Aschkenas-Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte und Kultur der Juden最新文献

{"title":"Early Modern Anti-Jewish Invective in Germany: The ›Judenfeind‹ (1570; 1605) of Pastor Georg Nigrinus, Roots and Reaction","authors":"William C. Mcdonald","doi":"10.1515/asch-2021-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/asch-2021-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Der Judenfeind (1570), eine virulent antijüdische, polemische Schrift des prominenten evangelischen Theologen und Pfarrers Nigrinus (Georg Schwartz), die vorwiegend an die hessischen Landgrafen adressiert ist, gewährt uns Einblicke in die zeitgenössische Rezeption von Martin Luthers »Von den Juden und ihren Lügen.« Uns schockiert die feste Überzeugung von Nigrinus, dass seine vom tiefsten Judenhass animierte Schmähschrift eine Hommage an Luther darstellen sollte. Bei seinen Bestrebungen, deutsche Herrscher dazu anzuspornen, die Juden aus ihren Gebieten zu vertreiben, scheiterte Nigrinus. Trotzdem werden seine Hetzbefunde regelmäßig bei denjenigen Autoren zitiert, die bestrebt sind, die Juden als eine der christlichen Umwelt problematische sowie bedrohliche Präsenz zu brandmarken.","PeriodicalId":40863,"journal":{"name":"Aschkenas-Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte und Kultur der Juden","volume":"31 1","pages":"79 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42018640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ungewöhnliche Perspektiven auf Juden in der deutschen und italienischen Literatur des Spätmittelalters","authors":"A. Classen","doi":"10.1515/asch-2021-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/asch-2021-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We always face a certain danger when we investigate cultural-historical situations or conditions. Our chronicles and other documents tend to emphasize dramatic, if not tragic cases that color our understanding in rather dark light. This also applies to the relationship between Jews and Christians during the late Middle Ages, which has been discussed already from many different perspectives. Less consulted have been late German medieval verse narratives (verse-couplets, or mæren), where we encounter a number of times quite remarkable frameworks which situate the Jews in a much more mundane, ordinary context. As much as the poets endeavored, of course, to present the possibility of converting Jews to Christianity, as much they thereby also reveal a variety of different relationships characterized by a surprising degree of normalcy, free from the usual anti-Judaic hostility. We gain additional support for our approach by way of including two prose novellas by Boccaccio in his Decameron (ca. 1350).","PeriodicalId":40863,"journal":{"name":"Aschkenas-Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte und Kultur der Juden","volume":"31 1","pages":"1 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/asch-2021-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46879296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geleit, Geleitsrecht und Juden im Mittelalter","authors":"Markus J. Wenninger","doi":"10.1515/asch-2021-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/asch-2021-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Safe conduct functioned in the Middle Ages and in the Early Modern period to provide a particular safety to travelers with proper protection on the one hand; on the other, it was practiced as an authoritative tool for the establishment of income and the control over travelers. Since the 13th century, a development of particular safe-conduct evolved, to which also tax-like dues were inherent. From its beginning, Jews, too, were integrated into this system – both as those receiving safe conduct and, especially in the 14th century, also investors, who leased tax revenues from local lords. Receiving safe-conduct was imperative to Jews in the later periods of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern age because of their mobility for trade and moneylending businesses. From the 14th century on, the social position of the Jews in Germany significantly worsened, and they were increasingly expelled from many cities and territories. Hence, Jews were only allowed to enter specific cities if they paid for the specific safe conduct. Contrary to earlier times, this did not include protection anymore, but merely the permission to enter the city. This essay describes this development by examining several case studies from the 13th to the early 16th centuries. One focus rests on the reign of Emperor Maximilian I, from which stem several revealing cases. From the safe conduct, which was granted to Jews, the term »Judengeleit« (safe-conduct for Jews, often simply called »safe-conduct/Geleit«) was developed in the 14th century, determining the acceptance and the right of abode for Jews in the cities and territories, which were common especially in the western regions of Germany. This phenomenon is discussed in this essay only concerning its formation and not regarding its further development.","PeriodicalId":40863,"journal":{"name":"Aschkenas-Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte und Kultur der Juden","volume":"31 1","pages":"29 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/asch-2021-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45876894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allerhand","authors":"Tuvia Ruebner","doi":"10.1515/asch-2020-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/asch-2020-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Anmerkung: Eine erste Auswahl von