Journal of Space Safety Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Ethical, legal, and social issues associated with using existing airports as spaceports","authors":"Shotaro Kinoshita ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Naruse ,&nbsp;Rinka Shimizu ,&nbsp;Saki Shioya ,&nbsp;Lyra Hirotani ,&nbsp;Takeru Kayahara ,&nbsp;Kotaro Hoshi ,&nbsp;Sasagu Kurozumi ,&nbsp;Reo Takizawa","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2026.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2026.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, interest in suborbital spaceflight and point-to-point transportation has grown, leading to efforts to use existing airports as horizontal spaceports. This study conducts a systematic literature review to identify and analyze the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) associated with using existing airports as spaceports. From the 17 extracted studies, ten key ELSI categories were extracted, including economic impact, pollution, sonic booms, aviation disruption, safety, public health, and insurance. While many issues are broadly relevant to spaceports, some, such as cost-effectiveness and airspace management, are specific to using airports as spaceports. To contextualize the findings, Oita Airport in Japan was analyzed as a case study. Two projects were reviewed: a satellite launch project (since canceled) and an ongoing spaceplane landing plan. Oita Airport’s coastal location, low air traffic, and existing infrastructure make it suitable for spaceport use, although its lack of medical facilities remains a concern. The study concludes that airports suitable for utilization should (1) be located away from densely populated areas, (2) have low interference with existing aviation operations, and (3) possess or be connected to sufficient medical infrastructure. The analysis underscores the need for a cost-benefit approach when evaluating public investments in such projects, especially considering potential disruptions to aviation and the need for public accountability. The paper highlights gaps in the current literature, such as the lack of empirical data and regulatory clarity, and recommends future research focused on stakeholder engagement, implementation feedback, and the development of standardized ELSI frameworks for emerging spaceports.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 144-151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147553570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of emerging trends in lunar science exploration research pertaining to cislunar missions safety","authors":"Arsalan Muhammad ,&nbsp;Yue Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2026.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2026.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, as humanity stands at the threshold of a new era in space exploration, lunar missions have experienced a renewed global interest driven by the Moon’s unique and strategically vital position in space, coupled with its vast reserves of unexplored natural resources. As a critical gateway to deep space exploration, the Moon offers an unparalleled proving ground for advanced technological and scientific research associated with sustained human habitation on Moon and future interplanetary missions. In this study, a comprehensive review has been conducted to fill the gaps in the overall insights of lunar science exploration field resulting in identification of five pivotal research domains each holding transformative potential for advancing humanity’s interplanetary ambitions such as autonomous robotic explorers capable of in-situ resource utilization to AI-driven decision-making systems enhancing mission resilience. In this review, 149 articles were meticulously selected for in-depth analysis from renewed databases among which Science Direct was a significant source having the highest number of publications, followed by Springer. This review not only focusses on the objectives of highlighting the most promising frontiers in lunar science and technology, but also critically investigates the major topic questions identified and explained meticulously followed by the way forward interdisciplinary opportunities poised to accelerate humanity’s sustained presence on the Moon, setting the stage for deeper exploration of the solar system. At the same time, the escalating importance of safety in cislunar missions stems from the unique challenges of this expanding orbital regime, where non-Keplerian dynamics amplify risks from spacecraft failures, debris propagation and operational hazards, as evidenced by historical analyses and simulations. Therefore, this review also prioritizes safety ensuring sustainable exploration, minimizes mission losses and supports international collaboration in building resilient cislunar infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 16-37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147553574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural and man-made space debris as a hazard to spacecraft. Space debris particle flow density","authors":"Victoria V. Svotina","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2026.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2026.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increase in the duration of space flight, significant complication of on-board spacecraft equipment and its cost growth, as well as the launch of constellations of satellites, including small ones, make the problems related to space flight safety more and more urgent. Environmental factors that directly affect space safety include meteoroids and meteor particles, as well as man-made space debris. To assess the risk of spacecraft collision with space debris and to develop active and passive means of protection, it is necessary to have reliable data on the density of flow of space debris particles of various sizes, which are the initial data for the development of models of occurrence of non-standard (emergency) situations and their progress, as well as for the determination and substantiation of space flight safety indicators. The paper presents the model for estimating space debris particle flow density, which has been refined based on the generalization of space debris observation data and the assessment of the contribution of multi-satellite orbital constellations launched in recent years to the exponential growth of space debris number.