Microchemical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using guided-mode resonance biosensors: A label-free approach","authors":"Khwanchai Tantiwanichapan ,&nbsp;Sakoolkan Boonruang ,&nbsp;Uraiwan Waiwijit ,&nbsp;Nantarat Srisuai ,&nbsp;Mati Horprathum ,&nbsp;Chanunthorn chananonnawathorn ,&nbsp;Arif E. Cetin ,&nbsp;Nimet Yildirim-Tirgil","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an alternative approach for the label-free and highly sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using Guided-Mode Resonance (GMR) biosensing technology. The GMR biosensor was optimized using two distinct protein immobilization techniques—glutaraldehyde cross-linking and EDC/NHS covalent binding —applied to a Tantalum dioxide (TaO₂) surface, with the aim of maximizing the sensor's detection capabilities. With an attempt to study surface binding capability between each immobilization technique, the TaO₂ film is prepared by optimizing surface morphology via deposition at different operation pressures, giving film formation with different surface morphology, roughness, and area. At lower pressures, the EDC/NHS immobilization method outperformed glutaraldehyde, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 272.4 pg mL⁻¹ at 5 mTorr TaO₂ deposition pressure. However, at 20 mTorr, glutaraldehyde exhibited superior sensitivity, with an LOD of 72.3 pg mL⁻¹, compared to 137.7 pg mL⁻¹ for EDC/NHS. These results suggest that surface roughness and morphology significantly improve protein immobilization and antibody binding efficacy. This high level of sensitivity and versatility underscores the potential of the GMR biosensor for clinical applications, such as early detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, post-vaccine monitoring, and immune response evaluation in low-titer samples. The study also highlights the importance of optimizing surface pressure and immobilization techniques to enhance biosensor sensitivity. The pressure-dependent performance suggests that higher surface area prepared under higher deposition pressure facilitates more efficient protein immobilization, leading to stronger antibody binding events and improved detection limits. Overall, the GMR-based biosensor system offers a promising platform for sensitive, label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, with potential applications in infectious disease diagnostics and monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 115183"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boron/nitrogen co-doped reticulated porous carbon frameworks encapsulating cobalt selenide: An advanced nanomaterial for ultrasensitive simultaneous detection of xanthine and uric acid in human serum","authors":"Mingyuan Li ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Ma ,&nbsp;Tong Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenshuo Wang ,&nbsp;Lijuan Xue ,&nbsp;Di Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel assembly and self-templating approach was developed for synthesizing cobalt selenide nanoparticles (CoSe) embedded within boron/nitrogen co-doped interconnected reticulated porous carbon frameworks (denoted CoSe@B,N-IRPC). This methodology employs polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the carbon precursor and boron nitride as the heteroatom source for B/N co-doping, achieved through hydrothermal processing. The resultant CoSe@B,N-IRPC integrates a distinctive 3D porous architecture with hierarchical connectivity, establishing efficient pathways for electron transfer, ion diffusion, and mass transport. The B,N-co-doped carbon matrix effectively confines nanostructured CoSe within the carbon microstructure, preventing nanoparticle aggregation, enhancing electrical conductivity, and mitigating substantial volume changes during electrochemical operation. These characteristics collectively yield superior electrochemical performance and cycling stability. Leveraging these structural advantages, the CoSe@B,N-IRPC based sensor demonstrates exceptional capability for simultaneous detection of xanthine (XA) and uric acid (UA). It exhibits wide linear ranges of 0.0142–4719 μM (XA) and 0.0316–2587 μM (UA), with ultralow detection limits of 0.011 μM (XA) and 0.028 μM (UA), respectively. This unique combination of an ultra-wide linear range and highly competitive detection limits distinguishes it from most previously reported target-specific sensors. Furthermore, the electrode displays superior interference resistance against common electroactive species, outstanding repeatability, and excellent reproducibility. Critically, the sensor achieves accurate quantification of target analytes in spiked real biological samples, yielding excellent recovery rates. This performance confirms its strong potential for practical diagnostic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 115188"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brilliant cresyl blue modified carbon quantum dots for sequential detection of insecticides fipronil, Fe3+, and acephate","authors":"Qing Li ,&nbsp;Yingqiang Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fipronil (FIP) and acephate (ACE) are highly toxic insecticides that pollute the environment and pose a health hazard, potentially being carcinogenic