Microchemical Journal最新文献

{"title":"A photoelectrochemical biosensor based on an MXene-based Ti3C2Tx/g-C3N4/CdSe heterojunction and AgInS2 amplification for the detection of Cyfra21–1","authors":"Xing-Pei Liu ,&nbsp;Yu-Ping Wei ,&nbsp;Jing-Shuai Chen ,&nbsp;Chang-Jie Mao ,&nbsp;Bao- Kang Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyfra21–1 is a fragment of cytokeratin 19 and is considered a potential marker for the diagnosis and classification of lung cancer. Currently, most detection techniques for Cyfra21–1 are costly, time-consuming, and complex. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new methods for the rapid and highly sensitive detection of Cyfra21–1. Herein, the photoactive nanocomposite Ti₃C₂Tx/g-C₃N₄/CdSe with excellent photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties was used as a substrate photoactive material in the fabrication of a PEC biosensor for the detection of Cyfra21–1. Because of the excellent electrical conductivity, abundant surface active sites and chemical groups of two-dimension Ti₃C₂Tx, the loading of large numbers of g-C₃N₄/CdSe on its surface enabled the nanocomposite to form a heterojunction structure, significantly accelerating migration of electrons, improving the PEC response and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the system, which provides a necessary foundation for the development of sensitive sensors. The addition of signal amplifier AgInS₂ caused it to adhere to the electrode surface where it accelerated the electrons transfer, increasing the PEC response and sensitivity. Under optimal conditions, the proposed PEC biosensor exhibited conspicuous analytical performance tawards Cyfra21–1, with a linear range from 1 fM to 100 pM and a low detection limit of 0.73 fM. The design concept based on MXenes heterojunctions proposed in this article provides a foundation for innovatively constructing a PEC sensing platform with satisfactory performance. The formation of a cascade energy level system significantly enhances detection sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability, making it generally practical for the sensitive detection of relevant cancer biomarkers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114578"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"User-friendly detection of nitrite in soil samples with tablet-based sensor","authors":"Maryam Mansouri,&nbsp;Seyed Hamid Safiabadi Tali,&nbsp;Zubi Sadiq,&nbsp;Sana Jahanshahi-Anbuhi","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrite (NO₂⁻) plays a central role in the nitrification, where ammonium (NH₄⁺) is converted into nitrate (NO₃⁻), a key nutrient for plant growth and soil fertility. Monitoring nitrite is crucial, as excessive levels can be harmful to both wildlife and human health. However, traditional detection methods are often costly, complex, and lack portability. To address these limitations, this study presents two tablet-based sensors designed for nitrite detection: (1) a Dual tablet, which contains sulfanilamide (SUL) and <em>N</em>-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine (NED) reagents in two separate tablets, and (2) an All-in-One tablet, which combines all necessary reagents into a single tablet, simplifying the detection procedure. Both sensors utilize a pullulan matrix to encapsulate reagents in solid form, improving their stability and practicality. They enable rapid nitrite detection in soil within 2 min through a colorimetric reaction that produce a pink/purple azo dye as an indicator. Unlike traditional methods that require manual pH adjustment, these tablet sensors incorporate a buffering system to maintain optimal acidic conditions for the reaction, ensuring consistent performance across various sample types without the need for external acidification. The tablets also ensure precise reagent dosing, eliminate the need for laboratory preparation and offering a portable, ready-to-use platform for on-site nitrite detection in complex soil matrix. The Dual tablet demonstrated a detection limit (LOD) of 3 μM, while the All-in-One tablet showed 5 μM. Selectivity tests confirmed minimal interference from other substances, and real soil sample analyses validated the method's accuracy and practical applicability. Furthermore, stability tests over six weeks at room temperature showed consistent performance, demonstrating their long-term usability. Overall, these tablet-based sensors provide an accurate, user-friendly, and affordable approach for nitrite monitoring in soil, particularly suited for resource-limited settings, and contribute significantly to improve soil fertility management and environmental monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114584"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ru-photocatalyzed spatiotemporal RAFT amplification enables ultrasensitive detection of esophageal cancer RNA","authors":"Wenjie Yu ,&nbsp;Zhidan Tian ,&nbsp;Fenghong Zhang ,&nbsp;Qinyuan Xu ,&nbsp;Shuaibing Yu ,&nbsp;Xueji Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinming Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Esophageal cancer, a leading cause of global cancer mortality, requires urgent innovation in early detection. Current endoscopic biopsies, though accurate, are invasive and unsuitable for