SAE Technical Papers最新文献

{"title":"Design and Fabrication of FDM Adapter Head Setup for CNC Milling Machine","authors":"Sadhasivam Deepan Kumar, Balakrishnan S, Sathiskumar Saminathan, V Arun Raj, Sivaji Dhayaneethi, Soundrapandian E, B Veath Prakash","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0081","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The 3D printing technology is an Additive Manufacturing process which is capable of producing the complex shapes. At present there is no other technologies integrating the 3D printing and the CNC machine, thus we adapting a new design of 3D printing setup for CNC machine with some special feature as extruder, it is based on the Fusion Deposition Modelling (FDM) process with the help of the parts like Extruder, Heat Bed, Arduino boards where we are going to design a head of the printer which is to be attached with the BT40 commonly used Tool holder for the CNC milling machines. This extruder plays a vital role in this CNC milling machine for producing 3D printed components of different material and different colour. And this setup is capable of printing high resolution and complex shapes with different material and different colour by means of the heated filament. The post processing process like milling and surface finish can also be done by the CNC Machine. This setup is cost effective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the Performance of DOC and SCR After-Treatment Devices Using Statistical Techniques and Heating Strategies","authors":"Praveena V, Rajarajeswari R, Deborah Stephen","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0128","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Exhaust gas emissions from compression ignition engines are the most hazardous contaminants to human beings as well as the atmosphere. This research work contributes to develop a combined technology that targets the reduction in HC, CO, smoke and NOx emissions collectively without any modification in engine fuel or injection strategy. Slight changes in the exhaust after- treatment system will help in meeting the goal of reduced standards. DOC and SCR devices fitted at the exhaust gas pipe reduces CO, HC, smoke, and NOx emissions produced by the CI engine. A combination of aluminum oxide- cerium oxide and iron oxide are used as SCR and DOC catalysts, whose preparation is done by impregnation method and their performance is tested on a SCR+DOC bed. The injection of aqueous urea solution is varied from 200 ml to 600 ml by intervals of 200 ml at different load conditions. Response parameters for various experiments are predicted using response surface methodology. Utilizing this novel combination of catalysts shows a reduction of 2.6% in CO, 2.2% in HC and 73.2% in NOx emissions. To enable the regeneration of catalysts, a heating strategy is implemented. This helps in replenishing the SCR and DOC bed which gets affected by repeated usage for a continuous period of time. The catalyst light-off temperature is reduced which overcomes the difficulty of operation in cold regions. A significant improvement in the after-treatment system is noticed by electrically heating the catalyst with an electrical power of 400 W. CO and HC emissions are reduced by 12.2% and 2.1% respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Investigation of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Characteristics Fuelled with Ternary Blends and Additive as Ethanol","authors":"Selvan P, Sudalaiyandi Kandasamy, Jones Joseph Jebaraj Dharmaraj","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0125","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This study aims to examine the effectiveness and environmental impact of using linseed and jatropha oil as biodiesels in combination with diesel. These oils were transformed through a process called trans-esterification, and three blends of ethanol, biodiesel, and diesel were prepared in E10-B20, E15-B20, and E20-B20 configurations. Ethanol was added to improve the combustion properties. The performance of these novel blends was tested in a computerized single-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine to measure brake power and emissions. It was found that the ternary biodiesel mixtures produced lower NO_x and CO emissions than regular diesel fuel. In terms of performance, the E10-B20 blend reduced brake-specific fuel consumption and increased brake thermal efficiency by 6.1% to diesel. The E15-B20 blend showed a significant reduction of about 50% in unburnt hydrocarbons when compared to regular diesel at heavy load conditions. Additionally, the NOx value also decreased by 28.15% compared to the E15-B20 blend with regular diesel at heavy load conditions. These ternary blends have superior emission characteristics while maintaining comparable performance, making their use highly recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Investigation of Automatic Trash Collecting Machine for Industry","authors":"Balamurugan R, V Sudhir Kumar, Thejasree Pasupuleti, Sadhasivam Deepan Kumar","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0179","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Scrap collection from any location is handled with mortal interference in several places and companies which may be extremely harmful or even dangerous to humanity. The demand for robotization has risen rapidly in recent years, owing to cutting-edge technologies that minimize manpower and threat-taking training directly or indirectly. The main objective of the paper is to study, analyze, investigate the main contribution of waste collecting by workers while cleaning in the Mechanical Industry. In order to ensure the safety of the workers during cleaning we had implemented the Automatic Trash Collecting Machine in the industry. For Fabricating the Trash collecting Machine first we had analyzed the problem in the industry and then we had started the free hand sketch of Trash Collecting Machine. Then the design work of Automatic Trash Collecting Machine is done in the modeling software Catia V5. Then the material selection for our model has been done. We had taken the mild steel for the frame, 4 motors for the conveyor and the movement of the vehicle and a movable trash bin for the disposal of waste and a karcher brush for collecting the