SAE Technical Papers最新文献

{"title":"Machine Learning Approach to Predict Bead Height and Width in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Sample","authors":"Akash Vincent, Harshavardhana Natarajan","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0145","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a type of 3D printing technology which build up layer by layer material using welding to create a finished product. To this extent, we have developed the machine learning approach using the KNN regression model to predict the bead’s height and width of the E71T1 mild steel sample by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). We have conducted a systematic experimental study by varying the process parameters such as Voltage (V), Current (A) and wire feed rate (f), and the corresponding output value: height, and width of the bead are recorded. A total of 195 experiments were conducted, and the corresponding output values were noted. From the experimental data, 80% data was used to train the model, and 20% was used for testing the model. Further, the model’s accuracy was predicted using an independent set of test samples. This approach will enable us to efficiently identify the optimal set of process parameters at a short time duration and reduce the traditional experimental methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Drilling Parameters of Sesbaniarostrata Fiber Reinforced Polycaprolactone Biodegradable Polyester Resin Composites","authors":"K Raja, Karthik A, MS Senthil Kumar, Sampath P S","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0073","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The requirement of the current scenario is to identify the sustainable material and process it into acceptable properties for current applications. The natural fiber is a prime sustainable material having the properties of biodegradability, plenty of availability, economical and adequate physical-mechanical property. Sesbania rostrata fiber is extracted from the stem of Sesbania rostrata plant which is cultivated along with Turmeric plants on 1000 acres annually as a nitrogen fixation plant. The fiber-reinforced composite is a tailor made material by altering the fiber and polymer weight proportion to achieve desired properties for applications. The natural fiber is a promising material to replace synthetic fiber to transform the composite into biodegradable. The making of holes in the biocomposite by the secondary process is essential for the assembly operation. The biocomposite was developed by reinforced Sesbania rostrata fiber in Polycaprolactone (PCL) biopolymer at the weight ratio of 20:80 and the mechanical properties and drilling parameters were investigated. The tensile, flexural and impact strength of the biocomposite was increased by 68%, 28% and 20.6% respectively compared with PCL biopolymer. The biocomposite was drilled by 4 mm at spindle speeds of 300, 750, and 1800 rpm with feed rates of 0.05, 0.12, and 0.25 mm/rev to evaluate the thrust force and delamination properties. The results showed that increasing spindle speed and feed rate resulted in higher thrust force and increased delamination in the composites. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanical properties and drilling behaviour of Sesbania rostrata fiber reinforced Polycaprolactone biodegradable composite and their potential use in various applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Exergy Analysis of CI Engines with Hydrogen Injection for Enhanced Performance","authors":"Praveena V, Deborah Stephen, Rajarajeswari R, Phavan Kumaar J S","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0129","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This study aims to investigate the effect of hydrogen injection on the performance and emissions of a compression ignition (CI) engine running on biodiesel. The tests are performed on a single-cylinder CI engine cooled by water, operating at a consistent speed of 1500 rpm. The torque load range varies from 0.01 kg to 18 kg, and hydrogen injection rates range from 4 litres per minute (lpm) to 10 lpm. The study focuses on evaluating the impact of hydrogen injection on various performance metrics, including exergetic efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and exhaust gas temperature. The findings reveal that hydrogen injection significantly improves the performance of the biodiesel-run CI engine. The highest improvement is observed at a hydrogen injection rate of 10 lpm, which results in a 5% decrease in BSFC, a 6% increase in brake thermal efficiency, and an exergetic efficiency of 25.3%. Furthermore, exergy analysis is conducted to assess the contribution of different components, such as shaft work, cooling water, exhaust gas availability, and entropy generation. The results demonstrate that hydrogen injection can be an effective strategy for enhancing the performance and sustainability of CI engines powered by biodiesel. Overall, this research provides information about the potential advantages of hydrogen injection for CI engines powered by biodiesel. The findings of this study will be useful for future investigations and creation of sustainable engine technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Gearbox Efficiency by Reducing Drag Loss IN Automotive Manual Transmission","authors":"T. Senthil Raja, Barathi Raja K, Aneesh Kumar","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0115","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Internal combustion engine vehicles are major contributors to many environmental and health hazardous emissions and sometimes consume more fuel. New regulations like Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFÉ) norms are coming up and demand lower emissions. Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are committed to bringing various technological advancements in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)powered vehicles to maximize their efficiency. Hence it is important to reduce the loss and improve the fuel economy. This paper explains a new approach methodology used for reducing the gearbox drag by 5- 10 %. This improvement can significantly contribute to the overall efficiency improvement thus carbon footprints of vehicle getting reduced. The following optimization areas are considered for such improvements, <ol class=\"list nostyle\"><li class=\"list-item\"><span class=\"li-label\">1</span><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Deflector @ various locations</div></li><li class=\"list-item\"><span class=\"li-label\">2</span><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Lubrication oil viscosity change</div></li><li class=\"list-item\"><span class=\"li-label\">3</span><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Preload optimized for the benefit of the power/drag loss,</div></li><li class=\"list-item\"><span class=\"li-label\">4</span><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Oil quantity changes to improve the power loss</div></li><li class=\"list-item\"><span class=\"li-label\">5</span><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Top cover introduction helped warm up behavior to reduce the friction loss</div></li></ol></div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Based on the results, it was found that all changes helped to reduce the power loss by 0.7 kW and in addition to that each gear efficiency improved by 2 to 5 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Hollow Glass Microspheres Reinforced Carbon-Epoxy Composite","authors":"Tejasvi K, K. V S Ranga, Gurusideswar S, P. Sundar Singh","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0066","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The uses of fillers in composites are creating new opportunities in the composite industry. Hollow Glass Microspheres (HGM) are Soda-lime-borosilicate glass hollow spheres with thin walls used as low-density filler material which can reduce final part weight by up to 15% or more without compromising the mechanical integrity. Glass bubbles take up 20 times the space of normal mineral filler, lowering the cost per unit volume; hence, the need for weightless and high-strength materials for state-of-the-art engineering applications may be met by HGM reinforced composites. Epoxy being a key structural material for marine, automotive and aerospace applications, is known for its brittle nature, poor mechanical and thermal properties and to date, not much work has been done on hollow glass microspheres reinforced carbon epoxy composites, however few systematic studies showing the influence of reinforcements on mechanical and thermal properties of carbon epoxy/HGM composites were conducted. Moreover research on Carbon/Epoxy - Hollow Glass Microsphere composites is limited, this study focuses on it. To study the ramification of low density fillers on physical, thermal and mechanical properties of composites, laminates with Epoxy resin and Carbon fiber reinforcement along with various percentages of the HGM’s 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 wt. % were fabricated using a 3-axis filament winding machine and cured. The test specimens were cut according to ASTM standard from the unidirectional laminated sheets. The microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties of CE/HGM composites was studied by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and tensile experiment. Microscopic observation indicated agglomerations and some HGM particles stop participating. This restricted the CE/HGM matrix stress transfer and reduced the tensile strength of the composites and also reduced the adhesion interface between the filler and the matrix thereby resulting in low flexural strength. The results indicated that the density decreased with the HGMs content increasing. Hence it can be concluded that, although raw HGM’s were used without any modification, the HGM’s play an far-reaching role in improving the Carbon-Epoxy composites properties, thus showing the suitability of CE/HGM composites as an promising material for defence, aerospace, automobile, applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and Analysis of Motorcycle Assembly for Dynamic Investigation","authors":"Akash Prajapati, Lokavarapu Bhaskara Rao","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0117","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">“The purpose of this study is to explore the structural behavior of motorcycle frames that are fabricated from metals such as steel and aluminum, and that are welded together to generate beams. The components of the wheel, handlebar, and saddle are assembled together to form the chassis of the bicycle. For the purpose of determining modal characteristics such natural frequencies and mode shapes, two different analytical approaches, namely finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental modal analysis (EMA), were utilized. The framework of the chassis was design in 3D using CAD software to carry out the FEA, and after specifying the meshing type and material parameters, normal mode analysis was carried out. To contrast modal characteristics with FEA results, EMA utilized impact hammer testing with a roving accelerometer approach. The study discovered differences between the two methods, which were effectively minimized to less than 10% by carrying out a model, update technique to increase the FEA model's precision. According to the results, model updating can help reduce differences between EMA and FEA and increase the accuracy of FEA models that are impacted by modeling difficulties and predictions of material characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation on Biogas Operated Electric Vehicle Charging Station","authors":"Sadhasivam Deepan Kumar, Murugan PC, Jayakrishnan S, M U Arun, Naveen L, Poomani R","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0178","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Biogas is developing as a possible replacement for fossil fuels as the globe shifts to sustainable energy sources. Organic waste, including food waste, agricultural waste, and sewage, decomposes to produce biogas. Biogas is a fuel that can be used to create electricity, heat homes, and power vehicles. The popularity of electric cars (EVs) is rising as a result of their zero emissions. EVs and biogas can work together to create a sustainable transportation option. The viability of EV charging stations powered by biogas is the main topic of this techno-economic inquiry. The study involves the evaluation of the technical and economic elements of the proposed system. The technical aspects cover power generation, the EV charging system, the biogas storage system, the biogas production process, and the biogas purification process. The capital cost, operating cost, and revenue from the charging station are all considered economic factors. The collection and processing of organic waste is a step in the creation of biogas. Impurities from the biogas are removed during the purification process, including carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. The compressed version of the purified biogas is next stored in a storage system before being used to power a biogas generator. EVs are charged using the electricity generated. The economic study of the proposed system covers the capital cost, which includes the cost of equipment, installation, and site purchase. The