Evolving methods and challenges in green hydrogen production","authors":"Luqman E. Oloore ,&nbsp;Abiodun E. Adeoye ,&nbsp;Moteb Alotaibi ,&nbsp;Amani M. Alansi ,&nbsp;Naef A.A. Qasem ,&nbsp;Talal F. Qahtan","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is emerging as a cornerstone of the clean energy transition, offering a high-density, zero-carbon fuel for decarbonizing electricity, heat, industry, and mobility. Among various pathways, green hydrogen—produced via water or biomass splitting using renewable energy—presents the most sustainable route, with near-zero lifecycle CO₂ emissions. This review systematically evaluates key green hydrogen production methods, including electrolysis (alkaline electrolysis, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, solid oxide electrolysis cell, and high-temperature steam electrolysis), chemical routes (biomass gasification, methane pyrolysis, hydrogen sulfide splitting), photo-based techniques (photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic), biological systems, hybrid processes (solar-thermal, wind-to-H₂, geothermal), and emerging technologies (plasma decomposition, nuclear-driven, and ocean energy hydrogen). A comparative analysis is provided on efficiency (1–90 %), energy consumption (30–60 kWh/kg H₂), cost ($2–6/kg), technology readiness (TRL 3–9), and scalability. While electrolysis remains the frontrunner due to high efficiency and integration with renewables, biohydrogen and methane pyrolysis offer promising synergies with waste valorization and carbon co-products. Advanced solar-thermal and photo-based systems show long-term potential but remain in early development. Despite rapid progress, challenges persist in capital cost, durability (e.g., PEC &gt;1,000 h), and infrastructure integration. Global levelized costs are projected to fall below $2–3/kg by 2030 with policy incentives and falling renewable prices. Accelerating commercialization will require continued research and development in materials, modular system design, and supportive frameworks such as carbon pricing, tax credits, and green hydrogen targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116244"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obscure quorum sensing-mediated modulations facilitating enhanced biogas production","authors":"Anina James ,&nbsp;Mengtong Li ,&nbsp;Aohua Li ,&nbsp;Wu Zeng ,&nbsp;Shanfei Fu ,&nbsp;Buchun Si ,&nbsp;Vijai Kumar Gupta ,&nbsp;Yeqing Li ,&nbsp;Junyi Ma ,&nbsp;Junting Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A stable functioning of microbial metabolism is critical for AD; however, due to the physiological limitations of the microbes involved, it encounters frequent system failures. Strengthening of the elaborate nexus between fermentative bacteria and methanogenic archaea is pivotal for AD. This will enable robust interspecies exchange and communication involving quorum sensing (QS) in syntrophic interactions, enhancing viability of the microbes. Over the years, several QS-mediated regulations of AD for enhanced methanogenesis have been apparent, such as, improvement in microbial community structure and substrate degradation, increased secretion of EPS, etc. However, there are some atypical, obscure QS influences that need attention. For example, increased microbial competition, secretion of public goods for optimal resource partitioning and conservation of energy, modulation of downstream signal transduction, and alleviation of various kinds of stresses. In this vein, we review the less-known QS modulations of AD and methanogenesis comprehensively. It is evident that tweaking the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways, and underexplored themes such as role of secondary messengers, management of oxidative stress, and optimization of endogenous stimulation versus exogenous addition would aid optimal regulation of QS in AD via a robust microbial community structure, ensuring consistent biogas production with high methane content. A critical assessment on current challenges and future research directives suggests the need for determining the QS molecules functional in methanogens, role of inter-domain communication, activation of genetic circuits, etc., via gene knockout studies and heterologous expression combined with metabolomics in realizing the full potential of QS in AD for enhanced biogas production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116331"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bounded rational decision-making modeling and analysis in local energy markets: A state-of-the-art review","authors":"Yuanxing Xia ,&nbsp;Ke Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Huang ,&nbsp;Tinjun Lin ,&nbsp;Linjun Shi ,&nbsp;Feng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prevailing literature typically models energy prosumers in local energy markets (LEMs) as fully rational actors whose primary goal is to maximize economic profits. However, this assumption neglects the fact that LEM participants are predominantly small-scale residential users, whose decisions are often shaped by bounded rationality due to limited information, cognitive constraints, and low transaction expertise. They exhibit