Materials & DesignPub Date : 2025-04-29DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113997
K.A. Abdesselam , S. Gaudez , S. Van Petegem , V. Honkimäki , S. Hallais , L. Cornet , M. Vallet , M.V. Upadhyay
{"title":"Altering microstructure and enhancing mechanical properties during direct energy deposition of Ti-6Al-4V via in-process laser heat treatments","authors":"K.A. Abdesselam , S. Gaudez , S. Van Petegem , V. Honkimäki , S. Hallais , L. Cornet , M. Vallet , M.V. Upadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113997","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113997","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In-process laser-based heat treatments (LHTs) during additive manufacturing are explored as an alternative to post-process heat treatments such as annealing, to alter the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V. Three samples were manufactured via laser-based direct energy deposition with the laser operating at 300 W. One as-built sample without any LHTs served as the reference sample. For the remaining two, each deposited layer was subjected to an additional LHT just after its deposition; LHTs were performed at 100 W for one (LHT100) and 300 W for the other (LHT300) without powder addition. LHT100 showed an overall improvement in the strength/ductility trade-off. Whereas LHT300 resulted in a lower strength but a much higher ductility and toughness than the other two samples. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis of as-built samples revealed an insignificant difference in the bcc (<em>β</em>) and combined hcp (martensite <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>, diffusively formed <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and massively transformed <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) phases between different samples. However, scanning electron microscopy uncovered a significant effect of LHTs in varying the fractions of different hcp phases between samples, which is the main cause behind mechanical property differences. These results demonstrate the significant potential of in-process LHTs to tailor alloy microstructures for achieving desired mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 113997"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Materials & DesignPub Date : 2025-04-29DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114018
Jingruo Chen , Shufen Li , Xiaoting Chen , Tianyi Qu , Ming Chen , Zheng Chai , Weihua Zhuang , Wenchuang (Walter) Hu , Mao Chen
{"title":"M2 macrophage-derived exosome-modified bioprosthetic heart valves with enhanced anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and anticalcification properties","authors":"Jingruo Chen , Shufen Li , Xiaoting Chen , Tianyi Qu , Ming Chen , Zheng Chai , Weihua Zhuang , Wenchuang (Walter) Hu , Mao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glutaraldehyde (Glut) cross-linked bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) have shown great performance in the replacement treatment of severe valvular heart diseases in recent years due to the rapid development of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and the aging population. However, the durability of BHVs suffers from inflammation, limited endothelialization, thrombus formation and calcification during clinical application, which makes it urgently to prolong the service life of BHVs. To this end, we introduced exosomes derived from M2 macrophages to the surface of Glut cross-linked bovine pericardium (Glut-BP) to develop a novel kind of BHVs, namely M2-EXO-BP, to improve the durability of Glut-BP. Compared with Glut-BP, M2-EXO-BP presented significantly improved biocompatibility and endothelialization. Moreover, M2-EXO-BP also reduced the adhesion of platelets and the formation of thrombi during the <em>ex-vivo</em> arterial-venous blood circulation experiment. In addition, calcification of M2-EXO-BP after 60 days of subcutaneous implantation in SD rats was obvious reduced compared with Glut-BP. Importantly, <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> studies confirmed that M2-EXO-BP could efficiently reduce inflammation levels compared with Glut-BP. In summary, these results suggest that BHVs modified with exosomes from M2 macrophages might be an interesting strategy to improve the durability of BHVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 114018"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143904102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Materials & DesignPub Date : 2025-04-28DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114017
Yufeng Shen , Rongyao Ma , Changgang Wang , Rui Li , Jie Huang , Junhua Dong , Dake Xu
