African Journal of Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE WITH VACCINE, CONDOM USE, QUARANTINE, ISOLATION AND TREATMENT DRUG.","authors":"Ahman Queeneth Ojoma,&nbsp;Omale Davidb,&nbsp;Asogwa Christopher Chukwumad,&nbsp;Nnaji Daniel Ugochukwue,&nbsp;Mbah Godwin Christopher Ezikek","doi":"10.21010/ajid.v15i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajid.v15i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) has brought the human population, especially the West African race, great losses in so many areas such as economic productivity and human life. During the 2014 Ebola Virus outbreak, the disease devastated and threatened the whole world. EVD symptoms (fever, diarrhea, vomiting, etc) may appear anywhere between two to twenty-one days after infection. Those that recovered from the disease return to being susceptible again and can transmit the virus through semen as research has shown the virus presence in semen even after recovery.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Mathematical modeling method with the combination of vaccine, condom use, quarantine, isolation and treatment drug together as control measures in a population consisting of human and animals. A model system of non-linear differential equations for the control of EVD was formulated and the model effective reproduction number (<i>R_E</i> ) was obtained using the next generation matrix method and used in the stability analysis of the model. Center manifold theorem was used in the bifurcation analysis of the model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The result shows that the stability analysis of the model shows that the EVD - Free Equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when <i>R_E</i> > 1 and EVD - Endemic Equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when <i>R_E</i> > 1. The model was shown to exhibit a forward bifurcation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Numerical simulations and analysis of the model show that EVD could be effectively controlled and eradicated within a short period of time when vaccine, condom use, quarantine, isolation and treatment drug control measures are implemented together.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":"10-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38903972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RISK FACTORS OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN HEALTHCARE WORKERS AT HOSPITALS IN JEMBER CITY INDONESIA.","authors":"Hamidah Retno Wardani,&nbsp;Ni Made Mertaniasih,&nbsp;Soedarsono Soedarsono","doi":"10.21010/ajid.v15i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajid.v15i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Healthcare workers in Tuberculosis (TB) and non-TB units in hospitals have a high risk of experiencing Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI), because of exposure to droplets containing <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. This study aims to prove LTBI incidence and risk factors to healthcare workers at the hospital in Jember City.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>a cross-sectional study, from January to March 2020 in two hospitals in Jember City. Healthcare workers in the TB care and non-TB care unit were examined using Tuberculin skin test (TST) with a cut off ≥ 10 mm for positive LTBI. Chest x-ray and clinical examination to rule out active TB and a standardized questionnaire were also used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>128 healthcare workers completed the questionnaires, clinical, tuberculin skin test (TST), and chest x-ray data. LTBI incidence of positive results 61.7% (n = 79). Contacts TB in the workplace (p value = 0.219; OR = 1.643; CI = 0.742-3.641) and a unit of work (p value = 0.102; OR = 0.760; CI = 0.559-1.031) has no relationship with LTBI. The profession (p value = 0.020; OR = 1.112; CI = 0.896-1.403), the duration of the work (p value = 0.039; OR = 2.984; CI = 1.067-8.342), and BCG immunization (p value =0.000; OR = 0.151; CI = 0.052-0.438) have important relationships with LTBI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TB infection with a high incidence, a risk of transmission to healthcare workers, and a relationship between occupational risk factors and LTBI among healthcare workers in Jember City, Indonesia have been established in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":"34-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38903974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INCIDENCE OF RIFAMPICIN-RESISTANCE PRESUMPTIVE <i>M. TUBERCULOSIS</i> CASES AMONG OUTPATIENTS IN KEBBI STATE, NIGERIA.","authors":"Mohammed Bashar Danlami,&nbsp;Basiru Aliyu,&nbsp;Grace Samuel","doi":"10.21010/ajid.v15i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajid.v15i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The present study determined the incidence of rifampicin resistance <i>M. tuberculosis</i> among outpatients at the General Hospital Yauri, Kebbi State, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The study is a cross-sectional study conducted from February 2018 to October 2019. Sociodemographic data were collected from hospital registration books. Rifampicin resistance <i>M. tuberculosis</i> was detected using GeneXpert Model GX-IV following manufacturers' instruction. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were computed using SPSS version 20. The results were presented as odds ratios with associated 95% confidence intervals, and P-value at 0.05.