routine screening. Here, we present a photoredox-mediated electrochemical biosensor utilizing Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂-catalyzed reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization for ultrasensitive detection of esophageal cancer-specific RNA. The system leverages spatial confinement and catalytic amplification through a self-contained <em>N</em>-Succinimidyl 4-Cyano-4-(phenylcarbonothioylthio)pentanoate (NS-CPAD), eliminating the need for exogenous initiators. Target RNA hybridization triggers localized growth of redox-active poly(ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate) (FMMA) brushes, converting molecular recognition into quantifiable current signals. Systematic optimization reveals 10 μM Ru catalyst and 3 h illumination provide optimal balance between polymerization efficiency and specificity. The sensor achieves a record-low detection limit of 7.4 aM with &gt;95 % specificity against single-nucleotide polymorphisms and non-target miRNAs. Clinical validity is demonstrated through 92.0–97.3 % recovery in 10 % human serum and long-term stability. Comparative analysis showed 10 to 1000-fold sensitivity improvement compared to CRISPR-SERS, photoelectrochemical, and enzyme-based platforms. By integrating catalytic precision, serum compatibility, and scalable manufacturing, this technology establishes a new paradigm for liquid biopsy applications, addressing the critical need for population-scale esophageal cancer screening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114582"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of paper-based SERS substrates for detecting trace MG molecules in complex samples","authors":"Jiaqi Liu,&nbsp;Chunning Chen,&nbsp;Jiaxin Lu,&nbsp;Yalei Wang,&nbsp;Jingtong Zhai,&nbsp;Hongkun Zhao,&nbsp;Nan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sensitivity of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) highly depends on the number of hotspots under laser spot and the number of analyte molecules near hotspots. Thus, a SERS substrate was constructed by assembling Ag nanocubes on a paper, which was previously modified with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) through in-situ polymerization. On the prepared substrate, the density of hotspots and analyte molecules near the hotspots are increased by the high surface area of paper and the modification of MIP. Malachite green (MG) is a toxic and prohibited drug that is very polluted to the environment, so monitor of trace MG is vital in complex environment. The minimum detectable concentration of MG molecules on the paper-based SERS substrate is 3.65 × 10⁻³ ng/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) is 8.58 % and the EF is approximate to 1.78 × 10⁷. In addition, MG molecules can be accurately detected in the presence of interfering molecules, the imprinting factors of MG is up to 1.69. Furthermore, the substrate can be used for the detection of MG in shrimp leach liquor, and its minimum detectable concentration is as low as 0.365 ng/mL, the RSD is 7.49 %. The above results indicate that this substrate can be used for detecting trace molecule in complex samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114586"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144665758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and classification of microplastics in simulated shoal environments using hyperspectral imaging technology","authors":"Qinchen Yang ,&nbsp;Le Wang ,&nbsp;Yuxian Lu ,&nbsp;Xinrui Xie ,&nbsp;Qian Qian ,&nbsp;Lu Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastic pollution poses a global environmental threat, yet conventional detection methods suffer from inefficiency and single-point measurement limitations. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) offers a promising alternative but faces challenges in complex shoal environments where soil-water matrices and variable microplastic concentrations complicate detection. But existing HSI studies focus on single-environment matrices, neglecting shoals and the impact of distribution states on spectral signatures. This study addresses these gaps by developing a non-destructive, efficient HSI-based method to detect and classify 0.5 mm microplastics in simulated shoal environments under two different concentration scenarios. For high-concentration samples, the study employed Otsu image segmentation to obtain binary masks, combined with SG smoothing and SNV preprocessing for spectral feature extraction. Furthermore, density and spectral correlation analysis was performed based on the physical characteristics of the microplastics. This study constructed two types of models based on spectral information and the integration of spatial and spectral information, respectively, with results demonstrating superior performance of the spectral-spatial joint model, achieving an accuracy of 99.52 %. In the detection of low-concentration samples, an improved image segmentation method based on the second principal component was employed. The experiment revealed that the MRCNN model achieved an accuracy of 93.85 % in the detection of low-concentration samples. This accuracy was further enhanced to 96.09 % upon the introduction of the channel attention mechanism. This study demonstrates that