cost of producing biogas, producing power, and performing maintenance are all included in the operational cost. The revenue earned from the charging station comprises the income generated from charging EVs. According to the study, an EV charging station powered by biogas is a workable option for sustainable transportation. Due to the high cost of equipment and installation, the system has a high capital cost. But so far, because power and biogas production are inexpensive, the system has low operational costs. Over time, the charging station's revenue may yield a return on investment. In order to increase system efficiency and lower system costs, the study suggests additional research on the optimization of the biogas production process, the biogas purification process, and the power generation system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moisture Induced Mechanical Characterization of Composite through Numerical Simulation","authors":"N Rino Nelson","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0092","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Composite materials find extensive applications in numerous fields, including mechanical components, which are often subjected to varying climatic conditions. Due to the contrasting conditions, there is a difference in the external loadings, leading to the transfer of air, heat, and moisture between the environments. Here, the study is done to model the moisture-based diffusion in order to predict the output beforehand so that necessary precautions can be taken before it fails. The study primarily investigates the heat and moisture-based absorption behavior of composite materials. The Representative Volume Element (RVE) approach is chosen, which enables the simulation of the behavior of the composite at a microscale level, giving insights into the micromechanics and analyzing the material absorption behavior of moisture. The FEA approach for the same is carried out using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The required RVE of the composite is modeled, and the effect of fiber volume fraction on the hygroscopic swelling, followed by the effect on its properties, is derived. Subsequently, the mechanical characterization of the material is performed. The composite model is run through a moisture-based environmental condition, as in the previous case to evaluate the effects of moisture on the strength of the composite material. The material exposed to the moisture environment showed water uptake. The increase in water uptake causes a decrease in the strength of the material compared to the material with no exposure to moisture. The study focuses on the relationship between the composite’s moisture content and its mechanical characteristics, which can be helpful for the responsible modeling of components in the required environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 18","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Control Techniques for Electric Vehicle with PMSM Motor Drives for Voltage Selection Techniques and Torque-Flux Mitigation","authors":"Nisha Rexline R, Rajarajeswari R","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0105","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The fast dynamic response is a vital requisite for the operation of automotive drives. Various control schemes for electric vehicles (EV) have been proposed over time, and vector control is one of the popular techniques among them. Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Model Predictive Current Control (MPCC) were some of the vector control methods analyzed for their ripples in flux and torque, which in turn affect the performance of the EV is discussed in this paper. The DTC method uses the predefined voltage vector (VV) table to decide the Active voltage vector adjacent to the reference voltage vector from the table; this can also improve the flux response and torque ripple. Furthermore, the switching frequency reduction can be made by incorporating the null voltage vector in the switching sequence. The MPCC is employed for the PMSM machine model to reduce the error between the assumed reference and predicted value using the cost function by choosing one optimum vector. A modified MPCC technique is used in the paper, where two voltage vectors are applied in a single sample interval. This is used to improve the steady-state performance of the system. Based on specific scenarios, a comparison of modified MPCC and DTC techniques is made for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The PMSM has good dynamic performance and power density, suitable for EV applications. The simulation results are used to compare the effectiveness of both methods for their torque and flux mitigation, and their comparisons are presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppression of B-Field &amp; E-Field Effects on Resolver due to Overhang Components in Traction Motor Applications","authors":"Yedukondalu Kondaveeti, Reddy Venkata Krishna, Aswin Uvaraj Ganesan, Jagadish Panchada","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0091","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is a favorite choice for traction applications because of their high power-to-weight ratio, torque-to-current ratio, high efficiency. In PMSM motors to perform the electronic commutation, resolvers are required to detect the rotor position. Resolvers are placed nearer to the end windings of the stator by considering the Mechanical Assembly and interfacing aspects. In high-power traction applications, due to higher current, there will be a significant influence of electric fields (E-fields) and electromagnetic fields (B-fields) on the rotor position sensor due to overhang components. The magnetic field induced by end-winding changes the excitation field, the magnitude of which decides the rotor angular position. This distortion of the excitation field will impact the sensing position and performance of the resolver. Analytical equations discussed in this paper also highlight that the machine output torque decreases with position error at higher speeds. The magnetic field in the overhang components of the winding is noticeably three-dimensional. In this research study, a 3D finite element simulation is performed to examine and suppress the impact of the B-fields and E-fields. In this approach, the influence of E-fields and B-fields is determined in radial and axial directions by creating planes. From this approach, shielding is provided for the resolver, due to that the effects of B and E-fields are suppressed by 88-95%. Due to the suppression, the resolver can deliver a precise rotor angular position for the motor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}