Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History最新文献

{"title":"VOLYN ORTHODOX MONASTICISM AS A SOURCE OF REPLENISHMENT OF THE NEO-UNION CLERGY","authors":"A. Fedchuk","doi":"10.24144/2523-4498.2(47).2022.266581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.2(47).2022.266581","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the little-studied problem of conversion among the Volyn Orthodox monastics, who became clergy of the Neo-Union Church in the 1920s and 1930s. The Volyn Voivodeship became the region of the most significant spread of Neo-Union (Union of the Eastern Rite) in Poland, which was the embodiment of the new Vatican project of joining the church of the eastern lands. Its basis was the preservation of the Orthodox liturgical rite under the jurisdiction of the Vatican. At the initial stage of the development of the Neo-Union in Volyn, its organizers relied onthe so-called \"flights,\" as the people called clergymen, who changed the Orthodox faith to the Uniate faith. Special hopes were placed on monasticism, which was seen as a kind of vanguard of neo-Union in Poland. In the spring of 1926, the Catholic bishop of Lutsk, Adolf Shelonzek, planned to form a monastery of the Eastern rite in the village of Zahoriv Horokhiv district. However, as it turned out, there were quite a few representatives of monasticism in Volyn who dared to take the path of conversion. They were enough only to serve a few parishes and were not enough to open at least one monastic center in the voivodeship. Our research collected biographical data about these persons, among whom the inhabitants of the Miletsky Monastery and the monks of the Pochaiv Lavra predominated. The reasons for the apostasy of the \"flights,\" which were caused by conflicts with the Orthodox spiritual authorities, removal from church service for immoral behavior, and material benefit, were traced. Special attention was paid to the activity of \"flights\" in the new denomination because almost every one of them changed several parishes in Volyn. The article shows the tragic fate of these clergymen, some of whom became victims of Ukrainian-Polish confrontations during the Second World War or Soviet post-war repressions.","PeriodicalId":390649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128353242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ACTIVITY PETRO BUBELA’S AT THE FINAL STAGE OF THE STRUGGLE FOR UKRAINIAN STATEHOOD","authors":"Andrii Prokip, Юрій Михальський, Oleksandra Kendus, Vasyl Klok","doi":"10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257002","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to reveal the activity of one of the leading Galician military figures, lawyer by education Petro Bubela (1889 – 1934?) at the final stage of his life. His work in the leading position of the Deputy State Secretary for Military Affairs of the Western Region of the Ukrainian People’s Republic (ZOUNR), participation in the development of the armed forces − the Galician Army (GA), which was forced to resist the Polish armed aggression, is shown. The events of 1919 on the Polish-Ukrainian front are briefly analyzed – the Polish offensives and Ukrainian counteroffensives from January to March 1919, and a radical change in the situation on the front after the arrival of the well-trained and armed by the Entente Polish army under the command of General Józef Haller in Galicia. After retreating beyond the Zbruch River, the Galician soldiers found themselves in the territory controlled by the Army of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. The functions of the “temporary capital” were then performed by Vinnytsia, whose military commandant was P. Bubela. In “big” Ukraine, Galicians had to resist the Russian (“white” and “red”) occupants. P. Bubela’s participation in the complex negotiation missions with the representatives of A. Denikin’s “white” army (M. Bredov, M. Schilling) is covered. The study, based on the archival materials and memoirs, attempts to reproduce the course of events related to the “Odesa” period of P. Bubela’s life and activity. Having left Vinnytsia as a result of the Bolshevik offensive, he found himself in Odesa. After its capture by the “Reds”, he was forced to adapt to the difficult conditions of Soviet reality. In the early 1920s, P. Bubela was arrested by the Bolsheviks and taken to Kharkiv. After his release, he returned to Odesa and worked as a clerk in the Red Cross. During the Stalinist repressions of the 1930s, he was arrested again on March 23, 1931, and sentenced to three years in prison camps. The tragic fate of P. Bubela’s family, whose members were also persecuted after the Soviet occupation of Galicia in 1939, is also briefly revealed. The struggle of Galicians for Ukrainian statehood in the early 20th century convincingly proves that Ukrainian people, like other European nations, are quite capable of state life. During this period, thousands of selfless fighters for the freedom of Ukraine reached national maturity. P. Bubela took an honorable place on this list. Ukrainian historians still owe a great deal to the creators and defenders of Ukrainian statehood in the early 20th century, to the generation of Galicians who had to live during the years of high national upsurge. Therefore, the activity and life of such prominent figures as P. Bubela requires further study and thorough research.","PeriodicalId":390649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121802669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE BEGINNING OF THE GENEVA TALKS. ATTEMPTS TO RESOLVE THE AFGHAN CRISIS (1982 – 