hyperspectral imaging technology can effectively classify microplastics in shoal environments, even under varying concentration conditions. By employing a spatial-spectral joint modeling approach in conjunction with a channel attention mechanism, accurate differentiation of three types of microplastic samples was achieved, thereby offering a novel technological means for monitoring microplastic pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114571"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on magnetic alginate beads for the extraction and pre-concentration of benzoylurea insecticides in rice samples","authors":"Sujittra Aintharaprasert ,&nbsp;Kittiya Sakhaem ,&nbsp;Dararat Saenkam ,&nbsp;Wannipha Khiaophong ,&nbsp;Norio Teshima ,&nbsp;Kansiri Pakkethati ,&nbsp;Pirom Suwannasom ,&nbsp;Yanawath Santaladchaiyakit ,&nbsp;Orrasa Prasitnok ,&nbsp;Jitlada Vichapong","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we synthesized a magnetic alginate beads for the extraction and enrichment of benzoylurea insecticides residues prior to high performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The as-prepared sorbent used for magnetic solid-phase extraction of insecticides in rice samples. Experimental analyses were employed to evaluate the beads' efficiency, utilizing characterization techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) to examine the composite's morphology and chemistry. Key parameters affecting the processes of adsorption and desorption process were optimized. Under the optimum condition, good analytical figures of merit through wide liner range with good determination coefficients (R²) higher than 0.99. High enrichment factor with low limit of detection were obtained. They have been successfully applied to the analysis of rice samples with the satisfactory recoveries were obtained. Additionally, the greenness and blueness assessment of the developed method was performed using the Analytical Eco-Scale, AGREE Assessment, ComplexMoGAPI, BAGI and NQS tools to evaluate its environmental impact and analytical practicality. This alternative sorbent was shown good selectivity and cost-effective than commercial sorbent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114548"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability-indicating RP-HPLC method development and validation for simultaneous quantification of ciprofloxacin, curcumin, and piperine in a novel topical dosage form","authors":"Alexlivingston Nadar ,&nbsp;Vandana Jain ,&nbsp;Melroy D'Sa","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An optimized stability-indicating RP-HPLC method has been successfully developed for the concurrent estimation and quantification of Ciprofloxacin, Curcumin, and Piperine. The methodology is strategically optimized with robustness rooted in the principles of sound science. It was validated as per the regulatory guidelines to ascertain its reliability and effectiveness. Analytical conditions provided an incredibly shorter run time of 7 min performed through isocratic elution with acetonitrile: orthophosphoric acid (70:30 % <em>v</em>/v) mobile phase flowing at a<!--> <!-->rate of 1 mL/min. The optimal wavelength (278 nm) was used in chromatographic detection. The temperature of the column was consistently regulated at 30 °C to produce a thermostable response throughout the chromatograms. Additionally, various forced degradation studies were conducted on the selected drug candidates under stress conditions, including thermal, photolytic, oxidative, and acid-base induction. After stress testing, the samples were subjected to HPLC analysis, demonstrating the method's selectivity in discriminating analytes of interest from degradation byproducts. The designed analytical technique was then validated according to ICH guideline Q2(R1). The developed analytical methodology was subsequently corroborated, including a thorough evaluation of relevant performance attributes such as linearity, system suitability, accuracy, precision, robustness, sensitivity, and solution stability. The results demonstrate that quantifying Ciprofloxacin, Curcumin, and Piperine with wide-ranging applications inside a novel topical dosage form is reliable and precise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114554"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-chip microextraction of N-acetylcysteine in water and plasma samples and smartphone-enabled colorimetric determination","authors":"Narges Bastan,&nbsp;Tayyebeh Madrakian,&nbsp;Mazaher Ahmadi,&nbsp;Abbas Afkhami,&nbsp;Abbas Soloki","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advances in microfluidics have made it possible to carry out expensive tests on a small chip. In this context, the use of smartphones as mainly colorimetric detectors has provided the promise of complete transfer of the analytical chemistry process from sample preparation to detection on microfluidic chips. In this research, a microfluidic chip has been used as a platform for the extraction and smartphone-enabled colorimetric measurement of <em>N</em>-acetylcysteine (NAC). The extraction phase was a deep eutectic solvent based on 1,10-phenanthroline and thymol with a molar ratio of 1:2 (a type V deep eutectic solvent). Analyte determination was done indirectly in this