Journal of Space Safety Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Towards a new French Technical Regulation adapted to the newspace – orbital systems","authors":"Grégoire Laur ,&nbsp;Olfa El Jed ,&nbsp;Florent Lacomba ,&nbsp;Emmanuelle Thauvin ,&nbsp;Laurent Francillout","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.08.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the current context of the multiplication of space actors and orbital projects, the French space ecosystem is fully aware that the challenge ahead will be to ensure the safety and sustainability of space activities. Within the framework of France national law governing space operations and its Technical Regulation, CNES Space Safety Office has been working since 2020 to implement new technical requirements adapted to the NewSpace for the control and return to Earth of space objects.</p><p>The process of elaboration of these new technical requirements is broken down into several steps: identification of the problematics/themes, translation of these problematics into macroscopic needs and then into specific technical requirements, justification by appropriate studies, implementation through handbooks or tools, and definition of an applicability milestone.</p><p>On the one hand, the technical aspects are assessed thanks to the support of CNES technical services in the framework of specific working groups, studies ordered by the Space Safety Office, or analysis of international publications. On the other hand, the operators’ views and their programmatic constraints are taken into account – in parallel with the monitoring of international standards – in order to maximize the operators’ acceptance and to minimize the risks of competition bias for the French ecosystem while not losing sight of the objective of safety and sustainability in space. In this context, the awareness of these private actors and their consultation are at the heart of the process of elaborating new technical requirements and their implementation schedule.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135298121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaps review and improvement pathways in the assessment and management of collision risk in low Earth orbit","authors":"Romain Buchs ,&nbsp;Marie-Valentine Florin ,&nbsp;Emmanuelle David ,&nbsp;Jean-Paul Kneib","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.07.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2023.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is growing concern that collision risk in low Earth orbit is inadequately managed, necessitating new strategies. Based on discussions held at a multistakeholder workshop organized by EPFL in May 2021, this paper presents some challenges, or governance deficits, in the assessment and management of collision risk, and offers some paths for improvements in both domains. Addressing the governance deficits will require enhanced collaboration between states and between public and private actors.</p><p>While there is a need to improve risk assessment and conduct thorough cost-benefit analyses of management strategies, achieving a complete picture is elusive, given the complexity of the problem and the range of response strategies available. However, the lack of a complete picture should not be a reason to postpone action, as sufficient information to make decisions regarding some management policies is available. Adopting a multidimensional approach and focusing on measures that have the potential for rapid improvements would help secure stakeholder buy-in and lay the groundwork for pursuing strategies that will likely be the most cost-effective in the longer term.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49747405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The time to work on international space safety standards is now!","authors":"Maj. Gen. Jeannie M. Leavitt","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2023.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49747629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maneuvering into the future: Open-Architecture Data Repository (OADR) prototype: Towards civil and commercial space traffic coordination","authors":"Mark A. Skinner ,&nbsp;Brian Bates ,&nbsp;Scott Leonard ,&nbsp;Jon Neff ,&nbsp;Patrick Bauer ,&nbsp;Barry von Tobel ,&nbsp;Michelle P. Caputy ,&nbsp;Carleton Jillson ,&nbsp;Moriba K. Jah ,&nbsp;Douglas Hermes ,&nbsp;Benjamin Ayers ,&nbsp;Benjamin Feuge-Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.07.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2023.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>In 2018, the US National Space Council released Space Policy<span> Directive-3 (SPD-3), which instructed relevant US government agencies to begin re-assigning many aspects of space traffic management (STM) and space traffic coordination (STC) serving non-military US space operators. This was identified as a ‘whole of government’ approach, and the organization identified to lead many of the efforts was the National Oceanic &amp; Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Space Commerce (OSC), in the US Department of Commerce (DOC). The US Congress, in </span></span>Public Law 116–93, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, legislation directed that the Secretary of Commerce contract with the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) to study the Trump Administration's proposal. The NAPA study affirmed OSC would be best suited. Congress also mandated that OSC accomplish an important first step: assemble an Open Architecture Data Repository</span><span>¹</span> (OADR) prototype to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach and architecture.