Biologie Aujourd''hui最新文献

{"title":"Assemblée Générale du mardi 10 fevrier 2026.","authors":"","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2026003","DOIUrl":"10.1051/jbio/2026003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"220 1-2","pages":"37-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148649414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[An inspired and wandering researcher: Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard (1817-1894)].","authors":"André Calas","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2026004","DOIUrl":"10.1051/jbio/2026004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article aims to describe several \"ups and downs\" in the tumultuous life of Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard (1817-1894). The posthumous son of an American father and a French mother-whose surnames he combined-he was born and spent his youth on the island of Mauritius, then a British possession but largely French-speaking, before leaving for Paris, where he was advised to devote himself to medicine rather than literature, his first ambition. His medical studies were interrupted by the sudden death of his mother and a first, temporary return to Mauritius. When resumed in Paris, they culminated in a doctoral thesis on the physiology of the spinal cord. Despite precarious financial circumstances and a cholera epidemic (1848), Brown-Séquard continued his research on a wide range of subjects, including some rather unusual interspecific organ grafts. At the same time, he refined the description of the symptoms of the spinal cord lesion syndrome that still bears his name, demonstrated the crossing of sensory pathways within the spinal cord, and, through experiments on the rabbit's ear, showed the role of vasomotor innervation. Unable, because of his status as a British subject, to obtain a permanent position in France, he spent thirty years traveling and working abroad, particularly in the United States (with 60 transatlantic crossings), in Philadelphia, New York, and Richmond, and later in London or Dublin and Boston at Harvard. After the death of Claude Bernard, he obtained French naturalization, which allowed him to stand for the Chair of Medicine at the Collège de France, to which he was elected in 1878, as well as to the Académie des Sciences in 1886. Until his death in 1894, he devoted himself to describing the effects of regenerative treatments using extracts from glands or organs (organotherapy or opotherapy), anticipating in particular-through his work on the adrenal glands-the field that would later become endocrinology. Together with d'Arsonval, he promoted this method among physicians before the press and the general public took hold of it, giving him a somewhat controversial reputation. A tireless worker, extremely courageous, selfless, eccentric, and stubborn in both error and truth, Brown-Séquard emerges as a nineteenth-century scientist as singular as he was endearing. The Société de Biologie, which he helped to found in 1848 (along with several scientific journals) and which he later presided over (1887-1891), owes him this tribute (abstract établi avec l'aide de Chat GPT).</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"220 1-2","pages":"25-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148649440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Changes in obesity management: The clinician's perspective].","authors":"Emilie Montastier","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2026002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2026002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity now affects nearly one in five French people, and its prevalence has more than doubled since 1997. It is defined as a chronic, progressive disease responsible for numerous mechanical complications (osteoarthritis, low back pain, incontinence, gastroesophageal reflux disease), metabolic complications (diabetes, fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease), and psychosocial complications (anxiety, depression, stigmatization), as well as an increased risk of numerous cancers. A new definition, developed in 2025, distinguishes preclinical obesity from clinical obesity by incorporating the Body Mass Index, organs damages and functional limitations, and encourages detailed phenotyping to personalize care. In France, the High Authority for Health (HAS) recommendations (2022, 2024) outline a stepwise care pathway [general practitioner, specialist, Specialized Obesity Center (CSO)] where the goal is not limited to weight but also addresses comorbidities, quality of life, and mobility. The foundation of treatment remains lifestyle modifications (nutrition, physical activity, psychological support) within a therapeutic education framework. Incretin agonists (GLP-1, GLP-1/GIP) are effective second-line pharmacological treatments, resulting on average in over 10% weight loss and a significant improvement in metabolic comorbidities. However, their use is limited by common gastrointestinal side effects, a risk of weight regain upon discontinuation, micronutrient deficiencies, muscle and bone loss, high cost, and often poor adherence in real-world settings. They must therefore be integrated into a comprehensive and sustainable treatment plan focused on nutritional guidance, physical activity, psychological support, and the prevention of deficiencies, in order to optimize long-term benefits beyond weight loss alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"220 1-2","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148649376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[An historical overview of GLP-1/GIP incretins. From hormone to \"swiss-army knife\" medications].","authors":"Bernard Portha","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2026005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2026005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Incretins are hormones released from the gut that play a vital role in regulating postprandial metabolism. It has been 30 years since the first demonstration of the glucose-lowering effects of GLP-1 in people with type 2 diabetes. Here, we review the foundational science that led to an unparalleled development in the pharmacological treatment of