Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers最新文献

{"title":"Preparation of photocatalytic mixed matrix membranes via coagulation bath modulation for removal of small-molecule organic pollutants","authors":"Xiuchan Xiao ,&nbsp;Qiuyu Jin ,&nbsp;Xiangyuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Yongfeng Chen ,&nbsp;Huamei He ,&nbsp;Qiangbin Yang ,&nbsp;Guangyong Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Water pollution has become a significant challenge in contemporary society, posing serious threats to public health and environmental safety. Industrial waste, which contains various small-molecule organic pollutants such as antibiotics and synthetic dyes, is the primary contributor to this issue. Integrating photocatalysis with membrane separation enables photocatalytic membranes to concurrently remove micropollutants through separation and catalytic degradation. However, the dispersion and compatibility of the photocatalyst within the membrane matrix, as well as the structural variability between the photocatalyst and the co-catalyst, may compromise the overall stability and durability of the composite membranes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To overcome these challenges, this study introduced a novel approach for the preparation of photocatalytic mixed matrix membranes through a coagulation bath modulation strategy. The chemical compatibility between the nanomaterials and the membrane substrate was effectively modulated, and the interfacial interaction was enhanced by incorporating MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x) nanosheets into the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) casting solution, as well as by introducing polyacrylic acid (PAA) and the photocatalyst graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) into the coagulation bath.</div></div><div><h3>Significant Findings</h3><div>The experimental results indicated that the optimal concentration of g-C₃N₄ was 0.5 g/L, achieving photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of 90.9% for rhodamine B (Rh B) and 86.9% for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), with a corresponding membrane permeability of 44.71 L<strong>·</strong>m⁻²<strong>·</strong>h⁻¹<strong>·</strong>bar⁻¹. This study substantially enhanced the membrane's capacity to remove small soluble molecules from water, offering a valuable reference for the stable and efficient removal of small molecular organic pollutants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106580"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-function passivation of amino acid at the interface of perovskite and electron transport layer for n-i-p perovskite solar cells","authors":"Bo-Tau Liu ,&nbsp;Yu-Fen Chen ,&nbsp;Yu-Tang Hong ,&nbsp;Rong-Ho Lee ,&nbsp;Balamurugan Rathinam ,&nbsp;Shu-Chi Huang ,&nbsp;Shoaib Siddique","doi":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI₃) is a promising absorber in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its narrow bandgap and thermal stability, but its α-phase easily converts to the non-perovskite δ-phase under ambient conditions. While inverted PSCs have recently achieved higher efficiencies, interfacial passivation at the electron transport layer (ETL)/perovskite interface in conventional devices remains underexplored.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>4-Aminobenzoic acid (4ABA) was employed as an interfacial passivation agent between the ETL and the FAPbI₃ perovskite layer, and its passivation mechanism as well as its influence on FAPbI₃ growth and phase transformation were systematically investigated.</div></div><div><h3>Significant findings</h3><div>4ABA incorporation improved film morphology with larger grains, uniform surface, and higher crystallinity. Devices showed reduced trap density, enhanced charge transfer, stronger recombination resistance, stress release, and better stability. The 4ABA-modified device achieved a 14.4 % higher PCE than the control, attributed to its chelation of Pb²⁺/I⁻ defects and conjugated structure that promotes crystal growth and electron extraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106571"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of iron-modified activated carbon fiber (Fe-ACF) for organic pollutant removal from reverse osmosis concentrate: Modification conditions optimization and adsorption mechanism","authors":"Xiaohan Wei ,&nbsp;Chen Wang ,&nbsp;Tianyi Zhao ,&nbsp;Wenxian Wang ,&nbsp;Wenming Song ,&nbsp;Lihua Cheng ,&nbsp;Shujuan Huang ,&nbsp;Xuejun Bi","doi":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A reverse osmosis (RO) —mediated water recovery process generates reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC), a hypersaline byproduct containing retained contaminants. The direct discharge of untreated ROC into aquatic environments results in a significant waste of water resources and poses significant environmental risks.