AIMS Allergy and Immunology最新文献

{"title":"The immune system through the ages","authors":"K. Rosenthal, Jordan B. Baker","doi":"10.3934/allergy.2022013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/allergy.2022013","url":null,"abstract":"The components of the immune system develop in utero and like a computer, some components are immediately functional (the innate components) but other components must learn the programs and details necessary to function (antigen adaptive components). Like other systems, including military and municipal, the innate and antigen specific components develop into an immune system that helps maintain and surveil the other body processes and systems for aberrations, provide surveillance and protection of the mucoepithelial borders and protection from microbial invasion. Inability, excesses, or errors in these processes cause disease. Aging of the immune system brings immunosenescence, inflammaging, more errors, and decreased surveillance which increases risk for new infections (e.g. COVID-19, influenza), recurrence of latent infections, cancer and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. With greater understanding of the surveillance, effector and regulatory deficits upon aging, better therapies can be developed.","PeriodicalId":40916,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Allergy and Immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70184235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Etiology model for many vaccination adverse reactions, including SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccines","authors":"D. Ricke","doi":"10.3934/allergy.2022015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/allergy.2022015","url":null,"abstract":"Objective Vaccinated individuals (vaccinees) experience no adverse events, mild adverse events, multiple adverse events, or serious adverse events post vaccination. Many of these vaccine adverse events occur with different vaccines with different occurrence frequencies. Many of these adverse events are generally considered as associated with immune responses to the active vaccine components (antigens) and/or to possibly one or more of the vaccine excipients. Most of these vaccine adverse events are self-limiting and resolve within days. The number of vaccine adverse reactions is higher for SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccines than all other vaccines. Can data analysis of vaccine adverse reactions responses provide etiology insights for high reactogenicity vaccines? Methods The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database was data mined for all vaccine adverse events data by vaccine, age, gender, dose, and day of onset post vaccination. Results for vaccines with the highest number of adverse events were compared. Results For vaccines and adverse events with the highest numbers of reports, the day of onset approximates a power of two decay pattern for the first three days. The consistency of this pattern for multiple unrelated vaccines narrows possible etiology mechanisms. Many of these adverse event symptoms overlap symptoms associated with elevated histamine levels. Herein, innate immune responses and specifically elevated histamine levels are proposed to be causative for the majority of these adverse events. This hypothesis is based on a model of innate immune responses releasing a surge of inflammatory molecules, including histamine; this surge is hypothesized to exceed the normal histamine tolerance level for vaccinees causing reactogenicity adverse events. Further, these symptoms resolve as histamine levels fall below the vaccinee's tolerance threshold. This model can be evaluated by the detection of elevated histamine levels in vaccinees corresponding to timing of symptoms onset. If confirmed, a direct consequence of this model predicts that specific antihistamine treatments, mast cell stabilizers, and possibly diamine oxidase enzyme may reduce the incidence or severity of adverse events experienced by vaccinees post vaccinations for most or all high reactogenicity vaccines including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spike vaccines. Conclusions The reported onset occurrences of the majority of reported adverse events are consistent with the likely etiology of innate immune responses to vaccinations for vaccines with higher reactogenicity levels. Herein, the hypothesis is proposed that the majority of these adverse events result from a histamine surge that temporarily exceeds the vaccinee's tolerance level.","PeriodicalId":40916,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Allergy and Immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70184288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple sclerosis and allergic diseases: is there a relationship?","authors":"L. Aielli, Federica Serra, E. Costantini","doi":"10.3934/allergy.2022011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/allergy.2022011","url":null,"abstract":"Immune system disorders characterize various diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and allergic diseases (AD). In MS, T-helper (Th)1 cell phenotype is responsible for the disease onset and long-term evolution. On the other hand, excessive Th2 cell activity has been demonstrated in AD. The simultaneous increase of MS and AD in the same geographical areas, observed in recent years, has questioned the mutually exclusive correlation between MS and AD immunopathogenesis supported by the Th1/Th2 paradigm and has moved the interest in understanding possible overlaps. This manuscript aims to discuss the literature, collected over the past two decades, about the association between MS and AD, and both experimental and epidemiological studies have been reviewed. The results do not provide a solid correlation between AD and MS, although experimental studies support the involvement of the same cells and molecules in the immunopathogenesis of both diseases. Further studies, increasing knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in these two disorders, could help to clarify if a positive or negative association links them and provide the possibility for the development of new therapies.","PeriodicalId":40916,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Allergy and Immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70184145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary VPAC1: A potential biomarker in prostate cancer","authors":"Mansur