1984)","authors":"Yu. Bazan","doi":"10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257194","url":null,"abstract":"Attempts at a diplomatic solution to the Afghan problem from 1982 to 1984 are examined based on a study of transcripts of plenary sessions of the UN General Assembly, reports of the UN Secretary-General, and documents of the US National Security Archive J. Washington and scientific literature. The article analyzes the activities of UN Secretary-General P. de Cuellar and his personal representative D. Cordoves in resolving the crisis in Afghanistan caused by the socialist experiment launched by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Particular attention is paid to the \"Rhodes format\" of the Afghan-Pakistani talks. Both delegations did not meet, and the arguments and positions of opponents were received from D. Cordoves, who took turns talking to representatives of both missions. The role of the USSR and the USA in the Geneva negotiation process is studied. After the invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, the Soviet Union was embroiled in a civil war in the DRA between the Soviet-backed NDPA regime and the majority-backed opposition and the United States, Pakistan, China, and other countries. During the Cold War, the Kremlin's actions became a stimulus to the United States, which turned Afghanistan into a significant factor in American foreign policy. The Soviet Union and the United States were not participants in the Afghan-Pakistani talks, but the constructive political dialogue depended on their positions. It turns out that the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan has become a hostage of the inter-bloc confrontation. The results of the three rounds of the Geneva talks are analyzed. During the negotiations, the parties managed to outline a range of issues that needed to be resolved: the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the DRA, the development of international guarantees and commitments not to interfere in the internal affairs of Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the return of Afghan refugees. The negotiation process was slow, and the most crucial issue, the withdrawal of a limited contingent of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, was not discussed. A study of transcripts of plenary sessions of the UN General Assembly showed that the strong condemnation of the aggressor's actions by the world community had no real impact on the situation in Afghanistan. The reason was that General Assembly resolutions calling for the immediate withdrawal of Soviet troops from the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan were advisory and non-binding. The author concludes that the Afghan crisis has clearly highlighted the weaknesses of the UN, namely the lack of effective mechanisms to influence the aggressive policy of a member of the UN Security Council.","PeriodicalId":390649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History","volume":"22 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120988823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WILLIAM MARSHAL IN BATTLE OF DRINCOURT (1166): THE BEGINNING OF FLOWER`S OF CHIVALRY CAREER","authors":"Wolodymyr Hucul","doi":"10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.258659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.258659","url":null,"abstract":"The article, based on an episode (the battle of Drincourt, 1166) from the biography of “the flower of chivalry\" by William Marshall (set out in the “History of William Marshall” composed by the Anglo-Norman poet Jean in the first third of the 12th century), deals with the strategies and practices by which the young knight could earn social capital and military competence at the `proprietorial warfare`. Such kind of warfare completely dominated in the military culture of the Medieval West. This warfare was shaped by four main factors: a. the dominance of land as a form of wealth; b. the limited competence of government; c. the state of technology which, broadly, favoured defence over attack; d. the geography and climate of the West. The battle of Drincourt was a typical one for proprietorial warfare. The reason was the conflict over land ownership. The immediate cause of the conflict in 1166 on the border of the Duchy of Normandy was the deprivation by the English King Henry II of his old enemy William Talvas, count Ponthieu from his inheritance in South Normandy. The territory of the county of Ponthieu was located north of Normandy at the mouth of the river Somme. Talvas, along with his allies, counts of Flanders and Boulogne, invaded the Norman County of Eu. Drincourt, a frontier fortress that covered the Normandy capital Rouen from the north and expectedly was under attack. The seigneurs who defended it acted in very weak interplay with their monarchs. The chief royal military administrator in the region, Constable of Normandy Richard du Hommet, left Drincourt immediately after receiving news of the enemy's arrival. The battle took place around and inside the fortified settlement, the victory went to the side that was on the defensive. The terrain played a major role in the battle. William Marshall proved himself in it as a model knight, and his first success largely determined his further advancement on the social hierarchy in Western medieval society. Although the poet Jean's message is inscribed in the apologetic knightly biography, the author - or authors, if we agree with David Crouch that the poet put the original Marshall’s storytelling on the poem, it composed without any snobbery focus to proves of noble combatants. Poet described all military techniques of the day: from the iconic knight's mounted shock