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 91-105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147553494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodology for estimating the probability of tether thermal loading during space debris towing","authors":"Vladislav Urbansky,&nbsp;Valeriy Trushlyakov","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2025.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2025.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal impact of the propulsion system plume on the towing tether represents a critical factor in active space debris removal missions, as overheating may lead to tether failure and the emergence of hazardous orbital situations. A numerical study was conducted to assess thermal loading of the tether in a rarefied environment using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method implemented in the SPARTA software package. To reduce computational costs, a hypothesis of spatial homogeneity of combustion product distribution in the cross-section perpendicular to the tether axis was proposed and validated. This assumption enabled a two-dimensional problem formulation without significant loss of accuracy. A quantitative assessment was performed to estimate the probability of tether heating due to collisions between plume particles and the tether surface for various relative configurations of the deployed tether and the propulsion plume. It was found that when the tether is aligned parallel to the plume axis, the surface temperature reaches up to 470 K, which is close to the maximum allowable limits for Kevlar and Zylon materials. In contrast, a 30° inclination of the tether reduces heating to 290 K. The developed methodology enables selection of the relative configuration between the propulsion unit and the tether, as well as rational material choice for tether design in active debris removal missions, aiming to minimize thermal impact and ensure system reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 38-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147553575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability of commercial space operations and the integration of space and air traffic management","authors":"Paola Breda ,&nbsp;Rada Markova","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2026.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2026.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid expansion of the NewSpace economy is reshaping the global space sector, bringing opportunities for technology innovation while raising challenges in safety, regulation, and sustainability of operations. Commercial space operations increasingly intersect with aviation, requiring integration with Air Traffic Management (ATM) to ensure safe and efficient use of shared airspace. This paper investigates the sustainability of commercial space activities with a focus on the European context, where fragmented regulations and complex airspace management present unique challenges. Current practices for launch and re-entry operations rely on case-by-case coordination, lengthy notification procedures, and rigid airspace reservations which are unsuitable for high-frequency launch operations. Drawing comparisons with established regulatory practices in aviation, the paper highlights gaps in technical standards, regulatory frameworks, and stakeholder coordination that might compromise the sustainability of operations in the long term. Lessons from military and civil cooperation for the use of airspace suggest that the space-airspace cooperation may evolve along the same lines as civil–military coordination, with dynamic allocation and real-time information sharing. Practical solutions under discussion include the development of a Launch Coordination Center (LCC), capable of integrating air, space, and maritime information while providing real-time situational awareness. The integration of Space Traffic Management (STM) services into ATM operations is assessed as a critical enabler for safe and sustainable growth. The study also examines the recently proposed draft EU Space Act and the Cologne Manual on STM as two different, but plausible, regulatory approaches towards sustainability of launch and re-entry operations. This work argues that achieving sustainable commercial space operations in Europe will require harmonized standards, interoperable technical systems, and real-time coordination to safely integrate launch and re-entry activities with air traffic management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 248-259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147553569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Range safety in a lunar context: Legal and policy issues","authors":"Andrea Harrington ,&nbsp;Nishith Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While there is fairly robust discussion of lunar “safety zones” given the non-appropriation principle enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty, that discussion has focused primarily on safety of activities, equipment, and facilities in general. Lunar launch and landing pose special concerns given the need for appropriate range safety protocols in that context. With the predicted increase in lunar activities, both as the objective and as a waypoint for missions to Mars and beyond, it is essential to address legal and policy concerns related to these activities. There is significant practice of range safety in a terrestrial context. Safety protocols to protect persons and property include exclusion from the immediate vicinity of the launch site and also exclusion from the relevant airspace and maritime area that could conflict with the launch or be subject to falling debris in the case of a launch abort or incident. These protocols include significant coordination with civil aviation authorities as well as coast guard personnel.