Aliyu, A. Saboor-Yaraghi, Shima Nejati, Behrouz Robat-Jazi","doi":"10.3934/allergy.2022006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/allergy.2022006","url":null,"abstract":"Prostate cancer is ranked as the fourth most prevalent cancer commonly diagnosed among males over 40 years of age, according to the WHO Cancer Fact Sheet 2020, and it is additionally a leading cause of cancer mortality among males. The incidence of prostate cancer and mortality varied significantly across the globe. Diagnosis of prostate cancer hinders easier management of cases, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) use for screening of prostate cancer has poor specificity and sensitivity, thereby yielding overdiagnosis and unnecessary biopsies. Radiologically guided (ultrasound/MRI) prostate biopsy, considered the gold standard, is invasive and can miss a significant number of metastatic cancers. Even though mild, other prostate biopsy complications occur on a large scale, and few severe ones are often recorded. Scientists intensify their search for biomarker(s) for non-invasive diagnosis of prostate cancer using proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, and bioinformatics—urinary biomarkers were uniquely on the lookout. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) receptor 1 (VPAC1), which is overexpressed (a thousandfold) in prostate cancer at the onset of oncogenesis and is excreted in the urine on tumor cells, is a contender in the prostate cancer biomarker quest. VPAC1 is ubiquitous, expressed by normal and malignant cells, and interwoven in their cell membranes. Therefore, using urine samples limits the possibility of making the wrong diagnosis, since VPAC1 is not normally excreted in the urine. Nevertheless, studying transmembrane receptors is intricate. However, producing monoclonal antibodies against the N-terminal end of VPAC1 can provide a promising target for designing a non-invasive diagnostic assay for early detection of prostate cancer using a urine sample.","PeriodicalId":40916,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Allergy and Immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70183981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding sex differences in the allergic immune response to food.","authors":"McKenna S Vininski, Sunanda Rajput, Nicholas J Hobbs, Joseph J Dolence","doi":"10.3934/allergy.2022009","DOIUrl":"10.3934/allergy.2022009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food allergies are of great public health concern due to their rising prevalence. Our understanding of how the immune system reacts to food remains incomplete. Allergic responses vary between individuals with food allergies. This variability could be caused by genetic, environmental, hormonal, or metabolic factors that impact immune responses mounted against allergens found in foods. Peanut (PN) allergy is one of the most severe and persistent of food allergies, warranting examination into how sensitization occurs to drive IgE-mediated allergic reactions. In recent years, much has been learned about the mechanisms behind the initiation of IgE-mediated food allergies, but additional questions remain. One unresolved issue is whether sex hormones impact the development of food allergies. Sex differences are known to exist in other allergic diseases, so this poses the question about whether the same phenomenon is occurring in food allergies. Studies show that females exhibit a higher prevalence of atopic conditions, such as allergic asthma and eczema, relative to males. Discovering such sex differences in allergic diseases provide a basis for investigating the mechanisms of how hormones influence the development of IgE-mediated reactions to foods. Analysis of existing food allergy demographics found that they occur more frequently in male children and adult females, which is comparable to allergic asthma. This paper reviews existing allergic mechanisms, sensitization routes, as well as how sex hormones may play a role in how the immune system reacts to common food allergens such as PN.</p>","PeriodicalId":40916,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Allergy and Immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":"90-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10836331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70184069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of etiological factors on citrullination markers and susceptibility of PADI4 allele for CHIKV induced rheumatoid arthritis among South Indian Tamil RA cases","authors":"V. Malini, N. Shettu, S. Murugesan","doi":"10.3934/allergy.2022012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/allergy.2022012","url":null,"abstract":"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial disease which can be triggered by gene-environment interactions. Numerous risk factors have been acknowledged in varied ethnicities, but their generalizability is vague. Hence, proposed to identify impact of etiology on citrullination and how both interact with peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) polymorphism in RA onset among South Indian Tamil RA cases. Studied 207 RA cases and 186 healthy controls for C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP), anti-Sa (citrullinated vimentin), anti-citrullinated α-enolase peptide-1 (CEP-1) and diseases activity score-28 (DAS-28). Past exposure to studied etiological risk factors obtained through questionnaire. Family history of RA (FHRA), surgery/injury and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection significantly contributed to RA (p < 0.05) particularly CHIKV (OR = 6.66, 95% CI 3.92–11.32, p = 0.001). Strikingly, 67.1% of surgery/injury and 80% of CHIKV exposed patients had RA onset within a year. RA cases with tooth decay had impact on RF, anti-CCP, anti-Sa freequeny and anti-CEP-1 level (p < 0.05).Since CHIKV infected cases showed significant anti-Sa (p = 0.04) level and frequency (p = 0.01), they were genotyped for polymorphism in PADI4_92 (rs874881), 104 (rs1748033) and 94 (rs2240340) by Sanger's sequencing which demonstrated that PADI4 confers risk (p < 0.05) for the onset of CHIKV induced RA. This is the initial report that CHIKV may contribute to RA development via vimentin citrullination. FHRA, surgery/injury, CHIKV and smoking posed a key RA risk.","PeriodicalId":40916,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Allergy and Immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70184198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of efficacy of secondary prophylactic complex of bronchial obstruction syndrome in young children with respiratory disorders in neonatal period: analysis of symptoms and serological markers","authors":"Matsyura Oksana, Besh Lesya, Zubchenko Svitlana, Gutor Taras, Lukyanenko Natalia, Slivinska-Kurchak Khrystyna, Borysiuk Olena","doi":"10.3934/allergy.2022005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/allergy.2022005","url":null,"abstract":"Diseases of respiratory tract in young children are often accompanied by the development of bronchial obstruction syndrome. Recurrent episodes of bronchial obstruction are a common problem in young children with respiratory disorders in neonatal period. The aim of our work was to test secondary prophylactic measures concerning development and progression of recurrent bronchial obstructive syndrome in young children, who had suffered respiratory disorders in neonatal period. Prophylactic complex included basic therapy (inhalation of glucocorticosteroids—fluticasone propionate or budesonide), administration of immunomodulating drug Ribomunyl and conducting of prophylactic vaccination in specialized inpatient department after prior preparation whith antihistamines. Objectives The feature of disease course was assessed based on the need of using drugs with symptomatic action, frequency of exacerbations, their mean duration and severity in 60 children, who had breathing disorders in neonatal period. Children were randomly divided into two groups. The study of efficacy of secondary prophylactic measures was conducted in 30 children (basic group) and in other 30 patients secondary prophylactic complex was not used (control group). Methods Algorithm of secondary prophylactic complex included basic therapy involving inhalation glucocorticosteroids, administration of immunomodulatory drug Ribomunyl as recommended and conduction of planned prophylactic inoculations with the use of antihistamines. Conclusions In children, who were administered secondary prophylactic complex was a positive dynamics in clinical picture and laboratory data. Results Administration of secondary prophylactic complex enabled, to a certain extent, to prevent progression of bronchial obstructive syndrome and achieve a reliable increase in γ-INF, IgA, IgM, IgG levels and decrease in IL-4 (р < 0.01).","PeriodicalId":40916,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Allergy and Immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70183906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mast cells: A dark horse in osteoarthritis treatment","authors":"A. D. Kurenkova, P. Timashev","doi":"10.3934/allergy.2022017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/allergy.2022017","url":null,"abstract":"Mast cells are best known for their involvement in the pathogenesis of allergic reactions and inflammation. Due to the wide variety of activation methods and the various mediators that mast cells can synthesize and store, they can regulate all stages of the inflammatory process. There are a large amount of data describing the role of mast cells in the development of autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis, but their role in the development of inflammatory traumatic osteoarthritis remains poorly described. However, non-autoimmune cartilage damage is the main reason for joint replacement surgeries. As important regulators of the inflammatory process, mast cells could be an interesting target for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Herein, we summarize the knowledge about the role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and outline various approaches that, to varying degrees, seem promising for the correction of the disease.","PeriodicalId":40916,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Allergy and Immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70184335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migratory dermatographic urticaria following COVID-19 vaccine booster in young adult male","authors":"Richard A. Maiella, Kelly M. Staples, Ashokvardhan Veldanda","doi":"10.3934/allergy.2022003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/allergy.2022003","url":null,"abstract":"With the recent approval of booster vaccinations in the United States for adults who already received their primary vaccinations, millions of adults have been administered the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna booster vaccines. Adverse events related to these vaccines continue to be reported and are majority self-limited. In this case report, we present a young male who acquired chronic, migratory dermatographic urticaria two weeks after administration of the Moderna mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine booster.","PeriodicalId":40916,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Allergy and Immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70184347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrast allergies for neurological imaging: When to proceed.","authors":"Anna Fusco, Logan Pucci, Kevin Pierre, Adam Wolberg, Coulter Small, John Cerillo, Mohammad Reza Hosseini Siyanaki, Brandon Lucke-Wold","doi":"10.3934/allergy.2022016","DOIUrl":"10.3934/allergy.2022016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contrast-enhanced neuroimaging is often necessary for the diagnosis and care of patients with diseases of the central nervous system. Although contrast is generally well tolerated and allergy to contrast is rare, allergic reactions can be severe and life threatening. Therefore, physicians should take care to prevent severe contrast allergy. In this review, we will discuss contrast allergy as well as potential strategies to reduce the risk of severe reactions in patients who require neuroimaging techniques with contrast. First, we discuss the clinical presentation and pathogenesis of contrast allergy and the risk factors associated with reactions. We then review methods to reduce the risk of future contrast reactions through improved patient education and documentation strategies, use of alternate imaging modalities or contrast media, premedication, and desensitization.</p>","PeriodicalId":40916,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Allergy and Immunology","volume":"6 1","pages":"216-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42704220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}