combat with couched lance to the use of household tools such as a hook to knock down walls in a fire. The poet colorfully conveyed the chaos and spontaneity of tactical concepts of the proprietorial warfare. Old feudal conflicts divide the leaders, the invaders enter the battle incoordination, giving the defenders time to regroup and even rest - the ambush of Marshall in the sheep detachment repeated twice confirms it. The poetic description of the Battle of Drincourt is also of key event to the understanding of William Marshall's fighting skills, for which he largely built his political career.","PeriodicalId":390649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133986457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NATURE, GOD AND THE CRUSADERS – REAL, SYMBOLIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WEAPONS DURING THE FIRST CRUSADE BASED (ON THE ANONYMOUS SOURCE “DEEDS OF THE FRANCS”)","authors":"A. Kepsha","doi":"10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.258676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.258676","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of the history of the Crusades has been researched for many years. During the twentieth century the foundation of further research was laid by K. Setton and S. Runciman. Undoubtedly, subsequent generations expanded the range of studies of the Crusades. J. Riley-Smith, C. Hillenbrand, Ch. Tyerman, J. Phillips, D. Nicolle, M. Barber and many other scholars have detailed some aspects of the Crusades. It should be noted that from the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI century. more and more attention began to be paid to the role of women in the history of the Crusades, the lower social classes, the vision of the movement from the point of view of Muslims, the role of natural, including climatic, factors, and so on. It is generally accepted in scientific world that the First Crusade was the most successful, and created the preconditions of the Franks presence in Outremer. But it should be noted that researches over the past few decades have shed light on one of the most important reasons for the success of the First Crusade – the political situation in the region among the Muslims. Many works of researchers are devoted to the events of 1095–1099, which continue to reveal new aspects of the course of those distant events. The Gesta is one of the most important sources available to us, covering the events of the First Crusade. Despite the fact that the issue of authorship remains controversial, the reliability of the source is high. The probable participant (or the author who recorded the events from an eyewitness) describes in detail not only the course of military and political events, but also records natural signs, miraculous visions, the appearance of saints and Jesus himself in the spirit of his time. Saints take an active part in the course of hostilities, help the Crusaders find relics, inspire them to perform feats. Nature, dreams, visions, relics appear as participants of the campaign, who influenced and could change the course of those events. What exactly does the author consider appropriate to record, what significance does he attach to these phenomena, how does he interpret them? The Gesta invites us to look at natural and symbolic phenomena from a different perspective and gives us an opportunity to understand the people from those far ages much better.","PeriodicalId":390649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History","volume":"34 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129415290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE ATTEMPT TO RECONSTRUCT THE LIBRARY OF THE KREMENETS BASILIAN MONASTERY OF THE FIRST DECADES OF THE XIX CENTURY","authors":"O. Karlina","doi":"10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257543","url":null,"abstract":"The article attempts to reconstruct the genre and thematic composition of the library of the Kremenets Basilian Monastery, which was formed in the early 1820s, based on an analysis of the visitation protocol, in which a significant part is a description of the monastery library. At the beginning of the XIX century, the library had 2,156 volumes (1,241 works) published in the XVI–XVIII centuries and until 1821. Of these, 508 works (41%) date from the second half of the XVIII century. The presence in the library of 283 works (23%) published in 1801–1821 indicates that the library continued to be regularly replenished with new books. The geography of the publications covered the cities of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Germany, Austria, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Kyiv, Moscow, and Saint Petersburg. The basis of the library were works in Polish and Latin, numbered 640 and 440, respectively (52% and 35%). There were only 54 (4%) Cyrillic editions. The entire book collection is divided into thematic sections: Holy Scripture, divinity, law (civil and canonical), \"books of ascetics,\" homiletics, philosophy, physics and mathematics, chemistry, geography, economics, history, rhetoric and poetics, \"letters,\" grammar, medicine. In terms of the number of works, the largest is the section \"History,\" which includes periodicals published in Warsaw and Vilnius in the early nineteenth century and fiction of instructive content. It is noted that many works by ancient authors, textbooks in many mathematical disciplines, dictionaries, phrasebooks, and grammars in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Polish, German, French, and Russian were kept in the monastery library. The conclusion is that the themes of the monastery library in Kremenets in