Biologie Aujourd''hui最新文献

{"title":"[Memory alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder].","authors":"Lucie Da Costa Silva,&nbsp;Mickaël Laisney,&nbsp;Laura Charretier,&nbsp;Francis Eustache,&nbsp;Peggy Quinette","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2023018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that develops following the experience of a highly stressful event, which involves a confrontation with death or the threat of death, serious injury or sexual violence. It is characterized by symptoms such as intrusions, avoidance and hypervigilance. According to the literature, PTSD is associated with an imbalance between a privileged memorization of the emotional and sensory aspects of the traumatic event and a failure to memorize the contextual aspects. That is why PTSD is now considered a memory disorder whose effects extend to several components. In this review article, we focus on how PTSD affects long-term memory. The first part describes the long-term effects of PTSD on episodic memory with emphasis on the difficulties in encoding certain elements of the traumatic event and their consequences. These difficulties may be manifested in the narration of the trauma, with a discourse of the traumatic event lacking in contextual details. They may also lead to reliving and generalizing the fear to other contexts, whether they are related to the trauma or not. The second part of the article discusses how PTSD affects autobiographical memory and has consequences for the construction of identity and the perception of the past, present and future of people with this disorder. Autobiographical memory, which plays a key role in the storage of past personal memories as well as in identity formation, shows several forms of disruption induced by PTSD. First, a decrease in contextual details associated with memories of the personal past is observed, meaning that people with PTSD tend to remember their past experiences less accurately. Second, a propensity to project the future in a more negative and unpredictable manner is evidenced, related to a feeling of uncertainty about the future in PTSD suffering individuals. Finally, alterations in the encoding of present events due to the disruptive effects of post-traumatic stress symptoms during the encoding process are also identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 1-2","pages":"55-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9807889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The dynamic brain-network model of PTSD].","authors":"David Corredor,&nbsp;Anais Vallet,&nbsp;Maëlle Riou,&nbsp;Francis Eustache,&nbsp;Bérengère Guillery-Girard","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2023020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brain is a highly complex system whose functioning is critical for our interaction with the world. Neural elements, from single cells to brain systems, constantly fluctuate in their dynamics, accompanying the plethora of possible exchanges between our environment and ourselves. However, sometimes things go awry. An unfortunate example is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a debilitating clinical condition that can appear after exposure to a threatening life event. In this work, using complexity as a framework, we aim to introduce the dynamic brain network model of PTSD. We hope this model will allow the generation of novel specific hypotheses concerning brain organization and dynamics in PTSD research. We first introduce how the network framework complements the localizationist approach centered in specific brain regions or subsets of brain regions, with a whole brain approach considering brain regions' dynamic relationships. Then, we review key concepts in network neuroscience, focusing on the importance of the network topology and dynamics to understand the organizational principles of the brain, that is, functional segregation and integration. In the third part, we apply this knowledge to describe the possible trajectories conducting a brain system to present PTSD alterations. Accordingly, we introduce the Dynamic Brain Network Model (DBNM) of PTSD, a concrete framework built on the network approach and resilience theory to study the transition of a brain network from state 1 (e.g., before the traumatic event) to state 2 (e.g., after the traumatic event). To conclude, we provide a summary of metrics for quantifying elements on the DBNM and its potential use in computational models of PTSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 1-2","pages":"79-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9807893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Alternative methods to animal testing, present and future].","authors":"Francelyne Marano","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2023035","DOIUrl":"10.1051/jbio/2023035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alternative methods to animal testing are used in fundamental and clinical research, for the realization of studies for regulatory purposes, and also screening operations in the development of new molecules. They are based on in vitro (cell models) or in silico (mathematical models) replacement methods. They have been largely promoted by the 3Rs rule (Replace, Reduce, Refine) which aims at regulating animal experimentation. For biomedical research, these different methods are valuable tools for better understanding the physiology of organisms and the mechanisms of the effects of chemicals and physical agents on them.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"217 3-4","pages":"199-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138452741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The caudal neurosecretory system, the other \"neurohypophysial\" system in fish].","authors":"Hervé Tostivint,&nbsp;Fabrice Girardot,&nbsp;Caroline Parmentier,&nbsp;Guillaume Pézeron","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2022016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2022016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS) is a neuroendocrine complex whose existence is specific to fishes. Structurally, it has many similarities with the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal complex of other vertebrates. However, it differs regarding its position at the caudal end of the spinal cord and the nature of the hormones it secretes, the most important being urotensins. The CNSS was first described more than 60 years ago, but its embryological origin is totally unknown and its role is still poorly understood. Paradoxically, it is almost no longer studied today. Recent developments in imaging and genome editing could make it possible to resume investigations on CNSS in order to solve the mysteries that still surround it.