work. NAC reduces Fe³⁺ ions to Fe²⁺ on the chip, and the produced Fe²⁺ selectively forms a red-orange complex with 1,10-phenanthroline in the extraction deep eutectic solvent phase. The results showed that the intensity of red color in the extraction phase depends directly on the analyte concentration. In this way, measuring NAC in the concentration range of 9.0 μg L⁻¹ to 0.5 mg L⁻¹ was possible. The calibration curve was bilinear and the sensitivity of the method was better at the lower concentrations (lower concentration range slope: 29.812, higher concentration range slope: 9.627). The method's detection limit was 3.0 μg L⁻¹ and the quantification limit was 9.0 μg L⁻¹. The method was validated after evaluating the effect of possible interferences in the tap water and plasma matrixes. The results showed that the method provides high accuracy (recovery percentage: 96.6–107.5 %) and high precision (coefficient of variation: 0.46–1.90 %) for determining NAC in the investigated real samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114573"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ratiometric electrochemical direct sensing of ciprofloxacin antibiotic via electroless plating of silver on graphynes","authors":"Chaofeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Conglin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yinhui Yi ,&nbsp;Yan Yang ,&nbsp;Gangbing Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The abuse of ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic has aroused severe harm to the humans, thus achieving its sensitive and reliable detection is very important. Herein, by using a rising-star material graphynes (GDY) as the substrate, we firstly revealed Ag⁺ can be self-reduced via simple electroless plating process to form tiny silver (Ag⁰) nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and obtained a novel Ag@GDY nanohybrid. For this nanohybrid, the resulted Ag NPs can not only improve the conductivity and resolve the aggregation of GDY, but also can be used as an internal reference to construct a ratiometric electrochemical sensor; meanwhile, GDY can provide the affinity ability to CIP molecules via π-π interaction, and the band theory analysis also demonstrated the Ag@GDY nanohybrid could exhibit the synthetical catalysis advantages from Ag NPs and GDY, showing enhanced greatly catalytical activity compared to the pure GDY. On the basic of these comprehensive superiorities, a sensitive ratiometric electrochemical direct sensing platform for CIP was then developed for the first time by using Ag@GDY modified electrode, which was confirmed to be linear with the CIP concentrations from 0.09 to 5.0 μM via adopting the current ratio between CIP and Ag⁰ as the read-out signal. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limit for CIP is as low as 23.0 nM in this work, and the constructed Ag@GDY sensor for CIP detection in the real samples was also confirmed, which thus showed important potential applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114565"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasensitive multiplexed detection of cancer biomarker proteins using SPR imaging","authors":"Gulsum Ucak-Ozkaya ,&nbsp;M. Zeki Durak ,&nbsp;Mohamed Sharafeldin ,&nbsp;James F. Rusling","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.114562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, its diagnosis is still lagging behind lengthy procedures that are both expensive and lack specificity. Herein, we investigate the use of surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) for the multiplexed detection of four cancer biomarkers associated with aggressive prostate cancer. This biomarker panel include prostate-specific antigen (PSA), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-D), and monocyte surface antigen (CD14). 16 spots SPR chip array functionalized with primary antibodies (Ab₁) against the selected biomarkers, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a negative control, was housed in a 3D printed microfluidic channel to control the delivery of sample and reagents. Antigens were first captured, offline, on magnetic beads (MBs) labelled with secondary antibodies (Ab₂), and SPRi signals were collected and analyzed while flowing the MBs on the chip. This enabled the collection of real-time data for the association between antigens, captured on MBs, and Ab₁ immobilized on the SPR chip, and quantification of the target antigens after reaching equilibrium. This assay was capable of achieving dynamic ranges of 10 fg/mL to 100 pg/mL for PSA, 1 to 100 pg/mL for CD14, 1.1 to 110 pg/mL for IGF-I, and 0.5 to 100 pg/mL for VEGF-D. The multiplexed assay limit of detection (LOD) was found to 7.6 pg/mL for CD14, 5.8 pg/mL for IGF-1, and 5.3 pg/mL for VEGF-D with dynamic ranges of four orders of magnitude up to 125 pg/mL. While we could not apply this system in the analysis of real samples, it demonstrates a high throughput analytical approach with strong potential for identifying prostate cancer at an early stage. The system offers high sensitivity (down to few pg/mL) multiplexed detection of a selected panel of prostate cancer biomarkers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 114562"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}