Biologie Aujourd''hui最新文献

{"title":"[Animal models of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder].","authors":"Karim Benchenane","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2023022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Initially believed to be specific to humans emerging from life-threatening events, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been found to occur in wild animals and can also be experimentally induced in laboratory rodents. This article aims to highlight and discuss the evolution and relevance of animal models in PTSD research. Studies by LeDoux, Davis, and McGaugh have made significant contributions to our understanding of PTSD. By focusing on fear responses in rodents and aversive Pavlovian conditioning, they suggested that PTSD could result from excessively efficient aversive learning processes, with a significant role played by amygdala. However, numerous studies have shown that this explanation fails to account for the complexity of processes involved in PTSD. Current hypotheses focus on deficits in extinction retention, perception of safety signals, or emotional regulation. This review will specifically address the animal models that closely resemble human PTSD and explore reasons for their limited utilization, as a majority of animal studies continues to employ classical Pavlovian conditioning protocols. Furthermore, this review will present cutting-edge experimental studies that tackle previously challenging questions in animal research. Specifically, we will examine the relationship between respiration and the maintenance of fear states, offering a potential explanation for the efficacy of meditation and breath control techniques in emotion regulation. We will also shed light on recent findings on decoding neural activity related to internal representations in animals, thus enabling now the exploration of rumination, a characteristic symptom of PTSD previously inaccessible to animal studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 1-2","pages":"89-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9801623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Interest and mechanisms of action of ketamine in alcohol addiction- A review of clinical and preclinical studies].","authors":"Fahd Hilal, Jérôme Jeanblanc, Mickaël Naassila","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023028","DOIUrl":"10.1051/jbio/2023028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by chronic and excessive drinking despite negative consequences on overall health and social or occupational functioning. There are currently limited treatment options available for AUD, and the effects size and the response rates to these treatments are often low to moderate. The World Health Organization has identified the development of medications to treat AUD as one of its 24 priorities. This past decade was marked by a renewed interest in psychedelic use in psychiatry. At the centre of this renaissance, ketamine, an atypical psychedelic already used in the treatment of major depression, is an NMDA receptor antagonist that exists as a racemic compound made of two enantiomers, S-ketamine, and R-ketamine. Each form can be metabolized into different metabolites, some of which having antidepressant properties. In this article, we review both clinical and preclinical studies on ketamine and its metabolites in the treatment of AUD. Preclinical as well as clinical studies have revealed that ketamine is effective in reducing withdrawal symptoms and alcohol craving. Convergent data showed that antidepressant properties of ketamine largely contribute to the decreased likelihood of alcohol relapse, especially in patients undergoing ketamine-assisted psychotherapies. Its effectiveness is believed to be linked with its ability to regulate the glutamatergic pathway, enhance neuroplasticity, rewire brain resting state network functional connectivity and decrease depressive-like states. However, it remains to further investigate (i) why strong differences exist between male and female responses in preclinical studies and (ii) the respective roles of each of the metabolites in the ketamine effects in both genders. Interestingly, current studies are also focusing on ketamine addiction and the comorbidity between alcohol addiction and depression occurring more frequently in females.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 3-4","pages":"161-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138452748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Ketamine in chronic pain].","authors":"Gisèle Pickering","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023019","DOIUrl":"10.1051/jbio/2023019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ketamine is now frequently used in the management of chronic pain refractory to conventional treatments. However, its efficacy and adverse effects appear variable in the literature in line with heterogeneous methodologies and modes of administration, leading to controversy regarding the actual interest of ketamine for chronic pain treatment. A need for clinical trials on larger cohorts of well selected patients but also real-life studies to more accurately quantify its efficacy, refine its prescription dosages and better understand its long-term adverse effects is highlighted in the literature. Progress in this direction has been achieved in recent years with improved recommendations for use, taking into account different trajectories of analgesia with ketamine, depending on the etiology of the pain, and the psycho-affective profile of patients. A holistic approach is clearly needed with consideration of pain and depression comorbidities to optimize pain management.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 3-4","pages":"145-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138452750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COMPTE RENDU DE L’ASSEMBLÉE GÉNÉRALE DU 7 FÉVRIER 2023.","authors":"","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2023015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 1-2","pages":"123-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9801622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Life lessons from Dr Françoise Dieterlen: of research on early murine hematopoiesis and beyond].","authors":"Alexandra Manaia","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2023004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This text reports my participation in the tribute to Dr Françoise Dieterlen that took place in Paris at the Campus Pierre et Marie Curie of Sorbonne University, on the 21st of June, 2022. I mention her role as my doctoral thesis director and mentor, as well as the relevance and the impact of her scientific contributions to fundamental knowledge of embryonic hematopoiesis and its links with the vascular system. My testimony also includes aspects of her personality that have influenced my own personal development.