diabetes. A first step was achieved with the discovery of inhibitors of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), which prevent the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP, thereby prolonging their raised levels after meal ingestion. At the same time, several GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) were engineered. The GLP1-RAs used clinically are based on exendin-4 and native GLP-1 and are now available as formulations for daily or weekly s.c. (exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide) or oral administration (oral semaglutide). They mimic (better effectiveness) the action of native GLP-1 to reduce glucose levels through stimulation of insulin secretion and inhibition of glucagon secretion. They also demonstrated remarkable cardiovascular and weight-regulating benefits, including safety, leading to their prominent inclusion in current treatment recommendations for type 2 diabetes. Exciting advancements continue to emerge as the fundamental research efforts led to the development of monomeric multi-incretin receptor agonists: GLP-1/GIP (tirzepatide) dual receptor agonists and GLP-1/GIP/glucagon (retatrutide) triple receptor agonists which can achieve more than 20% weight loss in obesity as well as offering superior benefits in diabetes. This review also presents the promise of GLP1-RAs for more extensive application of this new class of drugs, in treating other metabolic disorders such as obesity, MASLD/NAFLD, cardio-vascular diseases and neurodegeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"220 1-2","pages":"9-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148649400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jean Rossier (1944–2026).","authors":"Bertrand Lambolez","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2026001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2026001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"220 1-2","pages":"35-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148649418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Metamorphoses in fishes and their endocrine regulations].","authors":"Sylvie Dufour, Laurent Sachs, Patrick Martin, Karine Rousseau","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2025002","DOIUrl":"10.1051/jbio/2025002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The most emblematic metamorphoses in the animal kingdom remain those of the caterpillar into a butterfly and the tadpole into a frog. However, some other vertebrates also present, at one or more steps of their biological cycle, drastic changes in their morphology, physiology and behavior, allowing them to adapt to a new environment (habitat) and way of life, and thus considered as metamorphoses. This is the case within fish, for some representatives of teleosts (the largest group among vertebrates) and of cyclostomes (the most ancient group among vertebrates). Thus, a larval (or primary) metamorphosis takes place, as for amphibians, in pleuronectiformes (e.g. flatfish), elopomorphs (e.g. eels) and also in cyclostomes (e.g. lamprey). This larval metamorphosis is controlled, in all cases, by thyroid hormones. However, this regulation is remarkably opposite, stimulatory in teleosts as in amphibians, and inhibitory in the lamprey. These opposing regulations, as well as the presence of metamorphoses only in certain groups or even certain species, suggest that the recruitment of thyroid hormones for the control of metamorphoses would have occurred repeatedly and independently during the evolution of vertebrates. The neuroendocrine control of the production of thyroid hormones during larval metamorphosis is ensured in amphibians by the stimulatory control of pituitary thyrotropin, itself under the stimulatory control of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone instead of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone classically involved in the thyrotropic control of metabolism. A similar neuroendocrine control would also occur for teleost larval metamorphosis, but investigations are yet limited. Data are still lacking concerning the neuroendocrine control of the production of thyroid hormone which exerts an inhibitory control on lamprey metamorphosis. In some amphidromous migratory fishes, a so-called secondary metamorphosis, because it occurs at the juvenile stage, allows the passage from the freshwater (river) to the seawater (ocean). These are silvering in eels and smoltification in salmons. Salmon smoltification is a transition between two phases of juvenile body growth, under the positive control of thyroid hormones, as the larval metamorphosis of amphibians and teleosts. In contrast, eel silvering marks the end of the feeding and body growth phase as well as the initiation of the reproductive phase, and is controlled by the gonadotropic axis with sex steroids. The additional involvement of other hormones, such as cortisol for larval and secondary metamorphosis and growth hormone for smoltification, has also been demonstrated in the control of vertebrate metamorphoses. Overall, the larval (primary) and secondary metamorphoses observed in various vertebrates, and the recruitment of thyroid hormones and different neuroendocrine axes for their triggering, have contributed to the evolution of complex life cycles adapted to diverse habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"219 1-2","pages":"37-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144691881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Mechanisms of action and therapeutic perspectives of LSD: Current status].","authors":"Amel Bouloufa, Sarah Delcourte, Nasser Haddjeri","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2025008","DOIUrl":"10.1051/jbio/2025008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and disabling condition affecting over 350 million individuals worldwide. Although conventional antidepressants targeting serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline pathways provide benefit for many, a substantial proportion of patients experience inadequate response. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD), defined by failure to respond to at least two antidepressant trials, affects approximately 30% of patients with MDD and poses significant clinical challenges. Emerging research is exploring novel therapeutics such as psychedelics, notably LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). Unlike standard antidepressants that target singular pathways, LSD modulates both the serotonin system, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor, and the glutamatergic system, which are critical in neurocircuitry underlying mood regulation. This dual mechanism may enhance neuroplasticity, potentially accounting for the rapid and sustained antidepressant effects observed in preliminary studies. Ongoing clinical trials aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LSD-assisted therapy in MDD, especially TRD. Methodological challenges include designing appropriate placebo controls and ensuring rigorous psychological support to manage the acute psychedelic experience. While still investigational, LSD-assisted therapy represents a promising avenue that may complement existing treatments. Further research is necessary to confirm its clinical utility and establish protocols for safe integration into psychiatric practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"219 1-2","pages":"89-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Art, mourning, and culture: New frontiers in primate cognition].","authors":"Cédric Sueur","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2025013","DOIUrl":"10.1051/jbio/2025013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For centuries, the question of human uniqueness has fueled scientific and philosophical debates. Humans have often been portrayed as singular beings endowed with abstract abilities such as tool use (Homo habilis), economic reasoning and theory of mind (Homo economicus), aesthetic sensibility (Homo aestheticus), or awareness of death and spirituality (Homo deus). However, advances in ethology and evolutionary anthropology have uncovered in non-human species behaviors once thought to be exclusively human. This paper explores three of these domains - culture, mourning, and art - through a comparative approach across human and non-human primates. By examining mechanisms of social transmission, behavioral expressions related to death, and graphic productions such as drawing, we discuss cognitive continuities between species, methodological challenges (notably anthropomorphism), and the broader implications for redefining the boundary between nature and culture. Our findings suggest that rather than representing absolute distinctions, these capacities reveal shared evolutionary roots of cognition, emotion, and creativity across the primate lineage.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"219 3-4","pages":"125-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145953311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Vocal learning and cognition in oscine songbirds: a model for studying the biological basis of language].","authors":"Sébastien Derégnaucourt","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2025014","DOIUrl":"10.1051/jbio/2025014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Birdsong represents a model of choice for studying the biological mechanisms underlying vocal learning, a rare capacity in the animal kingdom that is shared in particular by humans. They learn their song through imitation during a sensitive period of their development, a process reminiscent of language acquisition in human infants. Neuro-anatomically, they possess specialized brain circuits dedicated to song production and learning. Furthermore, oscines demonstrate cognitive abilities including memory, attention, and behavioral flexibility, which support vocal learning. General intelligence refers to an overall cognitive capacity that allows for the solving of varied problems, while modularity posits that the human mind is composed of specialized cognitive modules, each dedicated to a particular type of information processing. In birds, vocal learning abilities may reveal insights into cognitive abilities of an individual. While several studies have obtained mixed results regarding the existence of a link between song structure and cognitive abilities at the individual level, a recent study tends to show a link between vocal learning abilities (in particular the size of the vocal repertoire including song and calls, and the ability to imitate heterospecific sounds, throughout life) and problem-solving ability, at the specific level. These studies consolidate birdsong as a relevant model to study the neurobiological, molecular and physiological substrates of vocal learning and cognitive abilities. They also highlight the interest of non-human animal models in understanding the evolution of vocal communication and associated cognitive functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"219 3-4","pages":"141-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145953244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Improve athletes' performance with neurofeedback].","authors":"Margaux Izac, Bernard N'Kaoua, Léa Pillette, Camille Jeunet-Kelway","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2025001","DOIUrl":"10.1051/jbio/2025001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to optimise their performance, athletes are looking for innovative, efficient and reliable training approaches. The development of electroencephalography and neurofeedback (NF) offers the opportunity to create innovative cognitive training procedures. Indeed, these technologies allow athletes to benefit from a feedback during mental training sessions and to objectively assess performance and progress. In addition, NF makes it possible to guide the athletes towards optimal cognitive strategies according to their objectives, and has a motivational dimension that pushes them to engage in the sessions. We first introduce the usefulness of NF to improve sports performance. Then, we review the current results concerning its efficiency. Finally, we provide an overview of the literature showing the heterogeneity of the studies published on the subject, focusing mainly on the aspects that could explain the variability of reported data.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"219 1-2","pages":"51-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144691880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}