Ruebners Haikus erschien in meinem Beitrag: Hans Otto Horch: Ein »langes kurzes Leben«. Der israelische Dichter Tuvia Ruebner. Mit 15 bisher unveröffentlichten deutschsprachigen Haikus. In: Zwischen den Sprachen – Mit der Sprache? Deutschsprachige Literatur in Palästina und Israel. Hg. von Norbert Otto Eke und Stephanie Willeke. Bielefeld: Aisthesis 2019, S. 305–311. Eine zweite Auswahl findet sich in der Festschrift für Mark H. Gelber: Wegweiser und Grenzgänger. Studien zur deutsch-jüdischen Kulturund Literaturgeschichte. Hg. von Stefan Vogt, Hans Otto Horch, Vivian Liska und Malgorzata A. Maksymiak. Wien, Köln, Weimar: Böhlau 2018, S. 89–92. Beide Veröffentlichungen hat Tuvia Ruebner noch selbst begleitet und approbiert. Die dritte Auswahl von Haikus unter dem Gesamttitel Allerhand ist umfangreicher als die bereits veröffentlichten Teile und enthält alle bisher nicht veröffentlichten Haikus, die mir Tuvia unmittelbar nach der Niederschrift per mail geschickt hat. Ihre Anordnung erfolgt im Wesentlichen – bei kleinen thematisch bedingten Umstellungen – in der Reihenfolge der Übersendung. Seine Frau Galila Ruebner hat mir das Recht erteilt, diese Haikus hier zu veröffentlichen.","PeriodicalId":40863,"journal":{"name":"Aschkenas-Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte und Kultur der Juden","volume":"30 1","pages":"333 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/asch-2020-0015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43975512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Judenhass und Judenmission. Das Verhältnis der Hamburger Evangelisch-Lutherischen Landeskirche zum Judentum","authors":"Stephan Linck","doi":"10.1515/asch-2020-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/asch-2020-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract How does a Lutheran church behave towards Jews when its tradition cultivates deep-seated hatred of Jews, but sees the theological task of missionizing them to Christianity? Using the example of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Hamburg, the essay tries to understand how the relationship with Judaism developed during the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. In the Nazi era, the church welcomed racist anti-Semitism, but did not introduce the »Aryan paragraph« in the church. She partially and only secretly fulfilled her duty to protect baptized Jews and their descendants as church members. It was only in the 1950s that a changed attitude towards Judaism began and for the first time there started a dialogue.","PeriodicalId":40863,"journal":{"name":"Aschkenas-Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte und Kultur der Juden","volume":"30 1","pages":"373 - 400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/asch-2020-0018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44493591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Juden zwischen den Fronten im Dreißigjährigen Krieg","authors":"J. F. Battenberg","doi":"10.1515/asch-2020-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/asch-2020-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Jews from the upper county of Katzenelnbogen, the southern part of the landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt ruled by George II, were placed in an almost hopeless situation by the passage of Swedish troops in November and December 1631. The Lutheran landgrave associated with the Catholic Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II had to bow to the demand of King Gustav Adolf of Sweden to hand over the fortress of Rüsselsheim am Main to him to secure his campaign. The neutrality negotiated for this purpose was intended to keep the upper county out of the war, but instead led to the fact that the landgrave’s territory was now used by both warring parties for troop movements such as quartering, in many cases at the expense of the Jews living there and confronted with contributions and ransom demands. Although the landgrave insisted on the active exercise of his Judenregal and his protective rights, which he regarded as part of national sovereignty in accordance with contemporary legal doctrine, in order to stabilize his sovereignty, he could only imperfectly exercise protection upon his Jews. He was not interested in the welfare of the country’s Jewry, whose rights he granted only very restrictively, but in the legal constitution and consolidation of his sovereignty. To this end, the Jews were instrumentalized and became objects of his political goals. Under these circumstances, an independently acting Jewish community could hardly develop.","PeriodicalId":40863,"journal":{"name":"Aschkenas-Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte und Kultur der Juden","volume":"30 1","pages":"245 - 270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/asch-2020-0011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41907012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Das spirituelle Profil des aschkenasischen Judentums","authors":"K. Grözinger","doi":"10.1515/asch-2020-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/asch-2020-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The cultural-religious profile of Ashkenazi Judaism is, compared to Sephardic Judaism, mostly portrayed as stereotypically focused on studying the Talmud and discussing the Halacha. While Sephardic Judaism, and before that also Oriental Judaism, produced a rich philosophy and mystical literatures in the form of the Kabbalah, in Ashkenaz one usually tends to see the yeshiva with its merely few spiritual and theological-philosophical interests. In contrast to this