2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the depth of interaction (DOI) for the High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT) - a comparison between scanners with and without DOI","authors":"C. Knoess, R. Boellaard, M. Lenox, S. Vollmar, M. Casey, G. Fluegge, A. Lammertsma, K. Wienhard, W. Heiss","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239593","url":null,"abstract":"The High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT) is the first clinical LSO scanner with depth of interaction (DOI) capability. At the moment two HRRT's exist: one is located at the Max-Planck-Institute in Cologne and is equipped with two 7.5 mm thick crystal layers and DOI (HRRT-D); the second HRRT is located at the VUme in Amsterdam with a single crystal layer (HRRT-S). This constellation allows evaluation of scanner characteristics with and without DOI. The effects of DOI on resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction (SF) and noise equivalent count (NEC) rates were studied. These characteristics were measured according to the NEMA NU2-1994 or 2001 standards. Emission scans were acquired in 64 bit list mode. For HRRT-D emission data were sorted into files with coincidences between the layers nearest to the center of the scanner only and into files with all layer combinations providing DOI. Resolution data were analyzed with different data compressions (span 3 and 9) and for FORE+2D-HOSP and 3D-OSEM. Different scatter fractions between both scanners were observed for lower level discriminator values (lids) of higher energy. NEC rates were about 3 times higher for HRRT-D. Best resolution values of 2.0 mm FWHM at 0 cm radial offset from the center and 2.5 mm FWHM at 10 cm radial offset were found using span 3 and 3D-OSEM for HRRT-S. Equal values were found for HRRT-D using DOI. For span 9 data and FORE+2D-HOSP the axial resolution decreased at off center locations to 4 mm FWHM or more. The higher NECR of HRRT-D compared with HRRT-S is explained by the higher sensitivity, obtained with the additional crystal layer. Differences in scatter fractions might be explained by the difference in crystal energy spectra of both scanners. Comparison of resolution data of both scanners showed that high spatial resolution was preserved with DOI.","PeriodicalId":385259,"journal":{"name":"2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132415254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An efficient detector production method for position-sensitive scintillation detector arrays with 98% detector packing fraction","authors":"J. Uribe, W. Wong, H. Baghaei, R. Farrel, H. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, T. Xing","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239524","url":null,"abstract":"Position-sensitive scintillation-detector arrays (PSSDA) are used in nuclear imaging such as PET. The PSSDA-production method determines the imaging resolution, sensitivity, labor/part cost, and reliability of the system. It is especially challenging and costly for ultra high-resolution systems that have large numbers of very small crystal-needles. A new slab-sandwich-slice (SSS) production method was developed. Instead of using individual crystal needles, the construction started with crystal slabs that are 15-crystal-needles wide and 1-needle thick. White-paint was deposited onto slab surfaces to form shaped optical windows. The painted slabs were grouped into two crystal-sandwich types. Each sandwich-type was a stack of 7 slabs painted with a distinctive set of optical windows, held together with optical glue. For a 40,000-crystal system, only 192 type-A and 144 type-B sandwiches are needed. Sandwiches were crosscut into another slab formation (\"slices\"). Each slice was again 1-needle thick; each slice is basically a stack of needles glued together, optically coupled by the glue and the painted windows. After a second set of white-paint optical-windows was applied on the slices' surface, 3 slices of type-B are grouped between 4 slices of type-A forming a 7/spl times/7 PSSDA. The SSS production method was applied in the construction of high-resolution 12-module prototype PET camera (HOTPET). The method reduces the more than 400,000 precision painting and gluing steps into 55,000 steps for a 40,000-BGO-crystal system, leading to lower labor cost. Detectors were fabricated with the method with good results. 2.66/spl times/2.66 mm/sup 2/ crystals are separated only by a 0.06-mm gap; this is a 98% linear detector packing fraction or 96% area packing fraction. Compared to 90% linear-packing (81% area) from conventional methods, the 20% higher crystal-packing density would translate into a 1.2-1.44 times higher coincidence-detection sensitivity in PET. The SSS method cut the crystal cost by half, and improved production yield by 94%. Crystal-positioning error was /spl sigma/=0.09mm.","PeriodicalId":385259,"journal":{"name":"2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115388490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The D0 solenoid NMR magnetometer","authors":"R. Yamada, S. Hansen, T. Kiper, J. Lofgren, T. Regan, R.P. Smith, G. Boero","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239382","url":null,"abstract":"A field monitoring system for the 2 Tesla solenoid of the D0 detector is described. It is comprised of a very small NMR probe cabled to a DSP based signal processing board. The design magnetic field range is from 1.0 to 2.2 Tesla, corresponding to an RF frequency range of 42.57 to 93.67 MHz. The desired accuracy is one part in 10/sup 5/. To minimize material in the interaction region of the D0 detector, the overall thickness of the NMR probe is 4 mm, including its mounting plate, and its width is 10 mm. To minimize cable mass, 