{"title":"Influence of Shewanella algae and calcium-magnesium deposit layer on the corrosion mechanism of X80 carbon steel in marine environment","authors":"Yufeng Shen , Rongyao Ma , Changgang Wang , Rui Li , Jie Huang , Junhua Dong , Dake Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the marine environment, the surface of X80 steel under cathodic protection is highly prone to forming a dense calcium-magnesium deposit layer and adsorbing a large amount of <em>Shewanella algae</em> (<em>S. algae</em>), thus facing a severe risk of under-deposit microbial corrosion. This paper investigates the effect of the <em>S. algae</em> and calcium-magnesium deposit layer on the corrosion behavior of X80 steel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS), and electrochemical techniques were utilized. Research findings indicate that the corrosion process was significantly reduced in the presence of <em>S. algae</em> compared to the calcium-magnesium deposit layer. When both coexist, they synergistically inhibit corrosion in the initial stage; however, prolonged immersion leads to the disruption of the calcium-magnesium deposit layer by <em>S. algae</em>’s metabolic activities, eliminating their synergistic inhibitory effect and resulting in a corrosion rate surpassing the media containing only <em>S. algae</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 114017"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Materials & DesignPub Date : 2025-04-28DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114016
Zhuocheng Xu , Xingjian Zhao , Oliver Watts , W. Mark Rainforth , Milo S.P. Shaffer , Sam Holdsworth , Dikai Guan , Qianqian Li
{"title":"Graded SiC reinforced magnesium wires: Towards high throughput composite alloy discovery","authors":"Zhuocheng Xu , Xingjian Zhao , Oliver Watts , W. Mark Rainforth , Milo S.P. Shaffer , Sam Holdsworth , Dikai Guan , Qianqian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-throughput methods can accelerate the development of metal alloys and (nano)composites, both empirically and as input to computational methods. This study introduces a new route to fabricating composite wires with longitudinally varying composition using the byproduct of stationary-shoulder friction stir channelling (SS-FSC); this sample format is attractive for a variety of rapid read-out options in the future. The concept is illustrated by preparing Mg composite wires with a longitudinally graded concentration of SiC-particles. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was used to encode a step-change in SiC concentration within a feedstock billet. Subsequent SS-FSC transformed this discrete compositional step into a continuous, graded extruded wire. Microstructural analysis revealed significant grain refinement from the SPS billet (44.3 ± 2.3 µm) to the SS-FSC wire (7.4 ± 0.5 µm), with even finer grains in SiC-loaded regions (5.1 ± 0.5 µm), attributed to particle-stimulated nucleation. Mechanical characterisation confirmed a hardness increase, from 65.8 ± 1.2 HV3 to 68.9 ± 2.7 HV3 (high SiC-content). This proof-of-concept study confirms the effectiveness of SS-FSC in producing high-quality wires with tailored microstructural and mechanical gradients. Additional compositions could be readily multiplexed in the original billet, providing a robust high-throughput technique for comprehensive structure–property investigations of advanced alloys and composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 114016"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Materials & DesignPub Date : 2025-04-28DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113969
Haochen Li , Bingteng Sun , Lingxin Cao , Xin Yan , Lin Lu
{"title":"A parametric model of joint-enhanced truss lattices with optimization for superior mechanical properties","authors":"Haochen Li , Bingteng Sun , Lingxin Cao , Xin Yan , Lin Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advancements in additive manufacturing have enabled the incorporation of microstructures into macroscopic designs, allowing for tailored mechanical properties. However, conventional truss lattices, despite their simplicity and ease of fabrication, are prone to stress concentrations at joints, leading to fractures and structural failure under high stress. This study introduces Parametric Joint-Enhanced Truss Lattices (PETL), a model designed to redistribute mass around joints, reducing stress concentrations and enhancing both the strength and stiffness of truss structures. By incorporating smoothness parameters, PETL achieves improved stress distribution and mechanical performance while maintaining the original truss skeleton. Seamlessly integrating with level-set optimization, the PETL model supports the design of structures tailored to specific mechanical property requirements. Simulations and physical experiments demonstrate that PETL consistently outperforms traditional truss lattice designs, delivering superior stress distribution, increased stiffness, and enhanced structural strength under equivalent conditions. By expanding the design space of truss lattices, PETL holds significant potential for advancing material and structural performance in additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 113969"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Materials & DesignPub Date : 2025-04-26DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114001
