Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre最新文献

{"title":"Synbiotic administration improves systemic and vascular alterations in rats with experimental microsurgical extrahepatic cholestasis: role of perivascular mesenteric innervation","authors":"Pablo Méndez-Albiñana ,&nbsp;Laia Cros-Brunsó ,&nbsp;Raquel Rodrigues-Díez ,&nbsp;Pilar Rodríguez-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Luis Santamaría ,&nbsp;Ana Muñoz-Labrador ,&nbsp;Teresa Requena ,&nbsp;Laura Casani ,&nbsp;Francisco Félix Caballero ,&nbsp;Ma Isabel Prieto-Nieto ,&nbsp;Mar Villamiel ,&nbsp;Javier Blanco-Rivero","doi":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liver cholestasis is marked by bile acid accumulation in the liver, along with renal issues, portal hypertension, and altered circulation. Previous studies suggest that synbiotics may improve systemic and hemodynamic conditions in liver diseases. This study investigated the effects of a commercial synbiotic on gut microbiota, liver and kidney function, and vascular changes in a cholestatic rat model, focusing on nerve functions in the superior mesenteric arteries. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Sham-operated, Cholestatic, and Cholestatic supplemented with a synbiotic for 3 weeks, following an initial 3-week postsurgical recovery period for model establishment. The synbiotic did not significantly alter gut microbiota composition, but reduced endotoxemia and increased butyric, acetic, and propionic acid levels. It improved, but did not fully reverse, liver and renal damage. In the synbiotic group, systolic blood pressure normalized to values similar to sham-operated animals, and mesenteric artery vasoconstriction increased in response to electric field stimulation. Although the vasomotor response to noradrenaline (NA) remained unchanged, NA release was higher (P &lt; 0.05), indicating increased sympathetic activity due to symbiotic administration. Nitric oxide (NO) response did not change, but neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression and NO release increased after symbiotic supplementation (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels and function were reduced by synbiotics to control values (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, synbiotic administration improved systemic, hepatic, renal, and vascular alterations associated with cholestasis in rats, suggesting that microbiota-directed therapies may represent a promising approach to mitigate complications of liver disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38299,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100505"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demonstrating the effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) cold plasma technology on physicochemical and functional properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)","authors":"Srutee Rout ,&nbsp;Harsh B. Jadhav ,&nbsp;Suraj P. Kahar ,&nbsp;Uday S. Annapure","doi":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work quantitatively evaluates the modification of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) cold plasma (CP) at 170–230 V for 5–15 min in terms of physicochemical and functional characteristics. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy proved depolymerization, where the hydroxyl band intensity at 3400 cm⁻¹ was 15–20 % higher after the treatment. Surface roughness increased by 25–30 %, decreasing flow properties (Hausner's index from 1.11 to 1.65, Carr's index from 0.21 to 0.42). Water absorption capacity (WAC) rose from 2.34 to 4.997 g/g, and oil holding capacity (OHC) from 1.5 to 1.997 g/g due to a 6–13 % loss in crystallinity (e.g., 60.4 %–56.8 % at 170 V/15 min). Reducing sugars augmented from 0.07 to 1.62 g glucose/g CMC, while pH (6.65–7.11) and water activity (0.497–0.552) were unchanged. With glycosidic bond cleavage, 65 % (peak viscosity from 949.5 to 330.2 N s/m²) reduction was observed at 230 V/15 min. SEM analysis confirmed 20–25 % surface fissures, increasing solvent interactions. Despite scale-up issues, these observations place CP as a green approach for functional improvements in CMC for food, pharmaceutical, and packaging applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38299,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100504"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable biomaterials: Sepia prashadi cuttlebone derived phosphorylated chitosan for oral healthcare","authors":"Padmanaban Anandam ,&nbsp;Yagniyasree Manogaran ,&nbsp;Pasiyappazham Ramasamy","doi":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphorylated chitosan indicate potential as a therapy for dental infections, which can be the underlying cause of many dental problems. This study aims to synthesize and characterize phosphorylated chitosan derived from cuttlebone and investigate the impact of different quantities on the growth inhibition of oral pathogenic agents that cause disorders, including <em>Streptococcus mutans</em>, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, <em>E. coli</em>, and <em>Candida tropicalis</em>. The chitin as well as chitosan were extracted from a sample of <em>Sepia prashadi</em> using its cuttlebone. The next stage involved phosphorylating chitosan, which resulted in chitosan derivatives. The antimicrobial effects of phosphorylated chitosan were subsequently evaluated with the well diffusion method. Following that, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were used to analyze and evaluate it. Using the well-diffusion method to test antimicrobial effectiveness, phosphorylated chitosan were found to be an extremely potent antimicrobial substance. This study successfully made phosphorylated chitosan from <em>Sepia prashadi</em> cuttlebone, which were then shown to be effective against bacterial and fungal infections in patients. Quantity strongly influences the antimicrobial activity of phosphorylated chitosan, with higher concentrations demonstrating more effective inhibitory actions. According to these outcomes, chitosan derivatives have promise as a component in medicinal treatments targeting clinical bacteria. The research findings indicate the potential use of <em>Sepia prashadi</em> cuttlebones as a unique biological antimicrobial agent in medicinal applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38299,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the stability and bioactivity of coconut milk emulsions through pandan and betel essential oil incorporation","authors":"Dharishny Rames,&nbsp;Uthumporn Utra,&nbsp;Abdorreza Mohammadi Nafchi,&nbsp;Nor Shariffa Yussof","doi":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100508","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coconut milk is valued for its nutrition and texture, yet its stability and bioactivity when enriched with essential oils (EOs) remain largely unexplored. This study investigates the impact of incorporating betel (<em>Piper betel</em> L.) and pandan (<em>Pandanus amaryllifolius</em> Roxb.) EOs on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and stability of coconut milk emulsions. EO-enriched emulsions were prepared using ultrasonication (80 % amplitude, 1.0 cycle, 5 min) with Tween 80 as the emulsifier and subsequently characterized. Among all samples, betel EO-enriched coconut milk (BEO-CM) exhibited the highest stability, showing no phase separation, and the smallest particle size (126.57 nm) with the lowest polydispersity index (PDI). The emulsion also showed the strongest antioxidant activities, with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of (95.07 %), total phenolic content (TPC) of (1081.78 mg GAE/L) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of (184.56 mg QE/L). The incorporation of EOs affected the color, pH, and viscosity of coconut milk, with BEO-CM exhibiting the highest lightness along with the highest pH and viscosity. Notably, both betel EO and pandan EO significantly reduced microbial counts in coconut milk, with BEO-CM exhibiting the lowest yeast (3.56 ± 0.02 log CFU/mL) and mold (1.18 ± 0.20 log CFU/mL) count, confirming its superior antifungal activity. These results demonstrate the potential of EO-based emulsions, especially those formulated with BEO, to enhance both the physical stability and functional quality of coconut milk, supporting their application in the development of antioxidant and antimicrobial-enriched food systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38299,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100508"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of prebiotic supplementation on the production of fermented sugarcane juice with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus","authors":"Swee Chin Chun,&nbsp;Wei Qi Tan,&nbsp;Wee Sim Choo","doi":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the effect of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin supplementation on the production of fermented sugarcane juice with <em>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</em> ATCC 8014 or <em>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</em> ATCC 7469 and during refrigerated storage at 4 °C for two weeks. Sugarcane juice was fermented using <em>L. plantarum</em> for 7.5 h and <em>L</em>. <em>rhamnosus</em> for 8.5 h. The viability of <em>L. plantarum</em> and <em>L</em>. <em>rhamnosus</em> was 8 log CFU/mL, both exceeding the recommended 7 log CFU/mL threshold post-fermentation and during refrigerated storage. Supplementation with 1 % inulin significantly improved the viability of <em>L</em>. <em>rhamnosus</em> post-fermentation and after the first week of refrigerated storage, whereas 2 % inulin supplementation significantly improved the viability of <em>L</em>. <em>rhamnosus</em> after the first week of refrigerated storage. However, prebiotic supplementation did not show a significant enhancement of the viability of <em>L</em>. <em>plantarum</em>. A decline in pH was observed post-fermentation and after the first week of refrigerated storage in fermented sugarcane juice. The physicochemical characteristics of fermented sugarcane juices, like pH, total soluble solids, and clarity, remained stable post-fermentation and during refrigerated storage. Distinct total colour changes (ΔE &gt; 3) were observed in fermented sugarcane juice during refrigerated storage. Lactic acid concentration decreased in fermented sugarcane juice post-fermentation and during refrigerated storage, while trans-aconitic acid concentration remained constant in most of the samples. The glucose, fructose, and sucrose concentrations in fermented sugarcane juice varied post-fermentation and during refrigerated storage. This study demonstrated novel probiotic–prebiotic combinations in fermented sugarcane juice formulation and supports future applications of fermented sugarcane juice in functional food and nutraceutical markets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38299,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100500"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative insights into carbohydrate-coated gold nanoparticle-based drug delivery vehicles for QSAR advancement: Calorimetric and mechanistic studies","authors":"Vishakha Choudhary,&nbsp;Aditi Pandey,&nbsp;Bhawna Sharma,&nbsp;Achal Mukhija","doi":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis is essential for the development of effective drug delivery vehicles in the era of Artificial Intelligence (AI). To develop this QSAR, carbohydrates with different structural features have been used to coat and make biocompatible gold nanoparticles. These carbohydrate-coated gold nanoparticles have been synthesized by chemical reduction method and characterized by UV–vis, FT-IR, DLS, and SEM techniques. For quantitative study, the interaction of these nanoparticles has been studied with biological interfaces (protein and DNA) and their structural features have correlated with thermodynamic parameters; binding constant, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy obtained from calorimetry and fluorescence technique. To elucidate the effect of coating of carbohydrates on gold nanoparticles, interaction studies have also been done with pure carbohydrates and compared with carbohydrate-coated gold nanoparticles. For activity-relationship, these quantitative parameters have been correlated with the therapeutic efficiency of these nanoparticles in terms of drug loading and drug release studies with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) drugs. The results suggest the importance of the CHO functional group and also the number of monomeric units in interaction