</p><p>OSC, along with The Aerospace Corporation, MITER, MIT Lincoln Laboratories and the University of Texas-Austin, architected and assembled a working prototype in 2021. The team obtained two-months of data from the US Space Surveillance Network (SSN), along with data from commercial space surveillance data providers and satellite operator ephemerides. Using the prototype, the authors analyzed the data, identified potential satellite conjunctions, calculated probabilities of collision, and generated Conjunction Data Messages (CDMs). The team compared the results to existing operational systems, with good agreement. OSC and their partners demonstrated the OADR prototype results to the Congress, as funded and directed by Public Law 116–260, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021. This paper describes some of the background and rationale for the prototype, goals and derived requirements of the prototype, the architecture, software deployed, data utilized, conjunction analysis results, comparison of the prototype's results with existing operational US government systems, and possible next steps for the OADR.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49747368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review on very high cycle corrosion fatigue: Mechanisms, methods, materials, and models","authors":"Alireza Behvar,&nbsp;Meysam Haghshenas","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.05.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2023.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Determining the long-term corrosion fatigue strength of structural materials in service conditions is one of the most significant problems of the design engineer. Synergistic interactions between mechanical fatigue effects and environmental factors may be more harmful than the total effects of each mechanism working alone. Current understanding is inadequate to handle life estimate with a good physical foundation, from the onset of localized corrosion (such as pitting) through the estimation of fracture propagation. Considering that a corrosion phenomenon is a time-dependent event, the extended fatigue life of the components, exposed to a corrosive environment, is a key concept to comprehend to design safely against corrosion and ultralong life fatigue failure. Utilizing <em>In-situ</em> (or <em>ex-situ</em>) ultrasonic fatigue testing, the ultralong-life fatigue and corrosion behavior of structural materials in a very high cycle regime could well be studied. In this article, the benefits of ultrasonic fatigue testing, including screening tests' efficiency, acceleration, reliability, and the research of fatigue and corrosion fatigue behavior in very high cycle regimes are mostly described. The focus of this state-of-the-art review paper will be on the significance of corrosion pits and the interaction between mechanical cycling and corrosion pitting in the very high-cycle corrosion fatigue fracture initiation stage. The paper starts with an introduction to various mechanisms of corrosion fatigue. It then continues with a general description of very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) and very high cycle corrosion fatigue (VHC-CF) and then continues with the characterization of VHCF and VHC-CF of conventionally and additively manufactured materials. This review article also analyses available VHC-CF crack models in both conventionally-fabricated and additively manufactured metallic materials. Finally, a comprehensive summary of the needs, importance, and applications of VHC-CF has been provided in the current review paper.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49764740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ESA's current approaches to end-of-life strategies for HEO missions","authors":"Francesca Letizia,&nbsp;Silvia Sanvido,&nbsp;Stijn Lemmens,&nbsp;Klaus Merz,&nbsp;Richard Southworth,&nbsp;Bruno Sousa","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>ESA's Space Debris Office (SDO) provides support and recommendations for the on-ground risk assessment at the satellite's end of life (EOL) to internal ESA missions as well as external partners. The support covers missions in </span>Low Earth Orbit<span><span> (LEO) and highly eccentric orbits (HEO), but also special cases such as a re-entry of interplanetary missions. While for LEO and </span>Geostationary orbits (GEO), guidelines for disposal in terms of natural decays and graveyard orbit are available, HEO orbits require tailored strategies to guarantee limited interference with the protected regions and a safe re-entry. The present works aims to provide an overview and reflection on the current approaches for the end-of-life strategies for mission in HEO orbits, accounting for the main uncertainties.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79142768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety standards for launch and re-entry operations: Overview of current risk management policies in different countries and industries","authors":"Tobias Rabus","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.05.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2023.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Space vehicles travel long distances during launch or re-entry before reaching their destination. To reduce the risk to noninvolved third parties in the case of a non-nominal event, current best practice is to assure large parts of the ascent or decent flight phase are above open water or at least over regions with low population density. Nevertheless, at any one time the vehicle trajectory / instantaneous impact point may cross countries other than the one the launch took place in. This can pose a risk to the country's population and infrastructure and it has to be ensured that their safety regulations are met. The need to consider multiple risk and safety policies of different states, complicates and enlengthens mission planning. International harmonization of handling launch and re-entry risks in </span>spaceflight<span><span> would simplify the access to space and the required planning and certification processes. Against the background of an increasing frequency of space operations the required safety measures have to be evaluated regarding their impact on air and sea traffic. When considering the consequences caused by such measures, for example in the form of extended </span>flight trajectories, these contrast with the goals of air traffic that is as efficient and ecologically sustainable as possible. To minimize these effects and at the same time ensuring the safety of operation, more refined risk determination methods are required