L. García de la Cruz , M. Campos , J.M. Torralba , P. Alvaredo
{"title":"On the fabrication of a FeCrAlMoTiNi multi-principal element alloy by material extrusion additive manufacturing","authors":"L. García de la Cruz , M. Campos , J.M. Torralba , P. Alvaredo","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) are a new paradigm in alloy design with promising applications. Their composition can be tailored to meet specific goals but their final microstructure, and thus properties, highly depends on the chosen processing technique. Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (MEX) provides freedom in geometry selection and maximum use and reuse of the starting materials. It also produces homogeneous and isotropic microstructures with low residual stress. These assets make MEX a great candidate for MPEAs processing, however the research on the microstructures obtained with this technique are lacking. This work concerns the fabrication of a promising FeCrAlMoTiNi MPEA by MEX. An in-depth study on the different stages of this technique has been carried out from the metal/polymer feedstock fabrication and characterization to the optimization of the binder elimination steps, finishing with a study on the effect of sintering temperature on the resulting microstructures. The results show that MEX is a promising candidate to produce highly dense MPEAs parts with homogeneous microstructures and that the sintering temperature selection is key to avoid segregation of elements during fabrication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 114001"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143890633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Materials & DesignPub Date : 2025-04-26DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114006
José David Pérez-Ruiz , Luis Norberto López de Lacalle , Wilmer Velilla-Díaz , Jaime A. Mesa , Gaizka Gómez , Heriberto Maury , Gorka Urbikain , Haizea Gonzalez
{"title":"Evaluating the feasibility of using crystalline patterns induced by PBF-LB to predict strength enhancing orientations","authors":"José David Pérez-Ruiz , Luis Norberto López de Lacalle , Wilmer Velilla-Díaz , Jaime A. Mesa , Gaizka Gómez , Heriberto Maury , Gorka Urbikain , Haizea Gonzalez","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The continuous advancement of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB) has expanded the possibilities of additive manufacturing, particularly in producing complex geometries. A distinctive feature of the PBF-LB process is its capacity to develop crystalline patterns, which can be utilized to predict strength-enhancing orientations of the produced components. This work presents a unified methodology and models for evaluating the feasibility of leveraging these crystalline patterns, alongside material parameters and manufacturing conditions, to predict orientations that enhance the mechanical strength of PBF-LB components. By integrating manufacturing considerations early in the mechanical design process, this framework enables the optimization of component performance through the alignment of stress fields with favorable crystalline orientations. Experimental validation through microstructural characterization and tensile testing in samples manufactured under various orientations and PBF-LB parameters demonstrated that the predicted directions for maximum and minimum mechanical strength accurately corresponded to the evaluated conditions. Notably, the 〈111〉 directions exhibited superior mechanical strength compared to the isotropic material state. This study paves the way for improving mechanical performance and broadening the market potential of PBF-LB, emphasizing its applicability across diverse industries and component types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 114006"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Materials & DesignPub Date : 2025-04-26DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114012
Ava M. Lea , Khaled Matalgah , Arief Yudhanto , Trevor J. Fleck
{"title":"Effect of thermal history on the fracture and fatigue behaviors of semi-crystalline polymers prepared via material extrusion additive manufacturing","authors":"Ava M. Lea , Khaled Matalgah , Arief Yudhanto , Trevor J. Fleck","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing (AM) is transforming the design and production of complex structures, providing reliable on-demand components. However, the effect of thermal history on the resultant microstructure and damage tolerance of MEX-AM materials is not fully understood. This research investigates the critical role of interfacial thermal history, which is dependent on processing conditions, in determining the fracture and fatigue behaviors of semi-crystalline polymers, as exemplified by polyamide-6 (PA-6). Utilizing infrared thermography, the thermal history, and its dependence