</div><div>In a lunar context, the potential for regolith to be thrown significant distance during nominal launch or landing is significant given the lack of gravity (about 1/6th compared to Earth’s gravitational pull) and atmosphere. Such regolith can be extremely damaging. Additionally, in the case of an incident or abort, the physical range of potential consequences will be even greater.</div><div>Range safety protocols will be essential to safeguard lunar activities. This paper will address the legal and policy challenges to implementation of robust lunar range safety. There is a delicate balance of international obligations contained in the Outer Space Treaty, namely the non-appropriation principle in Article II, and the due regard principle in Article IX. Article X enabling launch observations and Article XII mandating allowance of reciprocal visits to lunar facilities can help to mitigate these difficulties as well. Rescue provisions contained in the Outer Space Treaty and Return and Rescue Agreement are relevant in the case of a mishap.</div><div>Determining liability under the fault-based standard for damage caused either by nominal lunar operations or incidents that may occur during launch and landing further complicate the picture. A common understanding of procedures for range safety can reduce the likelihood of conflict arising either regarding operations or as a consequence of damage caused. Geopolitical tension and the prospect of escalation will complicate addressing these crucial safety matters, but properly applied legal tools engaging cooperation of states active on the Moon can ensure safety and stability of lunar operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 132-143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147553573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure-oriented-accelerated-testing (FOAT) of spacecraft electronics at the design stage: Perspective, role, significance, attributes, challenges","authors":"E. Suhir","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2025.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2025.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;An highly focused and highly cost effective failure-oriented-accelerated-testing (FOAT) suggested about a decade ago as an experimental basis for the novel probabilistic design for reliability (PDfR) concept is supposed to be carried out, when necessary, at the design stage of a spacecraft electronic or a photonic product, in addition to the FOAT at the initial, product development, stage (such as, e.g., shear-off or temperature cycling tests), and the final, manufacturing, burn-in testing (BIT) stage. Such an effort might be needed, when high operational reliability, like the one required for aerospace, military, medical or long-haul communication applications, is a must, when effective and trustworthy highly-accelerated-life testing (HALT) procedures have not been developed yet, nor acceptable “best practices” have been agreed upon for the product or the technology of importance. A need for that takes place particularly when a new product, new technology or a new design are considered and high and predictable operational reliability is a must. Burn-in-testing (BIT) that is routinely conducted at the manufacturing stage of almost any IC product is always of a FOAT type: it is aimed at eliminating the infant mortality portion (IMP) of the bathtub curve (BTC) by trying to get rid of the low reliability products (\"freaks\") prior to shipping the “healthy” ones, i.e., those that survived BIT, to the customer(s). When FOAT at the design stage and BIT at the manufacturing stage are considered and conducted, a suitable and physically meaningful constitutive Eq., such as the multi-parametric Boltzmann-Arrhenius-Zhurkov (BAZ) model, could be employed to predict, from the FOAT data, the probability of failure and the corresponding useful lifetime of the critical product in the field, and, from the BIT data, as has been recently demonstrated, - the adequate level and duration of the applied stressors, as well as the (relatively low, of course) activation energies of the \"freaks\". Both types of FOAT are addressed in our write-up using analytical (\"mathematical\") predictive modeling, and the general concepts are illustrated by numerical examples. It is concluded that predictive modeling should always be conducted prior to actual testing and that analytical modeling should always complement computer simulations. These two major modeling tools are based on different assumptions, use different calculation techniques, and if their computed data agrees, then there is a good reason to believe that the obtained results are sufficiently accurate and trustworthy. Future work should be focused on the experimental verification and implementation of the obtained findings and recommendations and should include also an assessment of the probability of the most likely consequences of the possible field failures. The agreed upon never-zero probability of such failures cannot be high, of course, but should not be lower than necessary either: it should be adequate fo","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 106-121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147553625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ionospheric Scintillation characteristics over high-latitude Svalbard archipelago, Norway using multi-constellation GNSS observations","authors":"Kutubuddin Ansari ,&nbsp;Janusz Walo ,&nbsp;Kinga Wezka ,&nbsp;Afsheen Ameer ,&nbsp;Sampad Kumar Panda","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2026.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2026.