waste. Then for the Automatic motion we had used Node mc, IoT and the coding part has done for the model. Then the fabrication work for our model is done and finally the testing part for our model in the industry is demonstrated. After the implementation of the model in the industry the safety of the workers while cleaning has greatly increased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Hybrid Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite Material for Automotive Applications","authors":"Devaiah Malkapuram","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0131","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Industrialization concerns are stimulating research in development of new materials for automotive industries. Natural fibers which are available abundantly can be extracted naturally from environment. Preventing further pollutants on environment from depleting dwindling wood resources from forests and earth surface.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Natural fibers are derived from renewable sources, making them environmentally friendly. Their use in composites reduces dependence on non-renewable resources and helps lower the carbon footprint of automobiles. Natural fibers, such as hemp, jute, and flax are lightweight materials. By incorporating them into polymer composites, the overall weight of automobile components can be reduced, leading to improved fuel efficiency and lower emissions. Natural fibers are generally less expensive than synthetic fibers, incorporating natural fibers into polymer composites can help reduce material costs in automobile manufacturing. Natural fiber polymer composites can be recycled at the end of their life cycle, contributing to a more sustainable automotive industry.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In this project work, we have opted Hemp and Short carbon as fiber composite and prepared three composites of Hemp, Short Carbon and hybrid composite of both fibers. The composites are prepared by employing Hand Lay-up technique and evaluated the Density, Water Absorption Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength of the Hemp, Short Carbon and Hemp/Short Carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigational Analysis on Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of Aluminium Based Composites by Taguchi’s Method","authors":"Manikandan Natarajan, Thejasree Pasupuleti, V Kumar, Jothi Kiruthika, R Silambarasan, PC Krishnamachary","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0075","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">A wide range of engineering domains, such as aeronautical, automobiles, and marine, rely on the use of Metal Matrix Composites (MMC). Due to the excellent properties, such as hardness and strength, Aluminum base MMC are generally adopted in various uses. Due to the increasing number of reinforcement materials being added to the MMC, its properties are expected to improve. In this exploratory analysis, an effort was given to develop a new aluminium-based MMC. The analysis of the machinability of the composite was also performed. The process of creating a new MMC using a stir casting technique was carried out. It resulted in a better and more reinforced composite than its base materials. The reinforcement materials were fabricated using different weight combinations and process parameters, such as the temperature and duration required to stir. Due to the improved properties of the composite, the traditional machining method is not feasible for machining of these materials. Wire Electro-Discharge Machining (WEDM) is commonly used for machining harder materials and especially for making intricate shapes. The machining has been performed through the use of pulse on, a pulse off, and an applied current. The experiments conducted under the supervision of Taguchi are designed to be performed according to the specified parameters and outputs. These variables are considered to be important in improving the performance of the process. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been adopted to examine the significance of the various factors on the preferred output. The results of this study can help the manufacturer improve the performance of the WEDM process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing Electric Mobility: The Latest Breakthroughs in Tyre Design","authors":"Jeyakumar Krishnakumar, Jaiganesh Subbian, Midhunkrishna C S","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0056","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">The increasing demand for electric mobility has brought about significant advancements in tyre design. This paper covers the latest developments in tyre design that cater specifically to the needs of electric vehicles (EVs). EVs have unique performance characteristics that place greater emphasis on tyre requirements like High traction, Wear resistance, Low Cavity &amp;amp; pattern noise, Low Rolling resistance and High load carrying capacity. Hence, the tyre manufacturers have been working relentlessly to create advanced designs that can meet these requirements.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This paper will cover various aspects of tyre design, including tyre cavity, tread patterns, sidewall design, compound &amp;amp; reinforcement design, and various construction techniques. The tyre cavity and tread pattern play a crucial role in the overall performance of an EV. The new tyre cavity with flat tread and adaptive tread pattern are optimized to provide low rolling resistance, pattern noise reduction and enhanced dry and wet traction. Additionally, the use of advanced materials such as high-performance functionalized polymers and high tenacity reinforcements has led to the creation of low rolling resistance, lightweight and durable tyres that can withstand high power, acceleration, and braking torque on driving wheels of EVs. Furthermore, the construction techniques of EV tyres have also seen significant improvements for durability to handle heavy battery packs. In addition, this paper also highlights various enabling technology like the use of foam technology for cavity noise reduction and Sealant technology for Extended mobility.