the early XIXth century reflected the state of the rich spiritual life of the Basilians, which closely combined the traditions of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. The Basilians, through preaching and missionary activity, indeed spread and consolidated in society the spiritual and moral values that they nurtured within the walls of the monastery. The library in general, reflected the development of education, science, art, and contemporary socio-political thought in the Ukrainian lands.","PeriodicalId":390649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History","volume":"1073 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133321567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRADITIONAL FOLK DRESS IN THE FOLKLORE OF TRANSCARPATHIA","authors":"Vasil Kotsan","doi":"10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.259235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.259235","url":null,"abstract":"The article on the basis of available literature, archival and ethnographic data conducted a comprehensive analysis of folklore material, which glorifies the components of traditional folk women's and men's clothing of Transcarpathia. The study of the ritual role of clothing, its place in folklore is one of the priorities of modern ethnographers, local historians This issue is insufficiently studied and requires further research. The work is interdisciplinary, as it is written at the intersection of ethnography, folklore and local lore. The author presents a lot of folk songs, proverbs and sayings, which talk about the peculiarities of production, material, methods of dressing and wearing, and attitudes to the components of folk clothing of Transcarpathia. Particular attention is paid to the process of making cloth at home, finishing clothes. At the beginning, fragments of song folklore about sewing and embroidering shirts, their age and social functions are singled out and described. Skirts, scarves, jewelry and shoes are most often mentioned among the components of women's attire in the songs. All of them, like the shirt, were an important social marker. The song is a source of study and men's clothing, including shirts and hats. The decorated hats were the pride of young boys and men. The article pays special attention to wedding songs, which are about youth leisure, courtship, weaving periwinkle wreaths and wedding sticks. Folk costumes are often found in carols and Christmas carols. For the modern generation, the peculiarities of the folk costume of the region are transmitted through proverbs, sayings and beliefs, in which we find synonymous series \"one's own-another's\", thematic groups \"wealth and poverty\", opposition \"stupid - smart\", attitude to lazy people and lies.","PeriodicalId":390649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130998930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE SLOVAK ISSUE IN THE POLITICAL STRATEGY OF THE SLOVAK NATIONAL COUNCIL IN 1943 – 1945","authors":"Ihor Shnitser","doi":"10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257498","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to investigate the Slovak question in the political strategy of the Slovak National Council (SNC) at the final stage of the Second World War. The methodological basis of the proposed article is the principles of historicism and objectivity, the application of which involves an unbiased depiction of past events in their historical context. The scientific topicality lies in the systematic analysis of the Slovak question in the activities of the SNC in 1943 – 1945. The author of the article states that the SNC program to resolve the Slovak issue consisted of three main points: recognition of the identity of the Slovak people, return of Slovakia to the Czechoslovak Republic, and regulation of Czech-Slovak relations in the country on an equal footing. The latter de facto provided for the reorganization of the Czechoslovak Republic on a federal basis, which was opposed by President Edvard Beneš and representatives of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile. The SNC began a program to resolve the Slovak question during the Slovak National Uprising of 1944, which, although defeated, contributed to Slovakia's liberation from German dependence and its integration into the anti-Hitler coalition. During the Slovak National Uprising, the SNA was transformed into the supreme legislative and executive body in Slovakia, which supporters of unitary Czechoslovakia could no longer ignore. As a result of intense negotiations in Moscow between the SNA delegation and representatives of the Czechoslovak émigré government in March 1945, Slovaks were given the opportunity to join the revived Czechoslovakia as an independent nation. The SNC became its legitimate representative and bearer of state power in Slovakia. Another critical achievement of the SNC was the Czechoslovak relations in the Czechoslovak Republic that the new Czechoslovak government promised to build on the principle of \"equal to equal.