Biologie Aujourd''hui最新文献

{"title":"[Ketogenic diet: a new nutritional strategy for cancer therapy?]","authors":"Anouk Charlot,&nbsp;Ombline Conrad,&nbsp;Joffrey Zoll","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2020014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2020014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer is a disease that can appear in several tissues and that kills more than 150 000 people in France every year. Cancer cells have mutations in their genome that lead to changes in their metabolism, compared to healthy cells. They use mostly glycolysis as their energy source, but not fatty acid oxidation. Currently, treatments used against cancer are nonspecific and have many side effects. Thus it appears increasingly important to find new strategies against cancer cells progression while protecting surrounding healthy cells and decreasing side effects. Ketogenic diet, which is a low-sugar high-fat diet, could be an interesting candidate as it alters the energy machinery of the cell and keeps away its primary energy source (glucose). This diet is largely used to treat refractory epilepsy and begins to be studied in oncology as well. This article describes the scientific evidence of the beneficial effects of the ketogenic diet and aims at showing how this complementary treatment could be useful against several cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"214 3-4","pages":"115-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38745981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Protection by some plant methanol extracts of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme) from fungic infection by Alternaria alternata].","authors":"Souâd Akroum,&nbsp;Moad Rouibah","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2020001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2020001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cherry tomato is very susceptible to fungal infections that can cause considerable damage in crops and during storage. Alternaria infection is one of the most common and dangerous alterations for this fruit. They are caused by Alternaria alternata or some other species belonging to the same genus. In this work, we tested the antifungal activity of methanol extracts from five plants harvested in the region of Jijel (Algeria) on A. alternata. The activity was first tested in vitro and then on greenhouse cherry tomato plants: extracts were applied to healthy plants before infection in order to test their preventive action, and after infection to determine whether they are able to knock out Alternaria. Results showed that Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia extracts were the most active in vitro on A. alternata. Microscopic observations of the mold indicated that these extracts inhibited the dictyospores production. The antifungal activity tested on the plants grown in greenhouse revealed that R. officinalis extract still was the most active. Extracts of L. angustifolia and Punica granatum did not protect the plants from Alternaria infection, but provided a total cure at the end of the treatment. Extracts from Quercus suber and Eucalyptus globulus were the least active. They did not bestow any protection nor complete healing of the plants. Dictyospores counting on fruits at the end of the treatment confirmed the results obtained for the greenhouse crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"214 1-2","pages":"55-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38254273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Developmental plasticity in plants: an interaction between hormones and epigenetics at the meristem level].","authors":"Julien Vigneaud,&nbsp;Stéphane Maury","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2020011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2020011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants are fixed organisms with continuous development throughout their life and great sensitivity to environmental variations. They react in this way by exhibiting large developmental phenotypic plasticity. This plasticity is partly controlled by (phyto)hormones, but recent studies also suggest the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. It seems that these two factors may interact in a complex way and especially in the stem cells grouped together in meristems. The objective of this review is to present the current arguments about this interaction which would promote developmental plasticity. Three major points are thus addressed to justify this interaction between hormonal control and epigenetics (control at the chromatin level) for the developmental plasticity of plants: the arguments in favor of an effect of hormones on chromatin and vice versa, the arguments in favor of their roles on developmental plasticity and finally the arguments in favor of the central place of these interactions, the meristems. Various perspectives and applications are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"214 3-4","pages":"125-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38745982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Cell death mechanisms in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis].","authors":"Julie Magusto,&nbsp;Amine Majdi,&nbsp;Jérémie Gautheron","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2020002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2020002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuous cell death associated with inflammation is a key trigger of disease progression notably in chronic liver diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Apoptosis has been studied as a potential target for reducing cell death in NASH. However, recent studies suggest that caspase inhibition is inefficient to treat NASH patients and may aggravate the disease by redirecting cells to alternative mechanisms of cell death. Alternative forms of lytic cell death have recently been identified and are known to induce strong inflammatory responses due to cell membrane permeabilization. Therefore, controlling lytic cell death modes offers new opportunities for potential therapeutic intervention in NASH. This review summarizes the underlying molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and lytic cell death modes, including necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis, and discusses their relevance in NASH.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"214 1-2","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/jbio/2020002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38254267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Georges David.","authors":"Pierre Jouannet","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2019016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2019016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"213 1-2","pages":"75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/jbio/2019016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37391491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[New therapeutic avenues for neurosteroids in psychiatric diseases].","authors":"Nicolas Froger","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2019023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2019023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Discovered in the eighties by Pr Baulieu and colleagues, neurosteroids are a class of neuroactive brain-born steroids, which comprises the steroid hormones, their biosynthesis precursors and their metabolites. They can act through genomic as well as non-genomic pathways. Genomic pathways, only triggered by the neurosteroid hormones, are, in the brain, the same as those largely described in the periphery: the binding of these steroid hormones to nuclear receptors leads to transcription regulations. On the other hand, their precursors and metabolites, such as pregnenolone (PREG), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), their respective sulfate esters, pregnenolone sulfate (PREG-S) and DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) and allopregnanolone (ALLOP), are defined as neurosteroids, but no corresponding nuclear receptors have been identified so far. In fact, they trigger non-genomic pathways which consist in (i) inhibitory ionotropic receptors, (ii) excitatory ionotropic receptors and (iii) the microtubular system. Hence, inhibitory