4 mm diameter IMR-100A cables are used for transmitting the RF signals from a nearby patch panel 25 meters to each of four probes mounted within the bore of the solenoid. RG213U cables 45 meters long are used to send the RF from the D0 movable counting house to the patch panel. With this setup, the detector signal voltage at the movable counting house is in the range of 250-400 mV.","PeriodicalId":385259,"journal":{"name":"2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126630782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and testing of a radiation tolerant Clock, Control and Monitor (CCM) Module for the CMS HCAL electronics","authors":"S. Holm, T. Shaw, J. Elias, S. Surgueev","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239305","url":null,"abstract":"A Clock, Control and Monitoring (CCM) Module is being designed for the Hadron Calorimeter subsystem of the CMS detector. The CMS detector has been designed to detect cleanly the diverse signatures of new physics at the Large Hadron Collider. This CCM module will be responsible for low skew clock and beam crossing marker distribution, monitoring of voltages and temperatures and as the interface between the main control system and the front end modules. The CCM module will reside in the HCAL Readout Box that will be mounted on the HCAL detector. Due to this physical location the CCM module will need to work within a radiation environment with minimal access over a ten-year period. The electronics are expected to see a total neutron fluence of 1.3/spl times/10/sup 11/ n/cm/sup 2/ and a total ionizing dose of 330 rads over the 10 year running period. This paper will detail the design of the CCM Module including the selecting and testing or devices that will operate within the radiation field.","PeriodicalId":385259,"journal":{"name":"2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121688766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Front end readout electronics for the CMS Hadron Calorimeter","authors":"T. Shaw, A. Baumbaugh, A. Boubekeur, J. Elias, J. Hoff, S. Holm, S. Los, C. Rivetta, A. Ronzhin, J. Whitmore, T. Zimmerman, R. Yarema","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239297","url":null,"abstract":"The front-end electronics for the CMS Hadron Calorimeter provides digitized data at the beam interaction rate of 40 MHz. Analog signals provided by hybrid photodiodes (HPDs) or photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are digitized and the data is sent off board through serialized fiber optic links running at 1600 Mbps. In order to maximize the input signal, the front-end electronics are housed on the detector in close proximity to the scintillating fibers or phototubes. To fit the electronics into available space, custom crates, backplanes and cooling methods have had to be developed. During the expected ten-year lifetime, the front-end readout electronics will exist in an environment where radiation levels approach 330 rads and the neutron fluence will be 1.3E11 n/cm/sup 2/. For this reason, the design approach relies heavily upon custom radiation tolerant ASICs. This paper will present the system architecture of the front-end readout crates and describe our results with early prototypes.","PeriodicalId":385259,"journal":{"name":"2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126662982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detector characteristics of CCDs for high resolution gamma ray imaging","authors":"W. Ryder, R. Ott, J. Lees, A. Keay, D. Bassford, G. Fraser","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239416","url":null,"abstract":"We are developing a high resolution gamma ray imager for use in Nuclear Medicine at energies up to /spl sim/150 keV. The imager is based upon a charge coupled device (CCD) coated with a polycrystalline scintillator to improve the detection efficiency. Three CCDs from E2V Ltd, bearing 100 /spl mu/m, 300 /spl mu/m and 500 /spl mu/m layers of Gd/sub 2/O/sub 2/S(Tb) (GADOX) have been tested. These CCDs have a pixel size of 44 /spl mu/m. The modulation transfer function (MTF) and relative detection efficiency of the CCDs have been measured using a /sup 241/Am (59.5 keV) source. The MTFs were estimated using the edge spread response function (ESRF) to derive the line spread function (LSF). The measurements show that significant improvements in detector efficiency, together with minimal loss of spatial resolution, follow from the use of a CCD with a 500 /spl mu/m thick GADOX scintillator rather than the standard 100 /spl mu/m scintillator thickness. The 500 /spl mu/m GADOX coated CCD thus has highly promising characteristics for use in a small, high resolution gamma ray imager.","PeriodicalId":385259,"journal":{"name":"2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record","volume":"17 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120893676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved lesion visibility in a dedicated dual head scintimammography system - phantom results","authors":"D. Kieper, S. Majewski, P. Goodale, B. Kross, B. Kundu, H. Li, M. More, D. Narayanan, V. Popov, M. Smith, A. Weisenberger, B. Welch, M. Williams, R. Wojcik, Y. Zheng","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239568","url":null,"abstract":"Phantom test results are presented simulating a dedicated dual head compact gamma imaging system for scintimammography. These studies were completed with various detector prototypes constructed from pixellated scintillators coupled to various arrays of position sensitive photomultiplier tubes. A 15cm /spl times/ 20cm dual-head prototype system is currently under development that will provide sufficient imaging area for breast imaging studies. The results indicate that the use of