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>Of the 837 samples, 65.8% (551/837) were males, and 34.2% (286/837) females, 11.4% (95/837) HIV-seropositive. <i>M. tuberculosis</i> was detected in 15.5% (130/837), of which 116/130 (89.23%) were males and 14/130 (10.77%) females. <i>M. tuberculosis</i>-HIV coinfection was detected in 9.47% (9/95) of HIV positive. Rifampicin resistance was observed in 1.3% (11/837), 7.7% (10/130) in <i>M. tuberculosis</i> patients and 1.05% (1/94) in HIV seropositive. In logistic regression, the odds ratio for having a rifampicin-resistant <i>M. tuberculosis</i> was 0.49 (0.15-1.54) for > 30 years; taking <30 years as the reference value, 1.02 (1.00-1.03) for male; taking female as the reference value, and 0.78 (0.09-6.15) for HIV positive, taking negative as the reference value.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reported the current incidence rate of rifampicin-resistant <i>M. tuberculosis</i> at the General Hospital Yelwa Yauri, Kebbi State, Nigeria, among presumptive TB patients. Patients diagnosed with rifampicin-resistant <i>M. tuberculosis</i> were predominantly male adults. Thus, frequent screening is vital for surveillance and reduces the risk of transmission and spread of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":"47-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38903976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PREVALENCE, IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIFUNGAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DERMATOPHYTES CAUSING TINEA CAPITIS IN A LOCALITY OF NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA.","authors":"Ekundayo Halimat Ayodele,&nbsp;Nwabuisi Charles,&nbsp;Fadeyi Abayomi","doi":"10.21010/ajid.v15i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajid.v15i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Tinea capitis</i> impacts negatively on the health of children, consequently affecting their education. Its prevalence is unknown in many African communities. <i>Tinea capitis</i> is faced with therapeutic challenges as resistance to all classes of antifungal agents continues to emerge. This study determined the prevalence, identified dermatophytes of <i>Tinea capitis</i> in Okelele community in North Central Nigeria; and evaluated the susceptibility of isolates to selected antifungal drugs.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Three hundred and one pupils from seven primary schools in the locality who gave assent and those with parental consent were recruited into the study. Scalp scrapings and hairs were collected from participants and subjected to microscopy and culture. Isolates identified by colonial morphology and micromorphology were subjected to disk diffusion antifungal susceptibility testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two hundred and twenty-eight of the participants had mycologically proven <i>Tinea capitis</i> giving a prevalence of 75.7%. The dermatophytes identified were <i>T. rubrum</i> (68.0%), <i>M. ferrugineum</i> (22.0%), <i>T. mentagrophytes</i> (8.0%) and <i>T. verrucosum</i> (2.0%). Resistance observed with these isolates was as low as 21.2% to as high as 100% while sensitivity ranged from 78.8% to 100%. Only large family size significantly influenced the occurrence of <i>T. capitis</i> among the risk factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prevalence of <i>Tinea capitis</i> from this study is high. <i>T. rubrum</i> being anthropophilic and the predominant dermatophyte identified corroborates large family size as an important risk factor. Antifungal resistance as a cause of therapeutic failure was demonstrated by some isolates in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38896761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NASAL CARRIAGE OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT PANTON VALENTINE LEUKOCIDIN POSITIVE <i>STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS</i> IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS OF TUDUN-WADA, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA.","authors":"Adebola Onanuga,&nbsp;Ocholi Jonathan Adamu,&nbsp;Babatunde Odetoyin,&nbsp;Jabir Adamu Hamza","doi":"10.21010/ajid.v15i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajid.v15i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL)-producing <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> strains have been implicated in serious community-associated invasive infections and their increasing multidrug resistance is a major global health concern. Thus, we investigated the prevalence of the PVL gene and the antimicrobial resistance profile of nasal <i>S. aureus</i> isolates from healthy adults in Tundu-Wada, Gombe State of Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods and materials: </strong>A total of 262 nasal samples from healthy adults were obtained and cultured. The isolates were identified as <i>S. aureus</i> by standard morphological and biochemical methods alongside with the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of their <i>16S rRNA</i> gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion technique and the presence of <i>mecA</i> and PVL genes was determined by PCR analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall nasal colonization of <i>S. aureus</i> was 17.6%. The prevalence of haemolysin and biofilm production among the isolates was 25(54.3%) and 42(91.3%), respectively. Only 2(4.3%) and 5(10.9%) possessed <i>mecA</i> and PVL genes respectively but none of the isolates harboured these two genes. All the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin but were highly susceptible (93.7%) to gentamicin. The prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) among the isolates was M 45.7% and all PVL-producing isolates were MDR while one of the isolates with <i>mecA</i> gene exhibited extensive-drug resistance (XDR).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first report of nasal colonization of MDR PVL-producing <i>S. aureus</i> in healthy adults in Gombe, Northeastern Nigeria. This study highlights the importance of routine surveillance of healthy populations to provide useful strategies for controlling the spread of virulent multidrug-resistant organisms within the community.