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To address the challenges posed by refractory organic pollutants in ROC, we developed iron-modified activated carbon fiber (Fe-ACF). An L9(3⁴) orthogonal array was designed to identify the best modification conditions. The best modification conditions were identified as 10% by mass Fe(NO₃)₃, 1 h of ultrasonic impregnation, and activation at 750 °C.Among these, high-temperature activation was the dominant factor affecting the adsorption performance of Fe-ACF (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Significant findings</h3><div>The Fe-ACF exhibited a 257% increase in mesopore volume and was loaded with 4.93% iron by mass to form Fe₃O₄/Fe₂O₃ composite oxides on its surface. The Fe-ACF achieved a 22.73% reduction in hydrophilic organics (HPI) and a 49.54% removal of humic acid-like fluorophores. The improved adsorption performance can be attributed to three synergistic mechanisms: expansion of mesoporous structures, chemisorption mediated by Fe-O bonds, and π-π electron interactions. The results of this study may provide a novel approach for the adsorption-based removal of various organic pollutants in ROC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106608"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A bivariate Gompertz model quantifies the growth kinetics of Navicula lanceolata","authors":"Chih-Yu Yang ,&nbsp;Tzu-Hsuan Yang ,&nbsp;Su-Yuan Lai ,&nbsp;Chen-Hao Lin ,&nbsp;Hou-Chien Chang ,&nbsp;Min-Ying Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Diatoms are microalgae with both ecological and economic value, holding great potential for the production of high-value biomolecules. To improve cultivation efficiency, investigating growth kinetics under different nutrient concentrations is of practical importance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, <em>Navicula lanceolata</em> was cultivated in 500 mL batch mode under four different medium concentrations (0.5f, 2.5f, 5f, and 10f). Growth curves were fitted using the Logistic and Gompertz models for comparison. Subsequently, a bivariate Gompertz model incorporating both time and medium concentration was developed.</div></div><div><h3>Significant findings</h3><div>The Gompertz model exhibited strong fitting performance under all tested conditions (<span><math><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>j</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup></math></span> &gt; 0.96). The novel bivariate model also demonstrated high predictive accuracy (<span><math><msubsup><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>j</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msubsup></math></span> = 0.97), effectively capturing changes in cell density across varying conditions. The results revealed a trade-off between biomass yield and cultivation time, providing theoretical support and economic guidance for large-scale diatom cultivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106562"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar-driven ternary hybrid of MoS2 and NiCo2O4 for high-sensitivity, non-invasive glucose sensing via salivary electroanalysis","authors":"Jingwen Yin ,&nbsp;Yue Wang ,&nbsp;Tingting Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by sustained hyperglycemia, currently affecting over 537 million individuals worldwide. As global prevalence continues to rise, the demand for accurate, real-time, and non-invasive glucose monitoring tools has become increasingly urgent.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A highly sensitive and non-invasive electrochemical glucose sensor was developed using a ternary hybrid composite of Shrimp Shell-Derived Carbon (SBC), MoS₂, and NiCo₂O₄ modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The composite integrates the high conductivity of SBC, the catalytic edge sites of MoS₂, and the redox activity of spinel NiCo₂O₄, enabling a synergistic interface for efficient glucose oxidation in alkaline media.</div></div><div><h3>Significant Findings</h3><div>The sensor exhibited a wide linear detection range across two intervals: from 0.3 μM to 0.212 mM and from 0.212 to 6.212 mM, with a low detection limit of 157 nM and a remarkably high sensitivity of 932.2 μA·mM⁻¹·cm⁻² in the lower concentration range. Excellent selectivity toward glucose over common interfering species, stable repeatability, and &gt;91 % signal retention over 10 days were also achieved. Notably, real-time salivary glucose monitoring demonstrated a strong correlation with commercial glucometers, capturing postprandial dynamics and validating its non-invasive diagnostic potential. This work provides a robust strategy for constructing next-generation wearable glucose sensors via rational nanomaterial integration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106585"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hollow MoS2 nanosphere-decorated halloysite nanotubes