Urinary VPAC1: A potential biomarker in prostate cancer

IF 0.9 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY
Mansur Aliyu, A. Saboor-Yaraghi, Shima Nejati, Behrouz Robat-Jazi
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Prostate cancer is ranked as the fourth most prevalent cancer commonly diagnosed among males over 40 years of age, according to the WHO Cancer Fact Sheet 2020, and it is additionally a leading cause of cancer mortality among males. The incidence of prostate cancer and mortality varied significantly across the globe. Diagnosis of prostate cancer hinders easier management of cases, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) use for screening of prostate cancer has poor specificity and sensitivity, thereby yielding overdiagnosis and unnecessary biopsies. Radiologically guided (ultrasound/MRI) prostate biopsy, considered the gold standard, is invasive and can miss a significant number of metastatic cancers. Even though mild, other prostate biopsy complications occur on a large scale, and few severe ones are often recorded. Scientists intensify their search for biomarker(s) for non-invasive diagnosis of prostate cancer using proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, and bioinformatics—urinary biomarkers were uniquely on the lookout. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) receptor 1 (VPAC1), which is overexpressed (a thousandfold) in prostate cancer at the onset of oncogenesis and is excreted in the urine on tumor cells, is a contender in the prostate cancer biomarker quest. VPAC1 is ubiquitous, expressed by normal and malignant cells, and interwoven in their cell membranes. Therefore, using urine samples limits the possibility of making the wrong diagnosis, since VPAC1 is not normally excreted in the urine. Nevertheless, studying transmembrane receptors is intricate. However, producing monoclonal antibodies against the N-terminal end of VPAC1 can provide a promising target for designing a non-invasive diagnostic assay for early detection of prostate cancer using a urine sample.
尿VPAC1:前列腺癌的潜在生物标志物
根据世界卫生组织《2020年癌症概况》,前列腺癌在40岁以上男性中被列为第四大常见癌症,也是男性癌症死亡的主要原因。前列腺癌的发病率和死亡率在全球范围内差异很大。前列腺癌的诊断不利于病例的管理,使用前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)筛查前列腺癌的特异性和敏感性较差,从而导致过度诊断和不必要的活检。放射学引导(超声/MRI)前列腺活检被认为是金标准,是侵入性的,可能会遗漏大量转移性癌症。其他前列腺活检并发症虽然轻微,但也大量发生,很少有严重的记录。科学家们利用蛋白质组学、代谢组学、基因组学和生物信息学加强了对前列腺癌非侵入性诊断的生物标志物的研究——尿液生物标志物是唯一值得关注的。血管活性肠肽(VIP)/垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽(PACAP)受体1 (VPAC1)在前列腺癌发病时过表达(千倍),并通过尿液排泄到肿瘤细胞上,是前列腺癌生物标志物探索中的一个竞争者。VPAC1无所不在,在正常细胞和恶性细胞中表达,并交织在细胞膜中。因此,使用尿液样本限制了做出错误诊断的可能性,因为VPAC1通常不随尿液排出。然而,研究跨膜受体是复杂的。然而,生产针对VPAC1 n末端的单克隆抗体可以为设计一种非侵入性诊断检测方法提供一个有希望的靶点,用于使用尿液样本早期检测前列腺癌。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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