studies and therapeutic efficiency. Energetics of interaction correlated with physical characteristics of different carbohydrates develop the structure-activity relationship, which assists in the development of highly effective AI-based future drug delivery vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38299,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100484"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzymatic synthesis of analogous human milk oligosaccharide and its prebiotic attributes","authors":"Jayashree Niharika,&nbsp;Bhoomi Italiya,&nbsp;Ravindra Pal Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant component of human milk and deliver a myriad of benefits to infants including inhibiting the growth of pathogens and promoting the population of <em>Bifidobacterium</em>. In this study, glycoside hydrolase family 94 (GH94) member cellodextrin phosphorylase (CDP) has been used to synthesize a trisaccharide (Gal-β-1,4-Gal-β-1,4-Glc) in milligrams by transferring a galactose unit on cellobiose that mimics the primary building block of HMOs. Previous study of saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that the phosphate group of glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) makes hydrogen bonds with the side chain of H817, R486 and S889, and the backbone of G890, as well as a salt bridge with R486. We employed site-directed mutagenesis to determine the roles of these residues in synthesizing analogue HMO using galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P). We did alanine scanning of these residues and found that mutation of R486A and G890A residues led to enzyme inactivation. Whilst mutation in H817A and S889A residues led to decreased enzymatic activity. These results further suggested that Gal-1-P bound at the donor site similar to a cognate donor (Glc-1-P). Using the native CDP, 40 mg of analogue HMO trisaccharide was produced with a 66 % yield. The product was well purified and analytically characterized. This trisaccharide is found to support the growth of probiotic bacteria such as <em>Bifidobacterium longum, Roseburia faecis,</em> and <em>Blautia producta</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38299,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of pectinase immobilized by encapsulation and entrapment and their effect on papaya juice clarification","authors":"Laishram Bhaktaraj Singh,&nbsp;Bhaskar Jyoti Kalita,&nbsp;Nandan Sit","doi":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work explores the immobilization of pectinase through two methods: encapsulation in calcium alginate beads and matrix entrapment in agar cubes and evaluates their effectiveness in clarifying papaya juice compared to free pectinase. An immobilization efficiency of 72.59 ± 2.41 % for 2 % sodium alginate and 91.28 ± 3.62 % for 2 % agar were found to be the best. Optimal enzymatic activity for free pectinase was obtained at 40 °C and pH 6.0, and for both immobilized pectinase at 50 °C. The optimal pH was pH 8.0 for calcium alginate bead-encapsulated pectinase and pH 4.0 for agar cube-entrapped pectinase. The kinetic parameters for free pectinase, encapsulated pectinase and entrapped pectinase were K_m of 25.11 mg/mL, 16.29 mg/mL and 16.00 mg/mL and V_max of 4.57 μmol/mL/min, 2.79 μmol/mL/min and 1.92 μmol/mL/min respectively. The encapsulated pectinase and entrapped pectinase were reused for 5 cycles with 50.55 % and 80.03 % residual activity and remained stable for 15 days. In the application for papaya juice clarification tests, agar-entrapped pectinase significantly improved optical density and reduced viscosity, achieving the best results among the tested pectinase preparations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38299,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100489"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144771880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of synbiotic gels from wheat arabinoxylans and probiotics and their incorporation in gelatin-based applications","authors":"Candela Paesani ,&nbsp;Julián A. Galar ,&nbsp;Malena Moiraghi ,&nbsp;M. Soledad López ,&nbsp;Emiliano J. Salvucci ,&nbsp;Gabriela T. Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arabinoxylans, found in wheat, are a dietary fiber with prebiotic potential contributing to antioxidant activity and could form protective gels. Probiotic strains like <em>Bifidobacterium longum</em> subsp. <em>longum</em> and <em>Limosilactobacillus reuteri</em> enhance health benefits and synbiotics, which combine prebiotics and probiotics, could offer synergistic effects. In this study, we developed synbiotic gels using total (T-AX) and water-extractable arabinoxylans (WE-AX) alongside the probiotic strains <em>L. reuteri</em> and <em>B. longum</em> subsp. <em>longum</em>. These gels retained antioxidant capacity and probiotic viability after <em>in vitro</em> digestion, suggesting that probiotics can reach the gut active and viable, working together with prebiotics and antioxidants. When incorporated into gelatine, <em>L. reuteri</em> maintained viability for 21 days at 4 °C, showing potential for consumer applications. The gelatin's texture and pH met regulatory standards, though further optimization is needed. These findings support the creation of a functional food that combines prebiotics, probiotics, and antioxidants, offering enhanced health benefits over individual components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38299,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100495"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Dietary bioactive compounds poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, mannan oligosaccharide, and inulin affected the growth performance, gut microbiota, and body composition of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) larvae” [Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre 34 (2025) 1-1 100501]","authors":"Solomon Melaku ,&nbsp;Abebe Getahun ,&nbsp;Seyoum Mengestou ,&nbsp;Akewake Geremew ,&nbsp;Amha Belay","doi":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcdf.2025.100506","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38299,"journal":{"name":"Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre","volume":"34 ","pages":"Article 100506"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}