on nozzle temperature of extruded PA-6, was investigated. Quasi-static and cyclic tests of compact tension specimens were used to evaluate fracture and fatigue performance. The K<sub>IC</sub> in samples produced at a nozzle temperature of 260 °C were 201% and 18% higher than those fabricated at 240 °C and 280 °C, respectively. X-ray computed tomography showed thermal history significantly influences interfacial diffusion and void content, directly affecting performance. Optical microscopy and digital image correlation identified damage mechanisms and examined strain evolution around crack tips, revealing that interfacial thermal history governed crack tip plasticity, impacting the energy release rate. This study establishes a crucial process-structure–property-performance relationship and highlights the damage tolerance of MEX-AM polymers, showcasing their potential for advanced structural applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 114012"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Materials & DesignPub Date : 2025-04-26DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114013
Qiang Bao , Haonan Sui , Bao Wu , Xin-Xin Wang , Qi Zhu , Jian-Li Shao , An-Min He , Pei Wang
{"title":"Near-surface fragmentation in irradiated copper under two successive shock loading: effects of local temperature re-distribution and helium bubble expansion","authors":"Qiang Bao , Haonan Sui , Bao Wu , Xin-Xin Wang , Qi Zhu , Jian-Li Shao , An-Min He , Pei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The underlying physical mechanisms of metal materials associated with the effects of helium bubbles on surface damage under complex shock loading remain mysterious, primarily due to the challenges of observing dynamic evolution <em>in situ</em> and in real time. To address this issue, this study conducts molecular dynamics simulations of copper containing helium bubbles. The results clearly demonstrate that these bubbles lead to more devastating surface fragmentation and enhanced micro-jetting in copper under the double shock loading, and two primary mechanisms governing it in metals with defects are proposed to explain it. On the one hand, helium bubbles expanded due to the release of the first shock wave from the right surface, are collapsed under secondary shock wave, resulting in a local temperature increment and re-distribution. Consequently, the near-surface region of copper containing helium bubbles is more susceptible to melting, which diminishes the binding capacity of the copper matrix to the helium bubbles. On the other hand, the helium bubbles serve as energy storage container under shock loading; the energy absorbed from bubble compression during the shock is subsequently released, accelerating the movement of the microjet and causing severe surface damage through helium bubble expansion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 114013"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Materials & DesignPub Date : 2025-04-26DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114003
Zhiyu Fan , Hui Qi , Runjie Yang , Hao Wu , Yufeng Zhang , Jing Guo
{"title":"The shielding effect of SH wave propagation in porous unidirectional infinite enclosed structure","authors":"Zhiyu Fan , Hui Qi , Runjie Yang , Hao Wu , Yufeng Zhang , Jing Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The wave dynamics within the porous unidirectional infinite enclosed structure involve the coupling of multiple scattering wave fields under complex boundary conditions. With specific frequency bands and structural designs, optimal absorption and shielding effects can be achieved. Currently, there is still a lack of comprehensive theoretical models that can efficiently and accurately analyze the shielding effect. This paper develops an accurate analytical method based on the wave function expansion for analyzing wave shielding in porous structures. Based on the multi-direction cumulative mirroring method, the reflection and scattering problems of shear-horizontal wave (SH wave) propagation at structural and pore boundaries are resolved. Through comprehensive set of visualization analysis steps, the full-domain dynamic wave response is presented. This approach enables quantitative and qualitative analysis of coupled wave amplitude distribution, shielded frequency bands, and shielding coefficients under variations in frequency bands, pore numbers, inter-pore spacing, and structural dimensions. This provides a robust framework for understanding and predicting wave propagation behavior in porous media. In addition, an analytical computing software has been developed for practical engineering applications, which improves the efficiency and accuracy of shielding wave structural optimization design and provides guidance on optimizing absorption and shielding effects of porous structures in practical engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"254 ","pages":"Article 114003"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}