\" All these aspects were fixed in the Košice government program of the National Front. The SNC was recognized as the bearer of national sovereignty and state power in Slovakia. In fact, it was a question of building the Czechoslovak Republic on a federal basis, as it presupposed the existence of Slovak national authorities alongside the central ones. At the same time, the program of the National Front government did not define in detail the basic principles of the state and legal system of the Czechoslovak state, which in the future prevented the SNC from maintaining its achievements in the Slovak question.","PeriodicalId":390649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127675852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DISTILLING IN TRANSCARPATHIA (AN ATTEMPT AT HISTORICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS)","authors":"Pavlo Leno","doi":"10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257542","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzed the history of local palyncharstvo (production of distillates) in Transcarpathia. Palynka (moonshine) is an important element of the everyday and festive life of Transcarpathians, and private palyncharstvo promotes tourism, although the region is generally better known for wine. In general, we can identify several significant periods of its development. It has passed the stages of «korchazhny», «manufactory,» and «industrial commodity» production. During the latter, the Soviet government established a state monopoly on producing alcoholic beverages and, at the same time, stimulated the growth of its consumption by the population. As a result, domestic palyncharstvo was born and flourished in the region, even though this activity was banned. However, the economic benefits of illegal home distilling were too important a factor for Transcarpathians, as alcoholic beverages became an essential means of profit, natural exchange, and payment for certain types of work, services, or goods. As a result of the factors mentioned above, homemade palyncharstvo became a traditional occupation of the local population for a short period, which used to be exclusively consumers and not producers of palynka. Modern Transcarpathian palyncharstvo has a strong potential as an object of anthropology studying and in the domestic market, which in the conditions of saturation of the alcohol market with low-quality alcoholic beverages can only be pleasant news. However, to realize this opportunity, it is necessary to finally solve the problem of this activity legalization and create such tax conditions that will allow most private farmers to come out of the «shadow.»","PeriodicalId":390649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History","volume":"183 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131467713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRANIOLOGY AND SEX-AGE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UZHHOROD CASTLE CHURCH BURIALS OF THE SECOND HALF OF 14TH – 17TH CENTURIES","authors":"Yuriy Dolzhenko, Volodymyr Moizhes","doi":"10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(46).2022.257842","url":null,"abstract":"The remains of 130 burials from the territory of the destroyed castle church in Uzhhorod were collected and investigated for two years (2018–2019). These are 71 ground burials outside the crypt, one preserved burial inside the crypt, and 58 skulls (or fragments thereof) from demolished crypt burials that are morphologically indistinguishable from preserved outside the crypt burials. That served the reason to combine them into one series. Chronologically, all the anthropological material belongs to the second half of the 14th – 17th century. This article aims to characterize the anthropological structure of people buried in the church on the territory of Uzhhorod Castle, namely the sex-age aspect and features of their craniological type. The article aims to introduce new craniological data into the scientific circulation and identify the main directions of ethnic connections of the studied group from Uzhhorod. The paper’s objective is to determine the distances between individual synchronic and diachronic series with the help of multidimensional canonical and cluster analysis and to find out the place of the Uzhhorod sample in the system of craniological types of Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe (except the Caucasus) and phenogeographical anthropological zones of Ukraine. Computer software designed by B. Kozintsev and O. Kozintsev in 1991 has been used in the research. Fourteen craniometric traits defined by R. Martin have been involved in the analysis. It is established that 118 out of 130 burials belong to adults. It is defined that 86 (72.88%) of them are male, and 32 (27.12%) are female. The average age of death in adults is about 38 years (it varies from 33.5 to 42.5 years). The average age of death of the male part of the sample is about 40 years (within 30–50 years), and of the female part – about 32.5 years (within 25–40 years). For the first time, the male and female series from Uzhhorod was created. In general, 90 skulls (67 male and 23 female) were suitable for craniometry, not counting children’s ones. It has been found out that males and females buried in the church of Uzhhorod Castle belong to the same craniological type. The male sample is moderately brachycranic. On average, it is presented with a wide with a strongly profiled at the level of the orbits and alveolar ridge face belonging to the orthognathic type. The orbits are wide. The nose is medium, and the nasal protrusion angle is moderate. The nasal bridge is high. The female sample is, on average brachycranic. The face is moderately wide with small height, strongly profiled at the level of orbits belonging to the orthognathic type. The orbits have small widths and heights. The nasal bridge is high. The nasal projection angle is very large. According to two anthropological methods (craniometry and cranioscopy), the examined group is mixed, demonstrating certain western, northern, and predominant southern traits. When comparing the male sample group to synchronic and diac","PeriodicalId":390649,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124674047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}