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In conclusion, this paper showcases the recent advancements in tyre design for EVs. The advancements in tyre design have enabled tyre manufacturers to create bespoke designs that cater to the specific needs of each EV model. These developments are crucial in promoting the adoption of electric mobility and improving the overall driving experience for EV users.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":"21 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135091418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical Control Cable Modeling and Simulation to Predict the Load Loss and Deformation","authors":"Prasanna Balaji Subbaiyan, Balaramakrishna Nizampatnam, Dinesh Redkar, Anand Sathusundarsingh, Balakrishnan Muniappan","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0168","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Mechanical control cables or Bowden cables are widely used in various applications for push-pull actions of mechanical systems. In mid-segment tractors, the linkage systems are designed along with control cables to actuate controls such as throttle, braking, transmission shift, position control, etc. due to its design flexibility. Output force and travel efficiency are two major performance parameters that depend on the routing, cable design composition, friction material, load transfer, etc. Virtual simulations can be used to predict cable performance and efficiency. There are different methodologies currently used to model the cable. These available methods can accurately predict either performance or travel efficiency. There is no method available in-house to predict both these parameters.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">In this paper, a new cable modeling method is proposed by authors using multi-body simulation (MBS) software MSC ADAMS. Outer composite cable sheath and translating wire are modeled using flex-body model neutral file (*mnf) generated from Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software ABAQUS. These flex-bodies are uniquely connected to represent the entire cable. This modeling method is used for predicting cable performance.</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">To validate this method, the U-Bend test and tractor-level tests are performed to study cable force and travel on input and output ends. The correlation between measured and virtual simulation results is above 85%. This method can be used to model and analyze cable efficiency and performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling of an IPMSM Drive and Investigation of the Torque Ripple and THD with SVPWM and SPWM","authors":"Sabarinathan Sannasi, Venkata Dhanababu Govvala, Markus Deutel","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0090","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Electric vehicles (EV) require an electric motor with a better power density, greater efficiency, a wide constant power area, ease of control, and low costs. A real time control adapted electric motor design is necessary to meet these criteria. In this work, interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) design was created from Ansys rotating machine expert and 2D model was developed in Ansys Maxwell based on various design parameters for the rotor and stator configuration, and the electromagnetic (EM) simulations are carried out in accordance with the essential required EV characteristics. Using Ansys Twin Builder, a model was made for the drive circuit, proportional integral (PI) speed controller, speed references, rotor position detection, and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) / sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) are used. This method demonstrates the investigation of the torque ripple and total hormonic distortion (THD) and shows the influence of SVPWM and SPWM techniques on torque ripple and THD. To realistically reflect the performance of the drive, coupled simulation of the IPMSM motor and drive with vector control system is used to analyze the IPMSM drive system through Ansys maxwell and Ansys Twin Builder environment during EM analysis. The simulation outcomes demonstrate the high feasibility of motor design and control strategy, that delivers the intended result and quick response with minimal torque ripple and distortion. According to the simulation findings at 10kHz, SVPWM technique has torque ripple 12.4% and THD in the input current and voltage to the motor are 4.0 and 38.4% respectively. But SPWM has torque ripple 28.5% and input current and voltage THD are 6.8 and 42.6% respectively. Investigation shows SVPWM method is more practical and effective for producing sine waves that deliver higher voltage and current to the load with minimal torque ripple and harmonic distortion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Silicon Carbide Dispersed Steel Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Process","authors":"Harshavardhana Natarajan, Akash Vincent","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0126","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">High-strength steel has several industrial applications such as automobile, tool and die, construction industries etc. However, it is challenging to achieve it. Various strengthening mechanisms, such as dispersion strengthening, alloying, grain boundary strengthening etc., plays a vital role in deciding the properties of the steel. At the industrial level, high-strength steel is produced by adding alloying elements such as Tungsten, Chromium, and Molybdenum in the steel matrix, increasing the high-strength steel cost. On the other hand, Wire Arc Additive manufacturing (WAAM) can produce dispersion strengthening in steel to mimic the properties of a high-strength steel matrix. The WAAM is a relatively low-cost additive manufacturing technology which uses a welding process to build up layers of material to fabricate the finished product. We have dispersed hard silicon carbide (SiC) particles in the mild steel matrix using the WAAM process in this work. SiC-dispersed steel's hardness is 28% higher than mild steel samples prepared by the WAAM process. The SEM micrograph shows the presence of dispersion of SiC in the steel matrix, which increases hardness compared to mild steel samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}