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":"24-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38903973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DETECTION OF DIARRHEAGENIC <i>ESCHERICHIA COLI</i> IN HUMAN DIARRHEIC STOOL AND DRINKING WATER SAMPLES IN OUAGADOUGOU, BURKINA FASO.","authors":"Isidore Juste Ouindgueta Bonkoungou,&nbsp;Namwin Siourimè Somda,&nbsp;Oumar Traoré,&nbsp;Barthelemy Sibiri Zoma,&nbsp;Zakaria Garba,&nbsp;Koine Maxime Drabo,&nbsp;Nicolas Barro","doi":"10.21010/ajid.v15i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajid.v15i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The presence of diarrheagenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (DEC) in drinking water, is a grave public health problem. This study was aimed at characterization of diarrheagenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolated from drinking water and faecal samples from diarrheic patients in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 242 water samples consisting of 182 potable sachets and 60 from boreholes were collected in the period between October 2018 and April 2019 in the city of Ouagadougou. Faecal samples were also collected from 201 diarrheic patients visiting National Public Health Laboratory for a biological diagnosis by coproculture. The presence of virulence genes associated with DEC was determined by 16-plex polymerase chain reaction from bacteria culture.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From drinking water, we found 17% (42/242) <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates in which 1% (2/242) DEC were detected. Among analyzed samples (182 sachet water versus 60 borehole water), the two DEC (01 ETEC and 01 EPEC) were detected in sachet water. DEC were detected in 20% (40/201) of patients. Enteroaggregative <i>Escherichia coli</i> (EAEC) were mostly detected in 10% followed by Enteropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (EPEC) in 4%, Enteroinvasive <i>Escherichia coli</i> (EIEC) in 2%, and Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> (STEC) 0.5%. However, Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) was not detected alone, but in co-infections with EAEC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study documented the prevalence of <i>Escherichia coli</i> pathovars associated in patients with diarrhea, and shows that drinking water might be a source of DEC transmission in human.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":"53-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38903978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TOOTHBRUSH AND TOWEL HANDLING AND THEIR MICROBIAL QUALITY: THE CASE OF STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, NYANKPALA CAMPUS, GHANA.","authors":"Hannah Twumwaa, Betty Asumang, Zarouk Abubakari Imoro, Stephen Wilson Kpordze","doi":"10.21010/ajid.v15i1.5","DOIUrl":"10.21010/ajid.v15i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Good toothbrush and towel handling are important considerations in personal hygiene. Thus, this study sought to assess how students of the University for Development Studies handle their toothbrushes and towels and the consequence of that with regards to the microbial quality of these personnel hygiene materials.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 100 swap samples were collected (50 toothbrushes and 50 towels) for microbial analysis. Questionnaires were administered to students from whom samples were collected to ascertain information on how they handle toothbrushes and towels. MacConkey agar and Mannitol Salt agar were used to isolate <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> respectively, and cefoxitin used to identify the methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> strains.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>E. coli</i> was present in all sampled towels, while 98% of the sampled toothbrushes contained <i>E. coli</i>. It was found that 2% of the respondents kept their toothbrushes in bathhouses, 44% kept them unenclosed in rooms and 54% kept them enclosed in rooms (54%). Also, 48% of the respondents washed their towels once a week, 24% washed once every two weeks, 20% once every month and 8% once a trimester. Moreover, 52% dried their towels in rooms while 48% dried them outside rooms. The occurrence of <i>S. aureus</i> was 96% and 94% respectively for the towels and toothbrushes. Of the <i>S. aureus</i> isolated, 33.3% of sampled towels and 12.8% of the toothbrushes contained methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study found that, students are at risk of contracting infectious disease if their personal hygiene behaviours do not changed.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":"41-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38903975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ORBITAL CELLULITIS IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS: A CASE REPORT.","authors":"Ni Made Inten Lestari,&nbsp;Susy Fatmariyanti,&nbsp;Hendrian D Soebagjo,&nbsp;Neneng Dwi Kurniati,&nbsp;Delfitri Lutfi","doi":"10.21010/ajid.v14i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajid.v14i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Orbital cellulitis in immunocompetent patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is rare or unheard of. If left untreated, patients might lose their sight and potentially their life. This case describes orbital cellulitis due to extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing bacteria in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We report the case of a 47-year-old man referred to the emergency room in our hospital with swollen and painful right eye and face for 8 days. On admission, the patient condition was drowsy, pale, and feverish. Visual acuity of the right eye was only light perception with limited eye movement in all directions. The CT scan showed orbital sub-tissue swelling and sub-periosteal abscess on the upper lateral orbital wall. On day 5, pus culture was confirmed as extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing bacteria and Ziehl-Neelson staining test revealed acid fast bacillus with pulmonary inflammation highly pathognomonic of tuberculosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patient showed significant clinical improvement on day 11. The patient was discharged on the day 15 in stable general condition with improved visual acuity on the right eye (capable of capturing hand movement).