common image, it should be pointed out here that in Ashkenazi Judaism there were quite a few outstanding Halacha scholars such as El’asar from Worms, the Maharal from Prague, Moses Isserles and Ḥajjim Woloshyner who created the theological foundation for the fulfillment of the commandments and the study of the Torah, who subsequently became the paradigm for Ashkenazi Orthodoxy.","PeriodicalId":40863,"journal":{"name":"Aschkenas-Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte und Kultur der Juden","volume":"30 1","pages":"181 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/asch-2020-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42887783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Einleitung in das Jubiläumsheft","authors":"Markus J. Wenninger","doi":"10.1515/asch-2020-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/asch-2020-0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40863,"journal":{"name":"Aschkenas-Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte und Kultur der Juden","volume":"30 1","pages":"179 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/asch-2020-0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46460241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuvia Ruebner in Memoriam","authors":"H. Horch","doi":"10.1515/asch-2020-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/asch-2020-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Am 29. Juli 2019 ist der israelische Dichter Tuvia Ruebner im Alter von 95 Jahren im Kibbutz Merchavia bei Afula gestorben. In den letzten Lebensjahren wurde er hoch geehrt in Israel wie in Deutschland, aber auch in der Slowakei und Österreich – so erhielt er für sein Lebenswerk in Israel 2008 den höchsten Staatspreis des Landes, in Deutschland 2012 den Literaturpreis der Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung. Diese späten Anerkennungen – seine Art lyrisch-pointierten Schreibens entsprach nicht dem jeweiligen Zeitgeist – machten ihn zu einem Solitär. Am Tag von Hitlers Machtergreifung, deren Folgen sein Leben bestimmen sollten, war Ruebner neun Jahre alt. Am 30. Januar 1924 als erstes Kind von Manfred-Moritz Ruebner und seiner Gattin Elsa geb. Grünwald in Preßburg/Bratislava geboren, wuchs er – was für viele bürgerliche jüdische Familien der Slowakei selbstverständlich war – deutschsprachig auf, besuchte bis zum Verbot 1938 das Deutsche Staats-Realgymnasium. Als einzigem seiner Familie ‒ die Eltern und die fünf Jahre jüngere Schwester Alice wurden 1942 in Auschwitz ermordet ‒ gelang ihm 1941 die Flucht aus der von einer nazihörigen Regierung beherrschten Slowakei: über Ungarn, Rumänien, die Türkei, Syrien, den Libanon führte ihn sein Weg nach Palästina, in den Kibbutz Merchavia. Ruebners erste Frau Ada geb. Klein war 1950 durch einen Verkehrsunfall ums Leben gekommen, er selbst wurde schwer verletzt und musste sich allein um seine Tochter Miriam kümmern. 1953 heiratete er die Pianistin Galila Jisreeli, mit der er die Söhne Idan und Moran hatte. Der jüngere Sohn Moran verschwand 1983 auf einer Reise nach Mittelamerika spurlos ‒ ein Schicksalsschlag, der das Leben des Ehepaars Ruebner fortan bestimmen sollte. Beruflich hatte sich Ruebner eigentlich der Fotografie zugewandt, ein Fotoband über den Kibbutz Merchavia gehört zu den wichtigsten Zeugnissen dokumentarischer Überlieferung in Israel. Zunächst arbeitete Ruebner als Schafhirte und auf dem Feld. Nach seiner unfallbedingten Verletzung, die ihm schwere körperliche Arbeit unmöglich machte, übernahm er die Bibliothek des Kibbutz, wurde dann ohne ein akademisches Studium Literaturlehrer an einem Lehrerseminar, Dozent an der Universität Tel Aviv und schließlich Professor für Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft an der Universität Haifa, wo er 1992 emeritiert","PeriodicalId":40863,"journal":{"name":"Aschkenas-Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte und Kultur der Juden","volume":"30 1","pages":"341 - 348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/asch-2020-0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42404274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theologie im Tauchbad","authors":"C. Wilke","doi":"10.1515/asch-2020-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/asch-2020-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article surveys three centuries of rabbinic culture in Schnaittach (Central Franconia) on the basis of unexplored Hebrew sources. Located in an enclave within the Nuremberg territory, the Schnaittach rabbinate served four rural communities and variously exerted jurisdiction over large areas of Franconia, Upper Palatinate, and Bavaria. As a provincial authority, the rabbinate was oriented toward the political centers in Amberg, Munich, and Vienna, as well as toward the Jewish hubs of Fürth and Frankfurt. The rabbis of Schnaittach produced literary works in the fields of responsa and homiletics that this study contextualizes within a multilevel network of social relations. Early modern rabbis interacted with local tribunals, Christian theologians, Jewish fellow scholars, and migrant students while guiding rural Jews in their daily lives. Several documents show how they mediated, jointly with their wives, in issues of marital sexuality and cared for the female space that was the ritual bath.","PeriodicalId":40863,"journal":{"name":"Aschkenas-Zeitschrift fuer Geschichte und Kultur der Juden","volume":"30 1","pages":"271 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/asch-2020-0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43092296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}