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"216 3-4","pages":"89-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10667801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[As early as birth, oxytocin plays a key role in both food and social behavior].","authors":"Françoise Muscatelli","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2022017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2022017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxytocin (OT) is a neurohormone that regulates the so-called \"social brain\" and is mainly studied in adulthood. During postnatal development, the mechanisms by which the OT system structures various behaviors are little studied. Here we present the dynamic process of postnatal development of the OT system as well as the OT functions in the perinatal period that are essential for shaping social behaviors. Specifically, we discuss the role of OT, in the newborn, in integrating and adapting responses to early sensory stimuli and in stimulating suckling activity. Sensory dialogue and suckling are involved in mother-infant bonds and structure future social interactions. In rodents and humans, neurodevelopmental diseases with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), such as Prader-Willi and Schaaf-Yang syndromes, are associated with sensory, feeding and behavioral deficits in infancy. We propose that in early postnatal life, OT plays a key role in stimulating the maturation of neural networks controlling feeding behavior and early social interactions from birth. Administration of OT at birth improves sensory integration of environmental factors and the relationship with the mother as well as sucking activity as we have shown in mouse models and in babies with Prader-Willi syndrome. Long-term effects have also been observed on social and cognitive behavior. Therefore, early feeding difficulties might be an early predictive marker of ASD, and OT treatment a promising option to improve feeding behavior and, in the longer term, social behavioral problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"216 3-4","pages":"131-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10667804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Oxytocin and its receptor: molecular and therapeutic approaches].","authors":"Marcel Hibert","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2022013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2022013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is known since the fifties that oxytocin is a neurohormone synthesized in the brain and released in blood circulation to trigger uterus contraction during delivery. It is also involved in milk ejection during breast-feeding. Over the past 25 years, many other central and peripheral functions have been discovered, in particular for attachment between child and parents as well as between individuals and interaction between a human being and its social group. Over this period, we have studied the functional supramolecular architecture of the hormone bound to its receptor. This information was used to design pharmacological probes and drug candidates. This led to the discovery of the first non-peptide oxytocin receptor full agonist. This molecule, LIT-001, restores social interaction in an animal model of autism and paves the way for a treatment of this neurodevelopmental disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"216 3-4","pages":"125-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10667807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The toolbox of developmental evolution or how Mexican cave fishes lost their eyes].","authors":"Sylvie Rétaux","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2022011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2022011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fish Astyanax mexicanus comes in two very different forms: a \"normal\" river morph, and a blind, depigmented cave morph, living in the total and permanent darkness of Mexican caves. This species is on the way to becoming a model of choice in evolutionary and comparative biology, both for the study of the evolution of behavior, physiology or morphology, and for molecular genetics or population genetics. Here, I present the advancement of knowledge in the field of the developmental evolution of the eye of the cave morph. By rewinding back in time its development from the eye of the larva to the retinal field at the end of gastrulation, the cave-dwelling Astyanax embryo reveals mechanisms and processes likely to contribute to evolutionary variations between species, but also to pathological variations in the morphogenesis of the optic region.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":" ","pages":"49-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40536538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Emergent role of astrocytes in oxytocin-mediated modulatory control of neuronal circuits and brain functions].","authors":"Angel Baudon,&nbsp;Etienne Clauss Creusot,&nbsp;Alexandre Charlet","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2022022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2022022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The neuropeptide oxytocin has been in the focus of scientists for decades due to its profound and pleiotropic effects on physiology, activity of neuronal circuits and behaviors. Until recently, it was believed that oxytocinergic action exclusively occurs through direct activation of neuronal oxytocin receptors. However, several studies demonstrated the existence and functional relevance of astroglial oxytocin receptors in various brain regions in the mouse and rat brain. Astrocytic signaling and activity are critical for many important physiological processes including metabolism, neurotransmitter clearance from the synaptic cleft and integrated brain functions. While it can be speculated that oxytocinergic action on astrocytes predominantly facilitates neuromodulation via the release of gliotransmitters, the precise role of astrocytic oxytocin receptors remains elusive. In this review, we discuss the latest studies on the interaction between the oxytocinergic system and astrocytes, and give details of underlying intracellular cascades.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"216 3-4","pages":"155-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10667808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La découverte de l’insuline 1921–1922 : un saut dans la recherche biomédicale.","authors":"William Rostène","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2022006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2022006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Discovery of insulin. If the symptoms of diabetes have been known since Antiquity, it is at the end of the 19th century that several investigators searched for the active substance of the pancreas and endeavoured to produce extracts that lowered blood and urine glucose and decreased polyuria in pancreatectomized dogs. The breakthrough came 100 years ago when the team of Frederick Banting, Charles Best and James Collip, working in the Department of Physiology, headed by John MacLeod at the University of Toronto, managed to obtain pancreatic extracts that could be used to treat patients and rescue them from the edge of death by starvation, the only treatment then available. This achievement was quickly recognized by the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Banting and MacLeod in 1923. The discovery has had important scientific, industrial and clinical developments still efficient nowadays.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40537141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[From neuroendocrinology to cell biology: Andrée Tixier-Vidal].","authors":"André Calas","doi":"10.1051/jbio/2022024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2022024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article relates the life, career and main scientific achievements of a pioneer in neuroendocrinology and French cell biology research, Mrs Andrée Tixier-Vidal, who passed away in December 2021. After her first works on hypophyseal-thyroid neuroendocrine axis, in birds then in mammals, Andrée Tixier-Vidal devoted herself then her group at the College of France to the histophysiological study of adenohypophysis and namely of prolactin (PRL) cells. Using in vitro models of organotypic cultures and cultures of GH3 cells, she described up to ultrastructural level the secretory process of PRL and its regulation by TRH. Furthermore, she extended her study to the TRH neurons themselves thanks to original models of in vitro cultures of hypothalamic neurons. Her fundamental and methodological achievements have largely contributed to major knowledge advances in cell biology of the secretion during the last century.</p>","PeriodicalId":39068,"journal":{"name":"Biologie Aujourd''hui","volume":"216 3-4","pages":"75-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9366903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}