or teratogenic. Excess Fe³⁺ can trigger oxidative stress and lead to organ damage. Conventional fluorescent probes can only be used for single detection, and the development of multi-target simultaneous detection methods is imminent. In this work, brilliant cresyl blue modified carbon quantum dots (B-CQDs) were synthesized using a simple one-step hydrothermal method. It was found that B-CQDs can sequentially detect multiple substances under certain conditions. Firstly, the fluorescence of B-CQD increases with the concentration of insecticide FIP, and decreases with the addition of Fe³⁺. After activation treatment with EDTA and Zn²⁺ solutions, the fluorescence intensity of the system increases with the concentration of insecticide ACE. A fluorescent probe was established based on the above experimental phenomena to achieve sequence detection of FIP, Fe³⁺, and ACE, with the lower limits of detection (LODs) being 0.078 μM, 0.013 μM, and 0.055 μM, respectively. Therefore, the new method of sequence detection for multiple pesticide residues developed in this study shows great potential for application in environmental pesticide residue detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 115170"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D-printed electrochemical sensor for rapid nicotine detection in e-cigarette liquids and artificial sweat","authors":"Ariel Dayan,&nbsp;William B. Veloso,&nbsp;Diele A.G. Araújo,&nbsp;Thiago R.L.C. Paixão","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nicotine (NIC) is the main active component of tobacco used recreationally across the world. The absence of standardized guidelines for e-cigarette manufacturing has become a concern from the health community side. Herein, we have proposed a 3D-printed electrochemical sensor fabricated using a 3D printing pen to quantify NIC in e-cigarette liquids and sweat samples. All electrodes were fabricated using a commercial conductive filament containing Poly(lactic acid) and carbon black (PLA/CB) deposited in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) platform. The electrochemical analysis were performed using 100 μL of the solutions and samples, without requiring any (electro)chemical pre-treatment. This feature increases the applicability of the 3D-printed electrochemical sensors. The electrochemical characterization shows that 3D-printed counter electrodes do not influence the current limitations. It provided an analytical performance comparable to other reports based on sophisticated electrochemical systems, with a linear sensing range from 4.9 to 162.2 mg L⁻¹; the LOD found was 2.7 mg L⁻¹. The sensor was successfully applied to quantify NIC in e-cigarette liquids and artificial sweat using simple dilution. Also, most sample components in these samples showed no interference with the NIC signal. The sensor presents key advantages, including low-cost, scalable fabrication and direct NIC detection without conventional electrode pre-treatment. Therefore, we believe this paper brings important insights that could assist regulatory agencies in monitoring NIC levels in e-cigarette liquids and sweat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 115162"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A portable smartphone-integrated microcavity sensor based on rhodamine 6G-functionalized carbon dots for ratiometric determination of Cu2+ and glyphosate","authors":"Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingqi Wang ,&nbsp;Dejin Lin ,&nbsp;Linfan Wang ,&nbsp;Jiale Chen ,&nbsp;Junjie Pan ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Wang ,&nbsp;Da Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing persistence of harmful ions and pesticide residues has been a matter of concern due to their pernicious and ubiquitous impact on environmental processes. Herein, we design a ratiometric fluorescent platform for the cascade identification of Cu²⁺ and glyphosate, which is devised by grafting rhodamine 6G onto F, N-doped carbon dots (F, N-CDs@Rh6G). The formation of F, N-CDs@Rh6G/Cu²⁺ chelation complex induces fluorescence quenching at 438 nm, attributed to static complex formation and photoinduced energy transfer. Subsequently, the introduction of glyphosate reverses the binding priority of the chelated complex and results in the recovery of fluorescence signal at 438 nm, while the reference peak (558 nm) remains relatively stable. Under optimal conditions, the fluorescent probe exhibits the low detection limits (LODs) for Cu²⁺ (61 nM) and glyphosate (53 nM). Additionally, a portable microcavity sensing platform combining with smartphone is devised for visual and on-site quantification of Cu²⁺ and glyphosate with the exceptional LODs. Therefore, this newly microcavity with F, N-CDs@Rh6G provides a reliable cascade sensing platform for Cu²⁺ and glyphosate determination, showcasing potential applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 115168"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitive colorimetric detection of tetracycline hydrochloride and isoniazid with tyrosine‑manganese bifunctional nanozymes","authors":"Yuxiu Fan ,&nbsp;Ling Jiang ,&nbsp;Qiang Yang ,&nbsp;Shuang Li ,&nbsp;Pran Gopal Karmaker ,&nbsp;Xiupei Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of