two detector heads placed on opposing sides of breast under mild compression substantially improves the lesion contrast regardless of lesion depth in the tissue (especially for small, centrally located lesions). In addition, there is significantly improved lesion signal by using a geometric mean technique, Square Root (Image 1* Image2), to combine the images from the opposing views. In count poor cases, a smoothing kernel was applied prior to image multiplication to reduce high spatial frequency noise.","PeriodicalId":385259,"journal":{"name":"2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120943609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study of the spectroscopic performance of a CdTe microstrip detector","authors":"W. Dusi, N. Auricchio, L. Brigliadori, A. Cola, A. Donati, G. Landini, D. Mengoni, E. Perillo, P. Siffert, G. Ventura","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239362","url":null,"abstract":"A study of the spectroscopic performance of a CdTe detector, equipped with a \"strip anode\" placed between two parallel focusing strips, was carried out. The focusing strips were kept at an intermediate bias voltage with respect to anode and cathode. This configuration increases the intensity and focuses the electric field on the region surrounding the strip anode, thus improving the collection of electrons. The detector was irradiated with a narrow photon beam emitted by a /sup 57/Co source. In the classical configuration, with the photon beam impinging perpendicularly to the cathode plane, the spectroscopic response of this kind of detector looks better than that obtained by the usual \"full anode\" CdTe detectors, mostly as concerns the photopeak efficiency in the 122 keV energy region. Previous measurements carried out on detectors having the same crystal size, but equipped with a full anode, showed a considerable improvement in spectroscopic performance at 122 keV when the photon beam impinged on the detector at almost grazing angle with respect to the cathode surface. Thus a similar set of measurements was carried out on detectors having strip anode configuration in order to verify their behavior in the same experimental conditions. Unfortunately, no spectroscopic improvement seems to occur in this case at large impinging angle.","PeriodicalId":385259,"journal":{"name":"2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record","volume":"334 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121255686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrast enhancement in OSEM reconstruction-2002 IEEE nuclear science symposium and medical imaging conference","authors":"M. Madsen","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239431","url":null,"abstract":"Iterative algorithms offer many advantages over filtered backprojection reconstruction. These include diminishing of streak artifacts, less sensitivity to missing projections and the ability to incorporate accurate corrections for spatial resolution, scatter and attenuation. However, in studies where the count density is relatively high, e.g. F-18 FDG brain studies, more iterations are required to achieve comparable contrast with filtered backprojection reconstructed images. In this paper we present a method for achieving high contrast reconstructed images using an iterative algorithm without increasing the iteration number.","PeriodicalId":385259,"journal":{"name":"2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127264411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of list-mode data acquisition with ECAT EXACT HR positron emission scanner","authors":"H. Watabe, S. Woo, Kyeong-Min Ki, H. Matsuura, K. Matsumoto, P. Bloomfield, H. Iida","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2002.1239485","url":null,"abstract":"Recently list mode (event-by-event) data acquisition with positron emission tomography (PET) has been widely noticed because the list mode acquisition is superior to the conventional frame mode data acquisition in terms of (1) higher efficiency of data storage, (2) higher temporal resolution and (3) higher flexibility of data manipulation. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of list mode data acquisition with ECAT HR and HR + PET scanners(CTI PET Systems). The cylindrical phantom (16 cm diameter and 16 cm long) filled with /sup 11/C solution for HR and /sup 15/O solution for HR+ was scanned several times varying the radioactivity with list mode and frame mode acquisitions. The scans with the septa (2D mode) and without the septa (3D mode) were also carried out in order to evaluate the effect of interplane septa on quality of the list mode data. The acquired list mode data were sorted to sinogram and reconstructed using filtered back-projection algorithm. The count rate performance of the list mode data was comparable to the frame mode data. However list mode acquisition could not be performed if radioactivity in the field-of-view was high (more than 3 mCi for 3D mode) due to lack of transfer speed for sending data from memory to hard disk. 10 replicated data set from one list mode data were generated to estimate the noise in the reconstructed image. The reconstructed images with 3D mode has more than 60% better signal-to-noise ratio compared to the image with 2D mode. Generated file size of list mode was also evaluated. In the case of HR+ with 3D list mode, list mode data with 2.31 MBytes/s for 1mCi injection were generated. Out results suggest that careful attention must be paid for protocol of the list mode data acquisition in order to obtain the highest performance of the PET scanner.","PeriodicalId":385259,"journal":{"name":"2002 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115514033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}