subjective preferences, leading to decision-making that deviates from theoretical optima. This interdisciplinary review systematically investigates the bounded rationality factors influencing prosumers’ decision-making in LEMs. This study integrates behavioral economics, game theory, and incomplete information to model irrational decision-making in local energy markets (LEMs). These models are applied across heterogeneous market levels to capture the diversity of trading behaviors. An online survey in China and subsequent empirical analysis validate the theoretical assumptions, offering evidence-based insights for policy design to improve LEM efficiency and sustainability. Our findings provide critical insights into LEM participant behavior, leading to policy recommendations aimed at enhancing market efficiency and sustainability. This study outlines prospects for sustainable development, identifies open research questions, and proposes future research directions, thereby contributing significantly to the discourse on LEMs and their role in the broader energy transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116310"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast pyrolysis of biomass: recent advances in molecular-level reaction mechanisms and detailed kinetic modeling","authors":"Liang Li ,&nbsp;Ruben Van de Vijver ,&nbsp;Yiping Zhu ,&nbsp;Kevin M. Van Geem ,&nbsp;Yuhe Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fast pyrolysis offers a promising pathway for converting biomass into liquid bio-oil, yet its high oxygen content, chemical instability, and complex composition hinder direct application as fuels or chemicals. Recent advances in experimental platforms and computational methods have reshaped research in this field. Multidimensional chromatography, high-resolution spectroscopies, synchrotron-based diagnostics, and quantum chemical modeling now enable accurate quantification of products, detection of reactive intermediates, and the development of predictive kinetic frameworks for individual yields. These innovations provide the scientific context for more systematic evaluations of biomass pyrolysis chemistry and facilitate the establishment of mechanistic links between molecular-level reactions and process performance. To ensure comprehensive coverage and transparency, this review applies the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for literature selection and analysis. Through this systematic approach, key studies on model compounds—including cellulose, hemicellulose, and especially lignin derivatives—are critically assessed, highlighting bond scission routes, reaction intermediates, cross-component coupling, and the origins of major pyrolysis vapors. The resulting insights have informed the construction of detailed kinetic models, though challenges remain in addressing multiphase effects, expanding reaction families, and reducing uncertainties in large-scale simulations. By integrating state-of-the-art methodologies with systematic literature synthesis, this review identifies both progress and persisting gaps in molecular-level understanding of fast pyrolysis, providing guidance for advancing detailed kinetic modeling and accelerating the development of efficient, mechanism-based pyrolysis technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116319"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of dynamic modeling and control of grid-connected hydrogen production units using water electrolysis","authors":"Tiejiang Yuan ,&nbsp;Jie Tan ,&nbsp;Yue Teng","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As key enablers of the energy transition, water electrolysis units are increasingly expected to provide grid support services in addition to producing green hydrogen. However, their dynamic behavior and control present significant challenges to power system stability and efficiency. This review provides a critical assessment of the state-of-the-art in dynamic modeling and control for grid-connected electrolyzers. We identify a fundamental gap in current research: system-level transient models for grid analysis almost universally neglect the inherent and tightly coupled thermo-electrical dynamics of the electrolyzer, leading to an overestimation of its true response capabilities and potential risks to equipment health. Furthermore, we highlight that existing control systems are fragmented, managing power electronics, electrolyzer thermal states, and auxiliary equipment independently. This paper argues for the necessity of a unified control architecture to overcome these limitations. We introduce the concept of a state-aware frequency response strategy, where an electrolyzer’s grid support is dynamically adjusted based on its internal state (e.g., temperature, health) to balance performance with long-term reliability. By systematically analyzing the modeling hierarchy from material to system levels, this review exposes critical scientific challenges and provides a theoretical and technical roadmap for the optimized and stable grid integration of water electrolysis systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"226 ","pages":"Article 116296"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}