Sustainable hydrogen energy fuel cell electric vehicles: A critical review of system components and innovative development recommendations

Hydrogen-powered Fuel Cell Electric vehicles (FCEVs) harness hydrogen gas to generate clean electrical energy using fuel cells, to power the vehicle thus offering a more efficient alternative to traditional internal combustion engines. FCEVs convert chemical energy to electrical energy emitting only water as by-product thus complying with UN SDGs 7 and 13. This study provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of FCEV, covering all the major components present in the system. The study begins with the analysis of diverse FC technologies available and focuses on Proton Exchange Membrane FC for EV applications. Further, the study concentrates on the application of the FC in EV technology and the drive train components of an FCEV. The comprehensive study of the drive train comprises the DC-DC Power Converter, the MPPT algorithms used in optimizing the energy conversion, the different types of inverters used for power conversion to motor drives, and various EV motor types utilized in FCEVs. The significant challenges and technical issues faced by the FCEV in the current scenario are also presented thus offering a balanced perspective on the current state of this technology. A thermodynamic-economic trade-off is presented for a better selection of the components for an FCEV. A case study is presented with the optimized components selected. The analysis further supports the notion that the FCEVs present a suitable and efficient transportation solution, contributing to the global transition towards clean energy and aiding in the fight against climate change.