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study investigates ionospheric scintillations over the high-latitude Svalbard archipelago, Norway region using multi-constellation GNSS (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou) observations during the period from 2022 to 2024. To analyze the impact of ionospheric scintillation characteristics over high-latitudes, we investigated the GNSS observations at the WUTH station, which is located at the Svalbard Archipelago, Norway. Our results confirm the well-established dependency of high-latitude scintillation on solar and seasonal activity, but importantly extend this understanding through a multi-constellation comparison at the WUTH during the rising phase of Solar Cycle 25. The analysis highlights subtle but systematic differences among GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou responses, providing practical insight into the robustness of multi-constellation monitoring under polar ionospheric disturbances. The seasonal variability of amplitude scintillation occurrence probability was calculated by normalizing the number of scintillation events by the total number of observations for each year. The results show that the GPS intense scintillations are most prominent during the summer solstices of 2023 and 2024, with a smaller peak observed during the winter solstice of 2022. GLONASS has intense and moderate scintillations concentrated in the winter seasons of 2023 and 2024, whereas weak scintillations predominantly appear in the summer of 2024. A similar pattern is observed in the Galileo and BeiDou constellations. The amplitude scintillation index (S₄) correlation coefficient with solar and geomagnetic indices for each constellation is examined. Overall, the correlation coefficient between F10.7 and the S₄ occurrence rate is low to moderate for all selected constellations, manifesting a higher correlation with GLONASS and Galileo. These results provide new, site-specific insight into constellation-dependent amplitude scintillation behavior at high latitudes and its implications for multi-GNSS monitoring and positioning robustness in polar regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 81-90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147553496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycling space debris for lunar applications: A mission design and energy analysis perspective","authors":"Y. Heumassej ,&nbsp;A. Cervone ,&nbsp;S. Vincent-Bonnieu","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2025.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2025.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the feasibility of using space debris as a supplemental resource for Lunar infrastructure, with a particular focus on the mission design and energy requirements of debris transfer operations. While recycling methods themselves remain at a conceptual stage, this work establishes a technical baseline for how orbital debris—specifically upper stages in GTO could be captured and transported for Lunar processing. The analysis highlights the central challenge of orbital transfer alignment under long-term perturbations and evaluates multiple capture and transfer scenarios, comparing them against direct material delivery missions. Both chemical and electric propulsion architectures are assessed, demonstrating potential energy savings of up to 30 % per kilogram of material, with further reductions when rideshare configurations are employed. By quantifying the mission energy expenditure, this study clarifies the role that efficient transfer design can play in making debris recycling a viable supplement to In-Situ Resource Utilization and reducing reliance on costly terrestrial launch. The results are intended to inform future research on processing methods by first establishing the transfer architectures under which recycling missions could realistically operate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 202-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147553501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of autonomous flight levels for aviation safety: An AHP perspective","authors":"Jale Kahraman ,&nbsp;Didem Rodoplu Şahin","doi":"10.1016/j.jsse.2025.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsse.2025.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to evaluate the safety effects of autonomous flight technologies, which are increasingly gaining importance in the aviation sector, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method. While automation has the potential to reduce pilot workload and increase safety, its negative effects on human factors are emphasized in the literature. In this context, the study comparatively analyzes six different automation levels (from manual flight to autonomous systems) within the framework of five basic criteria (safety contribution, potential to reduce human error, technical maturity, implementation cost and compliance with regulations). In the study, the relative priorities of the alternatives were calculated using pairwise comparison matrices created by the evaluations of 22 different experts, in line with the criteria determined by a group of 5 experts, and the automation levels were ranked within the scope of this multi-criteria structure. With the applied AHP method, the most appropriate automation level was determined and which criteria were more effective in the decision process was revealed. As a result of the final evaluation, autonomous systems ranked first with a total priority value of 30,9%, especially due to their high contribution to safety and their potential to reduce human error. It was followed by full automation (20,7%) and high automation (15,5%). No automation alternative ranked fourth (11,6%) and partial automation ranked fifth (11,1%). The tastk assist (10%) were at the bottom of the ranking with lower score. The evaluation criteria were determined as contribution to safety (47,3%), potential to reduce human error (25,4%), technical maturity (12,8%), compliance with regulations (9,1%) and implementation cost (5,4%). The results provide a valuable roadmap for decision-makers, policy-makers and industry professionals in terms of strategic technology planning, investment prioritization and legislative adaptations. In this context, the successful management of safety-focused digital transformation processes in aviation requires not only technological competence but also a holistic approach to strategic, economic and regulatory compliance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37283,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Space Safety Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"Pages 122-131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147553562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}