neurosteroids, whose mostly studied representative is ALLOP, positively modulate, or directly activate, the ionotropic GABA-A receptors. In contrast, excitatory neurosteroids, represented by PREG-S, DHEA-S and DHEA, inhibit the GABA-A receptors, and activate, directly or indirectly, through the sigma-1 receptors, the NMDA glutamate receptors. Neurosteroids of the third group, the microtubular neurosteroids, are able to bind microtubule associated proteins, in particular MAP2, to promote microtubule assembly, neurite outgrowth and in fine structural neuroplasticity. So far, PREG, DHEA and progesterone are the three identified microtubular neurosteroids. The pharmacological properties of neurosteroids have led to specific investigations for assessing their therapeutic potentialities in psychiatric diseases, using validated animal models. In some cases, clinical trials were also performed. These studies showed that ALLOP, the main inhibitory neurosteroid, displayed clear-cut anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like efficacy in animals. It has been subsequently developed as Brexanolone and tested with success in phase III of clinical trials for the treatment of post-partum depression. Although showing pro-cognitive properties in animals, the sulfated neurosteroids, PREG-S and DHEA-S, were, in contrast, never tested in clinical trials, probably due to their poor stability and proconvulsivant side effects. Their respective non-sulfated forms, PREG and DHEA, showed antidepressant and antipsychotic efficacies in clinical trials, but these drugs never reached the phase III of clinical development because their therapeutic uses would have led to an overproduction of active metabolites responsible for intolerable side effects. The alternative strategy which has been selected consists of the development of non-metabolizable synthetic derivatives of these natural steroids, which keep the same neuroactive properties as their parent molecules, but are devo","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"213 3-4","pages":"131-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/jbio/2019023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37450909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Thyroid disruptors and their consequences on brain development and behavior].","authors":"Jean-Baptiste Fini,&nbsp;Barbara Demeneix","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2019009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2019009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An increase in the prevalence of many diseases affecting the nervous system in both children and adults has been reported. Some of these diseases are related to endocrine dysfunction, notably of the thyroid axis. Examples in children are attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders, diagnosed but most often affecting the whole life, and multiple sclerosis or Alzheimer's disease in adults. It is becoming increasingly clear that embryonic exposure to thyroid hormone disruptors can lead to short- and long-term consequences, that often escape conventional neonatal diagnosis. Endocrine disruptors comprise a wide range of molecules, plasticizers, some pesticides, surfactants, flame-retardants, etc., many of which can interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis or their actions. We here report briefly the history of endocrine disruptors, their properties and the consequences on neuronal development of embryonic exposure to some of them.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"213 1-2","pages":"17-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/jbio/2019009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37396091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[PET imaging for better understanding of normal and pathological neurotransmission].","authors":"Luc Zimmer","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2019025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2019025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Positron emission tomography imaging is still an expanding field of preclinical and clinical investigations exploring the brain and its normal and pathological functions. In addition to technological improvements in PET scanners, the availability of suitable radiotracers for unexplored pharmacological targets is a key factor in this expansion. Many radiotracers (or radiopharmaceuticals, when administered to humans) have been developed by multidisciplinary teams to visualize and quantify a growing numbers of brain receptors, transporters, enzymes and other targets. The development of new PET radiotracers still represents an exciting challenge, given the large number of neurochemical functions that remain to be explored. In this article, we review the development context of the first preclinical radiotracers and their passage to humans. The main current contributions of PET radiotracers are described in terms of imaging neuronal metabolism, quantification of receptors and transporters, neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory imaging. The different approaches to functional imaging of neurotransmission are also discussed. Finally, the contributions of PET imaging to the research and development of new brain drugs are described.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"213 3-4","pages":"109-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/jbio/2019025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37450906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jacques-Paul Borel.","authors":"François Xavier Maquart","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2019017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2019017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"213 1-2","pages":"73-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/jbio/2019017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37390484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Migraine epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic data].","authors":"Caroline Roos","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2019019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2019019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Burden of disease study ranks headache disorders as the second leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide. Migraine has an estimated prevalence of 10 to 14% and is therefore the most common neurological pathology. It concerns young populations, with a female/male ratio of 3/1, and its impact in economic terms is mainly related to indirect costs. Migraine can be episodic or chronic depending on the frequency of headache days (≥ 15 days per month). The diagnosis of migraine is made according to international criteria, which are easy to use, with essential questions to be asked to patients in a logical order and structure. The migraine is explained by an activation of the so-called trigeminocervical system, with release of neuromediators participating in neurogenic inflammation and activation of second-order neurons. Migraine with aura is manifested by neurological symptoms, lasting less than 60 minutes, explained by the phenomenon of cortical spreading depression. Visual symptoms are the most commonly described aura event of migraine, other auras include sensory and speech disturbance. Cortical spreading depression is a slowly propagating wave of near-complete depolarization of neurons and glial cells spreading over the cortex at a speed of ∼3-5 mm/min. First-line acute treatment for migraine consists of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), triptans and antiemetics. Patients with frequent or chronic headaches warrant prophylactic therapy. Various classes of preventives can be used (β-blockers, tricyclics, antiepileptics), with the choice of therapy tailored to the patient's risk factors and symptoms. In practice, treatment has two axes: NSAID or triptans for crisis treatment and for background treatment prescribed case by case, the first-intention molecules according to the French recommendations are beta-blockers, then, in case of failure, topiramate, oxetorone or amitriptyline.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"213 1-2","pages":"35-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1051/jbio/2019019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37391484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}