biomimetic multienzyme materials with green synthesis process, simple and fast synthesis, low energy consumption and high economic value remains a significant challenge. This work presents a tyrosine‑manganese (Tyr-Mn) bifunctional nanozyme synthesized via the water-induced coordination of Mn²⁺ and tyrosine, which mimics the metal center and amino acid microenvironment of cytochrome <em>c</em> oxidase. This nanozyme exhibits dual oxidase-like and laccase-like activities, demonstrating ultralow Michaelis constants (<em>K</em>_m) and exceptional substrate affinities for 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). Leveraging its oxidase-like activity, a colorimetric method was developed for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) detection with a broad linear range (1–150 μM) and a low detection limit of 30.3 nM. Similarly, the laccase-like activity enabled specific detection of isoniazid (INH) across 0.2–50 μM, achieving a detection limit of 63.1 nM. Both sensing platforms were integrated with a smartphone-assisted visualization system for onsite analysis, yielding reliable performance in environmental and biological samples (e.g., pond water, blood, and urine), with recoveries comparable to those of HPLC. Mechanistic studies revealed that superoxide radicals (O₂^{<strong>·-</strong>}) drive enzymatic activity, whereas electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding underpin the inhibitory effects of TCH and INH, respectively. Notably, this work pioneers a noncopper laccase-mimetic nanozyme and highlights the potential of amino acid-microenvironment engineering for designing multienzyme systems. The Tyr-Mn platform offers a cost-effective, portable solution for monitoring antibiotic residues and tuberculosis therapeutics, advancing biosensor innovations in environmental and medical diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 115158"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-signal electrochemiluminescence biosensor based on bipolar emitter C₃N₄/N-CDs for trenbolone detection","authors":"Yuyang Li ,&nbsp;Huan Wang ,&nbsp;Yanshuo Hao ,&nbsp;Caiyu Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyu Liu ,&nbsp;Xiang Ren ,&nbsp;Hongmin Ma ,&nbsp;Dan Wu ,&nbsp;Qin Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trenbolone (TB), a banned anabolic steroid, poses serious environmental and health risks, necessitating highly sensitive and selective detection methods. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing has emerged as a promising approach owing to its low background noise, broad detection range, and ultralow detection limits. However, traditional luminophores such as graphitic C₃N₄ are limited by poor structural stability and low ECL efficiency, while carbon dots (CDs) often exhibit low quantum yield and high excitation requirements. To address these limitations, a sandwich-type ECL sensor was developed for TB detection, using PDDA-modified nanoflower-like C₃N₄/N-CDs as the signal emitter and an iron-centered metal-organic framework as the substrate. In the presence of the co-reactant H₂O₂, the C₃N₄/N-CDs composite exhibited efficient “dual-potential” ECL under cathodic and anodic potentials. Simultaneously, MIL-53(Fe) catalyzed the decomposition of H₂O₂, generating additional free radicals that further enhanced the anodic and cathodic ECL signals. This quantitative ratio strategy enabled the accurate quantification of TB. Under optimized conditions, this ECL biosensor exhibited excellent performance, with a linear detection range from 0.1 pg/mL to 50 ng/mL and an ultra-low detection limit of 35.3 fg/mL (anodic) and 37.6 fg/mL (cathodic). This approach effectively reduced system errors and background signals, significantly improving detection reliability. The developed system demonstrates strong potential for detecting and analyzing other environmental pollutants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 115174"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ratiometric fluorescence detection of captopril using folic acid-assisted β-cyclodextrin‑copper nanoclusters with smartphone-based visualization","authors":"Hanyu Yang,&nbsp;Hui Chen,&nbsp;Ling Jiang,&nbsp;Jie Hu,&nbsp;Xiupei Yang,&nbsp;Qian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of sensitive and selective detection methods for captopril (CAP), a widely used antihypertensive drug with potential environmental and health risks, remains an important challenge. In this work, we present a novel ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on folic acid (FA)-assisted β-cyclodextrin-coated copper nanoclusters (FA-Cu NCs@β-CD) for rapid CAP detection. The fluorescence of the Cu NCs capped with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid sodium salt (MBZS) was weak, but its intensity increased significantly upon encapsulation by β-CD, which is consistent with the mechanism of aggregation-induced emission (AIE). The addition of blue-emitting FA yielded a dual-emission fluorescent probe. CAP detection was achieved through its specific affinity for copper, which disrupted the structure of the Cu NCs, leading to quenching of the orange emission (605 nm) while maintaining the stability of the blue fluorescence (460 nm) of FA. The method