for enhanced water-based lubrication","authors":"Si-yu Ren ,&nbsp;Xiang-li Wen ,&nbsp;Zhi-lin Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Despite their superior mechanical properties(wear resistance, heat dissipation, etc.) and environmental friendliness, water-based lubricants have garnered significant attention. However, their low lubricity and weak load-bearing capacity limited their use in many industrial applications. Herein, the hollow nanosphere MoS₂ was successfully fabricated on the surface of HNTs by soft-template method, and the resulting hollow nanosphere-MoS₂/HNTs manifested a cauliflower-like stacked structure and preferable improvement ability of friction and wear resistance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The structure and composition of HNS-MoS₂/HNTs were determined by a series of characterizations, such as <strong>X-ray diffraction(</strong>XRD), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),Raman spectra,<strong>Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(</strong>EDS),<strong>Scanning electron microscope(</strong>SEM) and <strong>Transmission electron microscope(</strong>TEM). The dispersibility of hollow nanosphere-MoS₂/HNTs in water was implemented by placing different days and water contact angles. Friction performance of hollow nanosphere-MoS₂/HNTs as nanoadditive was tested on an MMW-1 four-ball tester. Morphology and surface roughness of wear track were evaluated via 3D profilometry system and optical micrograph. Worn surface analysis was detected by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106566"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic air retention in ZnO-integrated biomimetic microcilia arrays for marine antifouling applications","authors":"Hongbo Sun ,&nbsp;Wei Bing ,&nbsp;Yetong Zhu ,&nbsp;Hong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Marine biofouling has persisted as a challenge for humanity since the inception of maritime activities and remains one of the critical obstacles in contemporary ocean exploitation. For membrane materials exposed to aquatic environments, it is essential to control biofouling while avoiding adverse impacts on the surrounding ecosystem.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Inspired by the structure of lotus leaves and the visible reflection due to trapped air layer of <em>Salvinia</em>, we fabricated ZnO nanopillars on the surface of flexible microcilia arrays to achieve a superhydrophobic surface with micro-nano hierarchical structure. We employed ultra-depth three-dimensional microscope observation and simulated marine environment experiments to systematically evaluate the bubble adsorption effect and antifouling performance of the ZnO-integrated biomimetic microcilia arrays. The surface morphology of the materials was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the physicochemical properties of the material surfaces were analyzed via energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and water contact angle measurements.</div></div><div><h3>Significant findings</h3><div>The ZnO-integrated microcilia array can generate visible reflection due to trapped air layer underwater, forming a gaseous plastron as physical antifouling barrier, which can retain exceptional bubble adsorption capacity even after multiple cycles. The gaseous plastron provides environmentally friendly antifouling strategies and can effectively resist the attachment of bacteria and algae under both static and simulated dynamic marine conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106590"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic tribo-electrochemical effects on galvanic corrosion behavior and mechanisms of Cu/Co coupling in chemical mechanical polishing","authors":"Junnan Chen ,&nbsp;Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Yifan Cao ,&nbsp;Chonggang Wu ,&nbsp;Hongyu Cen ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Background Higher demands for copper interconnects in integrated circuits make cobalt a promising barrier material. However, the galvanic corrosion between Cu and Co during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) affects metal removal and device reliability, with its tribo-electrochemical behavior unresolved.</div><div>Methods Multiple interface analysis and characterization techniques and static-dynamic state electrochemical measurements were employed to investigate Cu/Co galvanic corrosion evolution during CMP, and total CMP removal rate was decomposed into four components with the quantitative relationships.