to effectively protect air and sea operations by leaving less space for unnecessary safety margins. As different approaches may yield different results, an international accepted framework for such calculations would be beneficial. To consider the basis for a process of international harmonization, the first step is to collect and compare common risk management practices. Many states do not have yet a national standard for launch and re-entry safety. Hence, other industrial sectors, especially aviation, and their way of handling risks to the general public are presented in this paper, additionally to already existing safety requirements in </span></span>space transportation<span>. The aim is to establish a summary of how risk is managed in different industries and countries and the way of determining it, that may support the development of a future international standard to ensure launch and re-entry missions are safe and efficient.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49747466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance indicator development addressing mitigation of the space weather impacts on GNSS","authors":"Paul David ,&nbsp;Martin Kriegel ,&nbsp;Jens Berdermann ,&nbsp;Kirsti Kauristie ,&nbsp;Knut Stanley Jacobsen ,&nbsp;Vincent Fabbro ,&nbsp;Hannah Laurens ,&nbsp;Ralf Keil","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.07.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2023.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Within the European Space Agency's (ESA) Space Weather Service Network, the development of performance indicators for the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been identified as essential to meet the growing needs of end users for Space Weather information in the field of navigation. This requires a targeted analysis of Space Weather-related disturbances of technical systems and services in the field of satellite-based navigation, considering the growing requirements of all the different users in this domain. The goal of the Space Weather Impact on GNSS Performance: Application Development (SWIGPAD) project is to develop GNSS performance indicators (GPI) based on Space Weather data provided by European research institutes through the ESA Space Weather Service Portal (available at <span>https://swe.ssa.esa.int</span><svg><path></path></svg>) with the aim to fulfill representative use cases derived from dedicated meeting with industry and government experts. The application that serves the GPI will provide the user with information about current and expected effects of Space Weather on positioning at their respective location. Additionally, end users in the various GNSS application domains shall be assisted with an overall numerical and graphical estimate of the positioning uncertainty resulting from ionospheric conditions and its evolution over time. The intent of this article is to present the results of the project and the capabilities of the GPI application.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49747505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction of nanoparticles and suitable polymer substrate for production of protective coatings against X-ray radiation","authors":"Maryam Teymoori,&nbsp;Khalil Pourshamsian","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.04.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2023.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of X-rays in CT-scan imaging in the treatment stages of patients is inevitable, but there is still a lack of suitable coverings in order to eliminate the risk of this radiation coming into contact with humans and its dangerous consequences. In this study, at first, bismuth and zirconia nanoparticles were synthesized using olive tree leaves. The structure of the synthesized nanoparticles was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Then seven composites were prepared using an twin screw extruder machine. The output sheets had a thickness of 1 mm. Structural properties such as surface morphology, density of prepared composites, mechanical properties of Young's modulus, thermal gravimetric analysis and retention of loaded particles after three times washing were investigated. The sheets were cut into 10 cm² dimensions and their X-ray attenuation ability was investigated. The results indicate that all sheets filled with bismuth and zirconia particles and nanoparticles have more X-ray attenuation than pure polymer. Among the prepared sheets, composites LDPE (77%) + Bi₂O₃ (20%) +MWCNTs (3%), LDPE (80%) + Bi₂O₃ (20%), and LDPE (77%) + Bi₂O₃ (10%) + ZrO₂ (10%) + MWCNTs (3%) in order showed the highest X-ray attenuation effect and are competitive with standard samples. Carbon nanotubes showed a synergistic effect in X-ray attenuation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49757830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing risk matrix standard criteria for use in the continuous risk management process","authors":"David M. Lengyel ,&nbsp;Thomas A. Mazzuchi ,&nbsp;William E. Vesely","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2023.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2023.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Over the past 30 years, an extensive knowledge-base in the construction and utilization of risk matrices<span> to score and rank risks has been accumulated. Still, within the domain of the continuous risk management (CRM) process, key issues associated with risk matrices have produced divergent schools of thought: a utilitarian focus among practitioners, and a more theoretical, and sometimes abstract, focus among the academic community. This research will examine CRM practices in human space flight at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), including many of their aerospace contractors, to assess the key factors in the construction and use of risk matrices. The </span></span>intent here is to begin to merge the knowledge between these communities in an effort to support a research agenda to improve the construction and use of risk matrices going forward.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49758074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}