exhibited a wide linear detection range (0.25–40 μg/mL) and a low limit of detection (61 ng/mL). The system demonstrated excellent selectivity against interfering substances and was successfully applied to detect CAP in river water and human urine samples, with good recoveries (97.5–107.0 %). Notably, the distinct color change from pink to blue after adding CAP allowed for smartphone-based visual quantification, demonstrating significant potential for onsite monitoring. This work provides a simple, cost-effective, and reliable approach for CAP detection that combines the advantages of ratiometric fluorescence with portable visualization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 115164"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lanthanide metallohydrogel with multicolor luminescence for visual sensing and in situ treatment of bacterial infections","authors":"Xiao-Juan Wang ,&nbsp;Kai-Ting Liu ,&nbsp;Hong-Lin Mo ,&nbsp;Shu-Qin Gao ,&nbsp;Chuan-Wan Wei ,&nbsp;Ying-Wu Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The real-time in situ monitoring of bacterial infections with the naked eye and the development of an on-demand drug delivery system according to the degree of bacterial infection are highly attractive, as they can effectively avoid the overuse of antibiotics. In this study, a smart luminescent hydrogel (4-PY/CIP-EuTb) was designed based on an amino acid derivative, ciprofloxacin (CIP), and lanthanide ions (Tb³⁺/Eu³⁺). This hydrogel can emit multicolor luminescence including blue from 4-PY/CIP, green from Tb³⁺, red from Eu³⁺ and white from the mixture of Tb³⁺ and Eu³⁺, respectively. The luminescence color of the 4-PY/CIP-EuTb hydrogel can be modulated by adjusting the emission wavelength or the ratio of metal ions. Notably, the luminescence color of this metallohydrogel varies with the pH values. During bacterial growth and metabolism, protons are produced, altering the acidity of the microenvironment at the site of bacterial infection. The increased acidity caused by bacterial growth can trigger a decrease in the coordination ability between CIP and lanthanide ions in the hydrogel. Consequently, the 4-PY/CIP-EuTb hydrogel with excellent pH-responsiveness can be used to visually sense bacterial infection. As the acidity increases，CIP in the hydrogel can be gradually released, and it can simultaneously kill the bacteria. Thus, a platform for real-time monitoring of bacterial infection and in situ killing of bacteria has been developed, which holds great promise as a valuable aid in clinical diagnosis and treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 115169"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating deep eutectic solvent (VA-DLLME-SFDES) for determination of tartrazine in traditional Chinese medicine by HPLC: Green profile assessment using analytical eco-scale","authors":"Qingqing Cao,&nbsp;Huinan Cui,&nbsp;Mengli Wu,&nbsp;Rongling Wang,&nbsp;Yaxuan Chen,&nbsp;Qingxin Zhao,&nbsp;Junmei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2025.115096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, a novel and environmentally friendly vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating deep eutectic solvent (VA-DLLME-SFDES) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) was developed to determine tartrazine illegally added in traditional Chinese medicine for the first time. A deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of tetrabutylammonium chloride as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and octanoic acid as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) at a molar ratio of 1:2 was selected as the extractant. Vortex mixing was employed to accelerate the dispersion of DES droplets into the sample phase. Following centrifugation, solvent solidification was employed to facilitate the collection of the DES phase, thereby increasing recovery and reproducibility. Subsequently, the upper DES phase was melted at room temperature for further HPLC analysis. Factors affecting VA-DLLME-SFDES, such as the type of DES, volume of DES, vortex time, centrifugal speed, pH value, salt effect, and solidification time, were systematically investigated. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the developed method was successfully applied for the determination of tartrazine illegally added in three traditional Chinese medicines. The calibration curve of tartrazine was linear in the range of 2.044–408.8 ng mL⁻¹ (<em>r</em> ≥ 0.9996). The limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) were 2.044 ng mL⁻¹ and 0.5110 ng mL⁻¹, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 97.5 % to 102.3 % with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 2.0 %. Finally, the ecological impact was evaluated using Analytical Eco-Scale (AES). The results demonstrate that this method offers significant advantages, including simplicity, rapidity, low cost, high sensitivity, and environmental friendliness. It is suitable for analyzing tartrazine illegally added in traditional Chinese medicine and shows promising potential for broader applications in detecting other trace analytes in complex matrices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 115096"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}