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ESBL producing bacteria associated orbital cellulitis in tuberculosis patient potentially elevated the morbidity and possibly result in severe loss of visual acuity. Early diagnosis and treatment could reverse this comorbidity and produce a better outcome for affected patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"14 2","pages":"48-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38896759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>IN VITRO</i> ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY AND TOXICITY STUDIES OF JOHAR (<i>CASSIA SIAMEA</i>) LEAVES FROM THREE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS.","authors":"Ezrani Tasiam,&nbsp;Riesta Primaharinastiti,&nbsp;Wiwied Ekasari","doi":"10.21010/ajid.v14i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajid.v14i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Antimalarial activity of <i>Cassia siamea</i> leaves has been proven by the active compound that has been found, i.e. Cassiarin A. It is known that the quantity of the content of a compound that has the potential as a raw material for medicine can be influenced by various factors including differences in plant origin. This study aims at comparing the antimalarial activity and toxicity of <i>C.siamea</i> leaves from three regions with different meters location values above sea level (asl), i.e Pariaman (1,000 m asl), Palu (60 m asl), and Surabaya (2 m asl).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The materials used in this study were Johar leaves from Pariaman, Surabaya, and Palu extracted with n-hexane, and 90% ethanol containing 1% tartaric acid. The antimalarial activity test was done with <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> 3D7. The toxicity test applied <i>MTT ELISA</i> method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong><i>C.siamea</i> leaf that had highest antimalarial activity came from Pariaman with IC₅₀ value of 0.006μg/ml, then from Palu was 0.037μg/ml, and the lowest antimalarial activity was from Surabaya that was 0.09μg/ml . In testing the toxicity to get CC₅₀, the highest toxicity came from Surabaya with CC₅₀ value of 135.81μg/ml, Pariaman with CC₅₀ value of 220.82 μg/ml, and the least toxic came from Palu with CC₅₀ value of 235.52μg/ml .</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>C.siamea</i> leaf obtained from Pariaman had a selectivity index value that satisfies the requirements of a promising antimalarial effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"14 2","pages":"23-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047291/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38896755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE PREPAREDNESS IN COUNTRIES BORDERING DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: LESSONS FROM WEST AFRICAN OUTBREAK.","authors":"Lawrence Okoror,&nbsp;Otridah Kapona,&nbsp;Mpanga Kasonde,&nbsp;Tobin Alice E,&nbsp;Asogun Danny,&nbsp;Otukoya Ashiat M","doi":"10.21010/ajid.v14i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21010/ajid.v14i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ebola virus disease ravaged three West African countries in the wake of 2014 which was seen as the deadliest Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in history. Several lessons were taken out of the West African outbreak one of which is the lack of preparedness by countries in the region.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This paper looked at the mistakes of the West African outbreak and reports how such mistakes were corrected in the current outbreak going on in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Preparedness efforts are currently taking place in countries bordering DRC which included quick detection and response to an eventual EVD event.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This paid off on several occasions when cases from DRC to Uganda were quickly detected and response was as quick as possible. Preparedness carried out in Countries bordering DRC included setting up of Rapid Response Team (RRT) and training of these teams both at country and regional level. All members of the RRT were trained in all areas of readiness which included community engagement, laboratory, logistics, surveillance, case management, sample collection, packaging and shipment as well as Infection Prevention and Control (IPC).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These trainings have led to readiness to an eventual EVD event. Countries now have the ability to respond quickly with better Emergency Operation Centre (EOC) for EVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":39108,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"14 2","pages":"36-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8047294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38896757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}