[The genus Penicillium: Ecology, secondary metabolites and biotechnological applications].

Abstract

This review article presents an in-depth characterization of the genus Penicillium, a major group of filamentous fungal species known for their biological diversity and ecological impact. Methods for the identification of the various Penicillium species combine macroscopic, microscopic and molecular approaches, as well as phylogenetic analysis. In a first part, the ecology of the Penicillium species, their distribution in various habitats and their key role in ecosystems are presented. Particular emphasis is then placed on Penicillium's ability to produce secondary metabolites with a wide variety of biological and pharmacological properties, including anti-microbial molecules, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer and anti-viral compounds. Because these metabolites are of major interest in biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, further research and development based on the yet untapped therapeutical and economical potential of this fungal genus should be promoted.