自然,上帝和十字军-第一次十字军东征的真实,象征性和心理武器(基于匿名来源“法郎的事迹”)

A. Kepsha
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引用次数: 0

摘要

关于十字军东征的历史问题已经研究了很多年。在二十世纪,塞顿和朗西曼为进一步的研究奠定了基础。毫无疑问,后来的几代人扩大了十字军东征的研究范围。J. Riley-Smith, C. Hillenbrand, Ch. Tyerman, J. Phillips, D. Nicolle, M. Barber和许多其他学者详细介绍了十字军东征的某些方面。应该指出的是,从二十世纪末到二十一世纪初。越来越多的人开始关注妇女在十字军东征历史中的作用,社会下层阶级,从穆斯林的角度看待这场运动,自然的作用,包括气候,因素,等等。科学界普遍认为,第一次十字军东征是最成功的,并为法兰克人在奥特雷默的存在创造了先决条件。但应该指出的是,过去几十年的研究揭示了第一次十字军东征成功的最重要原因之一——该地区穆斯林的政治局势。研究人员的许多作品都致力于1095-1099年的事件,这些事件继续揭示了这些遥远事件过程的新方面。Gesta是我们最重要的资料来源之一,记录了第一次十字军东征的事件。尽管作者身份问题仍然存在争议,但来源的可靠性很高。可能的参与者(或从目击者那里记录事件的作者)不仅详细地描述了军事和政治事件的过程,而且还记录了自然现象、神奇的异象、圣徒的出现和耶稣本人在他那个时代的精神。圣徒积极参与战争,帮助十字军寻找圣物,激励他们完成壮举。自然、梦、幻象、遗迹作为运动的参与者出现,他们影响并可能改变这些事件的进程。作者究竟认为什么是适合记录的,他赋予这些现象什么意义,他如何解释这些现象?《Gesta》邀请我们从不同的角度看待自然和象征性的现象,并给我们一个更好地了解那些遥远年代的人的机会。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
NATURE, GOD AND THE CRUSADERS – REAL, SYMBOLIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WEAPONS DURING THE FIRST CRUSADE BASED (ON THE ANONYMOUS SOURCE “DEEDS OF THE FRANCS”)
The issue of the history of the Crusades has been researched for many years. During the twentieth century the foundation of further research was laid by K. Setton and S. Runciman. Undoubtedly, subsequent generations expanded the range of studies of the Crusades. J. Riley-Smith, C. Hillenbrand, Ch. Tyerman, J. Phillips, D. Nicolle, M. Barber and many other scholars have detailed some aspects of the Crusades. It should be noted that from the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI century. more and more attention began to be paid to the role of women in the history of the Crusades, the lower social classes, the vision of the movement from the point of view of Muslims, the role of natural, including climatic, factors, and so on. It is generally accepted in scientific world that the First Crusade was the most successful, and created the preconditions of the Franks presence in Outremer. But it should be noted that researches over the past few decades have shed light on one of the most important reasons for the success of the First Crusade – the political situation in the region among the Muslims. Many works of researchers are devoted to the events of 1095–1099, which continue to reveal new aspects of the course of those distant events. The Gesta is one of the most important sources available to us, covering the events of the First Crusade. Despite the fact that the issue of authorship remains controversial, the reliability of the source is high. The probable participant (or the author who recorded the events from an eyewitness) describes in detail not only the course of military and political events, but also records natural signs, miraculous visions, the appearance of saints and Jesus himself in the spirit of his time. Saints take an active part in the course of hostilities, help the Crusaders find relics, inspire them to perform feats. Nature, dreams, visions, relics appear as participants of the campaign, who influenced and could change the course of those events. What exactly does the author consider appropriate to record, what significance does he attach to these phenomena, how does he interpret them? The Gesta invites us to look at natural and symbolic phenomena from a different perspective and gives us an opportunity to understand the people from those far ages much better.
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