</div><div>Significant Findings Static-state electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicates that copper exhibits a higher impedance than cobalt. But during the CMP, the total removal rate of Cu reaches 153.94 nm/min, while that of Co is 67.85 nm/min, indicating more severe removal of copper. This discrepancy suggests a synergistic effect of the electrochemical-frictional field on galvanic corrosion and electrode planarization. The wear-induced de-passivation shifts the corrosion dynamics into a wear-dominated regime. In this state, the softer and less protective surface oxide on copper, combined with its higher susceptibility to mechanical abrasion, leads to its accelerated removal. In contrast, potential of cobalt shows significant positive shift at the onset of CMP and reduced the potential difference between Cu and Co to form a dynamic passivation film, protecting them from corrosion and material removal. This study offers valuable insights into the corrosion behavior of heterogeneous metal pairs under CMP conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106592"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145788248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic engineering of CoMoP@C hierarchical porous nanostructures for superior alkaline overall water splitting","authors":"Sreekanth TVM ,&nbsp;Yazan M. Allawi ,&nbsp;Mohan Reddy Pallavolu ,&nbsp;Samikannu Prabu","doi":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The development of cost-effective and high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts is essential for advancing alkaline water electrolysis technologies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this work, we present a poly-crystalline cobalt-molybdenum phosphate integrated within a conductive carbon matrix (CoMoP@C), synthesized through a simple and cost-effective co-precipitation process, followed by a phosphidation process. Structural analysis confirms the formation of Co₃Mo(PO₄)₂·4H₂O with Co and Mo homogeneously distributed within a sphere-like, porous nanostructure anchored on carbon. This architecture not only provides a large electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) but also facilitates efficient charge transport.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>Electrochemical evaluation in 1.0 M KOH reveals outstanding bifunctional activity: CoMoP@C exhibits low overpotentials of 106 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and 195 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at 10 mA cm⁻², along with favorable Tafel slopes and excellent operational durability. When assembled in a two-electrode configuration (CoMoP@C‖CoMoP@C), the system requires a cell voltage of only 1.594 V to operate overall water splitting, matching commercial benchmarks. The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic electronic interaction between Mo and Co, and the structural benefits of the phosphate-carbon hybrid, which together promote rapid kinetics and long-term stability. These findings establish CoMoP@C as a highly promising, earth-abundant bifunctional electrocatalyst for efficient water splitting in alkaline media.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106596"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifunctional acidic carbon catalyst from dragon fruit peel for selective glucose conversion into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural","authors":"Thinh An Tan Le ,&nbsp;Vinh Thanh Chau Doan ,&nbsp;Phuong Hoang Tran","doi":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study aims to develop a low-cost, eco-friendly carbon-based catalyst for the conversion of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a valuable biomass-derived platform chemical. The research addresses the need for efficient catalytic systems combining both Brønsted and Lewis acid functionalities.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Three novel bifunctional carbon catalysts (Al/C-SO₃H<img>Cl-Y) were synthesized from dragon fruit peel <em>via</em> a hydrothermal process, incorporating –SO₃H groups and then AlCl₃ to provide Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, respectively. The catalysts were characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX elemental mapping, TGA, NH₃-TPD, Raman, and XRD analyses. Reaction parameters, including catalyst type, substrate type, solvent, catalyst loading, substrate concentration, temperature, and the role of Lewis acid sites, were systematically investigated. A leaching test and a scale-up experiment were also conducted to assess catalyst stability and practical applicability.</div></div><div><h3>Significant findings</h3><div>Optimal conditions for HMF production were achieved using 50 mg of Al/C-SO₃H<img>Cl-2 catalyst in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 140 °C for 16 h, yielding 89% HMF. The catalyst demonstrated high efficiency, stability, and potential for scale-up. A catalytic mechanism was proposed based on experimental data, and the results compared favorably with previous studies, confirming the effectiveness of Al/C-SO₃H<img>Cl-2 as a sustainable catalyst.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":381,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106568"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}