威廉元帅在德考特之战(1166):弗劳尔骑士生涯的开始

Wolodymyr Hucul
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引用次数: 0

摘要

这篇文章基于威廉·马歇尔的“骑士之花”传记中的一个插曲(1166年的德林考特战役)(由盎格鲁-诺曼诗人吉恩在12世纪前三分之一时期撰写的“威廉·马歇尔史”中列出),讨论了年轻骑士在“所有权战争”中获得社会资本和军事能力的策略和实践。这种战争在中世纪西方的军事文化中完全占据主导地位。这场战争是由四个主要因素造成的:a.土地作为一种财富形式的统治地位;B.政府有限的权限;C.总的来说,有利于防御而不是进攻的技术状况;d.西部的地理和气候。林库尔战役是一场典型的所有制战争。原因是土地所有权的冲突。1166年诺曼底公国边界冲突的直接原因是英国国王亨利二世剥夺了他的宿敌威廉·塔尔瓦斯,即庞蒂厄伯爵在南诺曼底的继承权。庞蒂厄郡的领土位于诺曼底以北的索姆河口。塔尔瓦斯和他的盟友,佛兰德斯伯爵和布洛涅伯爵,入侵了诺曼人的余欧郡。德林考特是一座从北面覆盖诺曼底首府鲁昂的边境要塞,预料之中遭到了攻击。捍卫它的领主与君主之间的互动非常微弱。该地区的皇家首席军事长官,诺曼底警官理查德·杜·霍梅特,在收到敌人到来的消息后立即离开了德林考特。战斗发生在防御工事周围和内部,胜利属于处于守势的一方。地形在战斗中起了重要作用。威廉·马歇尔证明了自己是一个模范骑士,他的第一次成功在很大程度上决定了他在西方中世纪社会的社会等级上的进一步进步。虽然诗人Jean的信息被写在了道歉的骑士传记中,但如果我们同意David Crouch的观点,作者或作者将马歇尔的故事原原本本放在了这首诗中,它没有任何势利的焦点来证明高贵的战士。诗人描述了当时所有的军事技术:从标志性的骑士骑着驼背长矛进行冲击战斗,到在火灾中使用钩子等家用工具击倒墙壁。诗人生动地表达了所有制战争战术观念的混乱和自发性。古老的封建冲突分裂了领导者,入侵者进入战斗不协调,给守军时间重组甚至休息-马歇尔在羊支队反复两次的伏击证实了这一点。对德林考特战役的诗意描述也是理解威廉·马歇尔的战斗技巧的关键事件,这在很大程度上奠定了他的政治生涯。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
WILLIAM MARSHAL IN BATTLE OF DRINCOURT (1166): THE BEGINNING OF FLOWER`S OF CHIVALRY CAREER
The article, based on an episode (the battle of Drincourt, 1166) from the biography of “the flower of chivalry" by William Marshall (set out in the “History of William Marshall” composed by the Anglo-Norman poet Jean in the first third of the 12th century), deals with the strategies and practices by which the young knight could earn social capital and military competence at the `proprietorial warfare`. Such kind of warfare completely dominated in the military culture of the Medieval West. This warfare was shaped by four main factors: a. the dominance of land as a form of wealth; b. the limited competence of government; c. the state of technology which, broadly, favoured defence over attack; d. the geography and climate of the West. The battle of Drincourt was a typical one for proprietorial warfare. The reason was the conflict over land ownership. The immediate cause of the conflict in 1166 on the border of the Duchy of Normandy was the deprivation by the English King Henry II of his old enemy William Talvas, count Ponthieu from his inheritance in South Normandy. The territory of the county of Ponthieu was located north of Normandy at the mouth of the river Somme. Talvas, along with his allies, counts of Flanders and Boulogne, invaded the Norman County of Eu. Drincourt, a frontier fortress that covered the Normandy capital Rouen from the north and expectedly was under attack. The seigneurs who defended it acted in very weak interplay with their monarchs. The chief royal military administrator in the region, Constable of Normandy Richard du Hommet, left Drincourt immediately after receiving news of the enemy's arrival. The battle took place around and inside the fortified settlement, the victory went to the side that was on the defensive. The terrain played a major role in the battle. William Marshall proved himself in it as a model knight, and his first success largely determined his further advancement on the social hierarchy in Western medieval society. Although the poet Jean's message is inscribed in the apologetic knightly biography, the author - or authors, if we agree with David Crouch that the poet put the original Marshall’s storytelling on the poem, it composed without any snobbery focus to proves of noble combatants. Poet described all military techniques of the day: from the iconic knight's mounted shock combat with couched lance to the use of household tools such as a hook to knock down walls in a fire. The poet colorfully conveyed the chaos and spontaneity of tactical concepts of the proprietorial warfare. Old feudal conflicts divide the leaders, the invaders enter the battle incoordination, giving the defenders time to regroup and even rest - the ambush of Marshall in the sheep detachment repeated twice confirms it. The poetic description of the Battle of Drincourt is also of key event to the understanding of William Marshall's fighting skills, for which he largely built his political career.
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