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 1-2","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9805504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hommage à Françoise Dieterlen Membre du Lyceum Club International de Paris (2008-2021).","authors":"Solange Descours","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2023009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 1-2","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9805506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[How can ketamine be used to manage suicidal risk?]","authors":"Emilie Olié, Aisté Lengvenyte, Philippe Courtet","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023029","DOIUrl":"10.1051/jbio/2023029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In France, suicidal behaviors remain a major public health issue. Depressed patients with suicidal ideation have more severe depressive symptoms, a more unfavorable disease course, and a greater number of suicide attempts than patients without suicidal ideation. Unfortunately, conventional antidepressants tend to be less effective in patients with suicidal tendencies than in those without. Nevertheless, promising advancements have emerged with the use of ketamine, which has shown significant and rapid efficacy in reducing the intensity of suicidal ideation in depressed patients within the first 72 h after its administration. Several mechanisms are potentially involved: (1) reduction of anhedonia. It has been demonstrated that ketamine reduces both anhedonia and suicidal ideation. In depressed patients, the reduction of anhedonia observed 2 h after ketamine administration is associated with metabolic changes in the anterior cingulate cortex involved in suicidal ideation; (2) activation of neuroplasticity cascades. The reduction in suicidal ideation within 24 h following ketamine administration is correlated with changes in plasma BDNF levels and is modulated by the Val66Met functional polymorphism of the BDNF gene. Moreover, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that ketamine induces functional and connectivity changes in the prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions, which are strongly implicated in suicidal behaviors; (3) reduction of inflammation. It is now widely accepted that suicidal behaviors are associated with low-grade inflammation, and with elevated quinolinic acid and reduced kynurenic acid levels. Interestingly, predictors of a reduction in suicidal ideation after ketamine infusion include initial severity of suicidal thoughts and depression, as well as baseline blood levels of kynurenic acid; (4) involvement of the opioidergic system. Post-mortem studies have indicated alterations in the opioidergic system related to suicidal behaviors. A recent study suggested that the antisuicidal effect of ketamine may depend on this system because naltrexone, an antagonist of mu opioid receptors, abolished the typical antidepressant effect and reduction in suicidal ideation observed following ketamine administration. In conclusion, ketamine exhibits promising potential in mitigating suicidal ideation - its effects are specific, rapid, albeit temporary. The suggested mechanisms driving its efficacy are multifaceted. Nevertheless, it is yet to be determined whether ketamine administration can effectively prevent suicidal behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 3-4","pages":"157-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138452746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Ketamine: a neuropsychotropic drug with an innovative mechanism of action].","authors":"Jean-Philippe Guilloux, Thi Mai Loan Nguyen, Alain M Gardier","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023026","DOIUrl":"10.1051/jbio/2023026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ketamine, a non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-glutamate receptor (R-NMDA), has a rapid (from 24 h post-dose) and prolonged (up to one week) antidepressant effect in treatment resistant depression and in rodent models of anxiety/depression. Arguments regarding its cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its antidepressant activity mainly come from animal studies. However, debates still persist on the structural remodeling of frontocortical/hippocampal neurons and the role of excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters involved in its behavioral effect. Neurochemical and behavioral changes are maintained 24 h after administration of ketamine, well beyond its plasma elimination half-life. The glutamatergic pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex are primarily implicated in the therapeutic effects of ketamine. Advances in knowledge of the consequences of R-NMDA blockade allowed to specify the underlying mechanisms involving the activation of AMPA glutamate receptors, which triggers a cascade of intracellular events dependent on the mechanistic target of rapamycin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and synaptic protein synthesis facilitating synaptic plasticity (number of dendritic spines, synaptogenesis). This review focuses on abnormalities of neurotransmitter systems involved in major depressive disorders, their potential impact on neural circuitry and beneficial effects of ketamine. Recent preclinical data pave the way for future studies to better clarify the mechanism of action of fast-acting antidepressant drugs for the development of novel, more effective therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 3-4","pages":"133-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138452751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The social traces of the trauma of the 13 November 2015 terrorist attacks: Five years and seven months after].","authors":"Sandra Hoibian,&nbsp;Jorg Muller,&nbsp;Francis Eustache,&nbsp;Denis Peschanski","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2023001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The monitoring of how public opinion memorizes the terrorist attacks from 13th November 2015, and moreover the terrorist attacks since the early 2000s, provides new material for understanding the evolution over time and the mechanisms of the construction of collective memory. Data collected to date show that these attacks had a greater impact on the population than other tragic events that have occurred in recent history in France, or even a greater impact than other and much more recent attacks. In the long term, the precise memory of the factual aspects and the memories of the personal circumstances in which people learned about the events begin to vanish. While imprecision is gaining ground, collective memory now crystallizes on very significant and overdetermined markers such as emblematic places or locations such as the \"Bataclan\". As a matter of fact, this imprecision of memory goes hand-in-hand with a much stronger symbolic and emotional investment of the event as a whole and leads to an overestimation of the number of terrorists or victims. The special place given to the terrorist attacks of 13th November in the collective memory is due to the unprecedented number of victims, the fact that the attacks took place in the heart of the capital city, the reaction of the public authorities who declared a long lasting state of emergency, the discursive framing of the war on terrorism in all major media, and the feeling that the Islamist threat can kill indiscriminately without targeting specific categories of the population. The study also reveals the influence of value systems (political opinions, views of the republican model) and social characteristics of individuals on the way people memorize such experiences. It is part of a fundamentally multidisciplinary research around \"Memory and trauma\" that includes neuroscience, biological and clinical investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 1-2","pages":"103-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9801619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Psychosocial responses to collective trauma].","authors":"Lise Eilin Stene","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2023002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Both man-made and natural disasters are societal concerns of actuality that can take a heavy toll on people's health and well-being. It is paramount to understand how to prevent or reduce adverse psychological and social consequences in affected individuals and communities. There is currently an intention of better coordination across Europe to improve the handling of such cross-border health threats. Still, more insight is needed on how different countries respond to their population's psychosocial needs in the wake of disasters. Substantial differences in European countries' psychosocial responses to large-scale terrorist attacks are herein highlighted for Norway, France and Belgium. These differences emphasize the need to improve and harmonize the monitoring, evaluation and research on the provision of post-disaster psychosocial care and support in order to strengthen our capacities to deal with future emergencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 1-2","pages":"73-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9801620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}